Community Structure of Protease-Producing Bacteria Cultivated From Aquaculture Systems: Potential Impact of a Tropical Environment

Abstract

Protease-producing bacteria play vital roles in degrading organic matter of aquaculture system, while the knowledge of diversity and bacterial community structure of protease-producing bacteria is limited in this system, especially in the tropical region. Herein, 1,179 cultivable protease-producing bacterial strains that belonged to Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were isolated from tropical aquaculture systems, of which the most abundant genus was Bacillus, followed by Vibrio. The diversity and relative abundance of protease-producing bacteria in sediment were generally higher than those in water. Twenty-one genera from sediment and 16 genera from water were identified, of which Bacillus dominated by Bacillus hwajinpoensis in both and Vibrio dominated by Vibrio owensii in water were the dominant genera. The unique genera in sediment or water accounted for tiny percentage may play important roles in the stability of community structure. Eighty V. owensii isolates were clustered into four clusters (ET-1–ET-4) at 58% of similarity by ERIC-PCR (enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction), which was identified as a novel branch of V. owensii. Additionally, V. owensii strains belonged to ET-3 and ET-4 were detected in most aquaculture ponds without outbreak of epidemics, indicating that these protease-producing bacteria may be used as potential beneficial bacteria for wastewater purification. Environmental variables played important roles in shaping protease-producing bacterial diversity and community structure in aquaculture systems. In sediment, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and salinity as the main factors positively affected the distributions of dominant genus (Vibrio) and unique genera (Planococcus and Psychrobacter), whereas temperature negatively affected that of Bacillus (except B. hwajinpoensis). In water, Alteromonas as unique genus and Photobacterium were negatively affected by NO₃⁻-N and NO₂⁻-N, respectively, whereas pH as the main factor positively affected the distribution of Photobacterium. These findings will lay a foundation for the development of protease-producing bacterial agents for wastewater purification and the construction of an environment-friendly tropical aquaculture model.

Introduction

Aquaculture as an important food production has become an important economic activity in many countries (Hamza et al., 2017; Santos and Ramos, 2018). However, with the rapid development of aquaculture industry, a large number of animal residues, residual feed, and excrement have been produced, thereby aggravating the accumulation of organic matter in aquaculture (Lin and Chen, 2001, 2003; Kuhn et al., 2010; Guo et al., 2016; Li et al., 2020; Mariane de Morais et al., 2020). The main sources of nitrogen and carbon of aquaculture are from the particulate organic matters containing large amounts of proteins and amino acids. Generally, particulate organic matter is difficult to be dissolved, which should be first decomposed into dissolved form. In turn, the dissolved organic matter can be transformed into nitrogen gas by ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. Bacteria play key roles in these processes by secreting degradation enzymes (Olson and Lesser, 2013; Su et al., 2020).

Protease-producing bacteria as the main degraders of organic matter can effectively hydrolyze the organic matter into peptides and amino acids by secreting extracellular proteases (Su et al., 2020). As we all know, peptides and amino acids are essential for subsequent catabolism of organisms. Reportedly, protease-producing bacteria could not only improve protein digestibility and growth of the host, but also reduce organic pollutants in aquaculture (Shi et al., 2016; Amin, 2018; Su et al., 2020). Protease-producing bacteria that belong to four major phyla, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, have been identified, which are dominated by Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Pseudoalteromonas genera (Su et al., 2020).

Many methods have been developed to enhance protein digestibility of aquafeed in aquaculture. However, the application of exogenous enzymes has been limited because of expensive and poor stability in various processing conditions. During the feed processing, dietary enzymes may lose their activities under high temperature and pressure conditions. Fortunately, an increasingly accepted method by supplementing protease-producing bacteria considered as an environment-friendly method was good for growth enhancement (Shi et al., 2016; Amin, 2018), which has been confirmed to not only enhance protein digestibility, but also reduce organic pollutants produced by undigested feed (Suzer et al., 2008; Ambas et al., 2015; Reda and Selim, 2015). Reportedly, feed by supplementing 1.0 × 10¹⁰CFU/g protease-producing bacteria could improve growth and nonspecific immune system of Nile tilapia (Selim and Reda, 2015).

Protease-producing bacteria play a vital role in degrading organic matter. However, the diversity and community of protease-producing bacteria have seldom been addressed in aquaculture. As a consequence, in this article, 1,179 cultivable protease-producing bacterial strains were isolated and screened from sediment and water samples in Wenchang (Hainan, China), and then their diversity and community structure were investigated. Additionally, the physicochemical factors related to diversity and distribution of protease-producing bacterial communities in sediment and water were comprehensively analyzed, respectively. The dominant protease-producing Vibrio owensii strains in aquaculture water were classified using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR).

Materials and Methods

Study Site Description and Sample Collection

Surface sediment (2- to 3-cm thickness) and aquaculture water (1-m water depth) samples were collected from six prawn ponds (19°27'28-32''N, 110°45'13''E) and one nature sea pool (closed to the prawn ponds) located at Huiwen Town, Wenchang City, China. The special geographical position is shown in Supplementary Figure S1. The experimental ponds are summarized in Supplementary Table S1.

Isolation and Screening of Protease-Producing Bacteria

Sediment (0.5g) and water (100μl) samples were serially diluted with sterile normal saline solution (0.85% NaCl) within 24h of collection to obtain 1:10, 1:100, and 1:1,000 dilutions. One hundred microliters of each diluted sample was spread-plated on marine 2216E agar and incubated at 30°C for 18h, which was finally ascertained by preliminary selection for the condition of cultural bacteria. For screening of protease-producing bacteria, 2μl of overnight growth culture in the marine 2216E of each bacterial isolate was spot plated on casein-gelatin agar [containing 0.2% yeast extract, 0.3% xasein, sodium salt, 5% gelatin, 0.13% (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.05% MgSO₄·7H₂O, and 1.5% agar and seawater; pH 7.5–8.0]. The protease-producing bacterial isolates were further used for DNA extraction.

Quantification of Protease Activity

Protease activity was elevated in terms of hydrolytic capacity (HC); the pure bacterial isolates were cultured in 2166E broth. A solution with OD at 600 nm of 0.2ml was set, of which 1μl was pipetted out and dropped on casein-gelatin agar plate in duplicates. Diameters of bacterial colonies and related-clearance zones were measured after 24-h incubation at 28°C ± 2°C. The HC value determined the protease activity was calculated from the ratio between the diameter of the caseinolytic zone and the diameter of the bacterial colony. In this study, we selected only colonies with a ratio greater than three.

DNA Extraction and PCR Amplification

Bacterial strain with the highest protease activity was identified using genotypic assay. Genomic DNAs of culturable protease-producing bacteria were extracted using a commercial DNA extraction kit (Tiangen Biotech, Beijing, China; Sun et al., 2008; Marquez-Santacruz et al., 2010), after bacterial growth on 2216E medium and incubation at 30°C for 18h. The 16S rDNA genes were amplified from genomic DNA by PCR using the universal primers 27F (5'-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3') and 1492R (5'-GGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3'). PCR amplifications were performed using the following conditions: initial denaturation of template DNA (95°C for 2 min), then 1cycle consisting of denaturation (30 s at 95°C), annealing (30 s at 60°C), extension (1min at 72°C), 25cycles, and a final extension at 72°C for 5 min. Bacteria sequences obtained by culture-dependent approach were compared with 16S rDNA reference gene sequences by BLAST.¹

Genetic Diversity of Dominant V. owensii Using ERIC-PCR

All the dominant isolates identified and confirmed as V. owensii were chosen for further molecular typing by ERIC-PCR. One microliter of the extracted DNA was added to 12.5μl of PCR amplification mixture, containing 9.5μl ddH₂O, and 2μl primers (forward and reverse). Amplification reactions were carried out in a thermal cycler (Bio-Rad, United States) using the primer set ERIC-1R 5'-AAGTAAGTGACTGGGGTGAGCG-3', and ERIC-2F 5'-ATGTAAGCTCCTGGGGATTCAC-3'. The amplification program was as follows: an initial denaturation step at 95°C for 7min, denaturation 90°C for 30min; annealing at 52°C for 1min; extension at 65°C for 8min; and after 35cycles, a final extension at 65°C for 16min. Six microliters of each amplified product was electrophoresed on 1% agarose gel with DNA safe stain (Greenview Plus, Andy Gold™, United States) 1 × TAE buffer along with 1 Kb DNA Ladder (Thermo Fischer Scientific, United States) and M2-DL2000 marker (Takara, Japan), at 180V for 50min. The amplification was repeated three times.

Gels were viewed by Gel Imaging System (Tanon3500R, Shanghai, China). The images were captured for further analysis. In turn, “1” and “0” were assigned for the presence or lack of the banding pattern and recorded in sequence according to the reading direction. The genetic patterns were calculated according to the molecular weights and quantification of the bands in each sample. Simpson’s Index of Diversity was used to calculated the discriminatory index of ERIC-PCR (Pishbin and Mehrabian, 2020), and the “unweighted pair group method with dice similarity coefficient” option in NTSYS v. 12 program (Bakhshi et al., 2018) was used to cluster the V. owensii isolates.

Results

Analysis of Diversity and Distribution of Cultivable Protease-Producing Bacterial Strains

There were 1,179 cultivable protease-producing bacterial strains isolated and screened from sediment (654 strains) and water (525 strains) samples of aquaculture systems, and the bacterial counts of sediment and water varied from 2 × 10⁴ to 2.6 × 10⁵ CFU/g and 658 to 2.1 × 10³CFU/ml, respectively (Table 1). All of the isolates belonged to three phyla, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria, and classified into 27 genera dominated by Bacillus (37.7%) and Vibrio (28.1%) genera (Figure 1, “Water & Sediment” bars), of which Firmicutes accounted for the highest proportion. Additionally, Bacillus hwajinpoensis in Bacillus was dominant species in whole tropical aquaculture system (Figure 1B). Twenty-one genera from sediment belonged to Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria, and bacterial diversity was found to be maximum (up to about 91.6%) in the phylum of Firmicutes. The largest genus was Bacillus (B. hwajinpoensis as the dominant species, 26%), followed by Exiguobacterium in sediment (Figure 1, “Sediment” bars). Additionally, 12 unique genera were isolated only from sediment samples, namely Brachybacterium, Chryseomicrobium, Curtobacterium, Erythrobacter, Halomonas, Isoptericola, Kocuria, Marinobacter, Planococcus, Psychrobacter, Rhizobium, and Thalassobacillus. Sixteen genera from aquaculture water samples also belonged to Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria, whereas their relative abundance displayed significant differences with those in sediment samples. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria was up to about 71.6%, followed by Firmicutes (28.0%), and the largest genus was Vibrio (61.7%) as the dominant group in aquaculture water samples (Figure 1, “Water” bars). Meanwhile, there were seven unique genera from water samples, namely, Alteromonas, Micrococcus, Ornithinibacillus, Pseudoalteromonas, Pseudomonas, Salinicola, and Stenotrophomonas. Previous studies have reported that protease-producing bacteria were extremely diverse, including main genera such as Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Stenotrophomonas, and Streptomyces, as well as other unclassified bacteria especially Bacillus and Vibrio, which were similar to our results (Dat et al., 2019). In this work, 80 V. owensii strains among the dominant Vibrio genus were isolated. It is worth noting that cultivable protease-producing bacterial diversity of sediment was generally higher than that of water (Figure 1B and Table 1).

Figure 1

The diversity and distribution of cultivable protease-producing bacterial strains in different sampling stations were investigated (Figure 2). The results showed obviously different protease-producing bacterial community structures displayed between each aquaculture pond at the genus level. Interestingly, Vibrio from water samples was found in all sampling stations (Supplementary Table S2) and accounted for the relatively higher proportion (Figure 2). Bacillus also displayed high abundance in most sampling stations.

Figure 2

Comparison of Cultivable Protease-Producing Bacterial Distribution of Sediments and Water in Aquaculture Systems

As shown in Figure 3, of the 1,179 total cultivable protease-producing bacterial strains from different genera, most strains were found in both sediment and water samples, whereas the sediment and water samples harbored only 70 and 41 unique strains, respectively. Planococcus (42.9%) and Marinobacter (22.9%) were notably abundant in the unique genus of sediment samples, whereas Alteromonas (63.4%) displayed the highest relative abundance in the unique genus of water samples. Among the genera in both locations, Vibrio (31.0%) as the dominant group accounted for the highest proportion.

Figure 3

Genetic Diversity of Dominant V. owensii Using ERIC-PCR

In this study, 80 V. owensii strains as the dominant cultivable protease-producing bacteria were isolated from aquaculture systems. In view of the high-importance Vibrio and their increased prevalence in aquaculture, the genetic linkage of these isolates was investigated by ERIC-PCR. In the extragenic regions of V. owensii genome, the sequences of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus consist of highly conserved central inverted repeats. In this study, 80V. owensii isolates were fingerprinted by ERIC-PCR. This technique generated two to six amplification bands ranging in size from 800 to 7,500bp (Supplementary Figure S2). Adopting 58% of similarity, 80 V. owensii isolates were clustered into four clusters (Figure 4 and Supplementary Table S3), ET-1, ET-2, ET-3, and ET-4. The predominant clusters were ET-3 and ET-4, as most isolates had a common banding pattern (7,000bp; Supplementary Figure S2). Only three strains were clustered into ET-1, and nine strains were clustered into ET-2. The Simpson’s Index of Diversity was used to elevate the discriminatory power of this typing method.

Figure 4

Overview of Physicochemical Parameters in the Survey Area

Temperature varied among different sampling aquaculture ponds, ranging from 28.1 to 29.7°C. pH was relatively stable and varied slightly among the different sampling ponds. Salinity ranged from 20.29‰ to 29.98‰. The differences in dissolved inorganic N, such as NH₄⁺-N, NO₂^—N, and NO₃⁻-N, were obvious. Physical-chemical parameters of the survey areas were summarized in Table 2.

Discussion

With the rapid development of aquaculture industry, aquaculture system is loaded with abundant organic matter, ammonia-nitrogen, and phosphorus due to high concentration of organic and inorganic pollutants from uneaten feed and aquaculture animal excreta (Dat et al., 2019), and long-term use of antibiotics and chemicals to prevent diseases in aquaculture has led to a series of environmental problems, such as water eutrophication and atmospheric pollution (caused by volatilization of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide; Hai, 2015), which greatly hinders the sustainable development of aquaculture industry. Therefore, exploring a harmless and recyclable technology for reducing excessive organic matter in aquaculture system is necessary to ensure the sustainable development of aquaculture and for environmental protection. Microorganisms such as potential probiotic biocontrol candidates play important roles in diseases resistance and improvement of water quality (Blancheton et al., 2013; Hucheng et al., 2020). Abundant enzymes produced by microorganisms, such as protease, lipase, and amylase, can effectively decompose the excessive bait and other organic matter, which play a key role in material transformation and energy metabolism in aquaculture system. Intensive aquaculture system is a closed or semiclosed material circulation system. Protein and other high-molecular substances from bait are the main sources of pollution in aquaculture system. Therefore, aquaculture system is highly dependent on functional bacteria that can promote the decomposition of high-molecular substances, such as protease-producing bacteria. Meanwhile, tropical marine region with unique climate and environmental condition harbors diverse bacterial communities with unique metabolic and physiological capabilities (Hamza et al., 2017; Ren et al., 2018, 2019). Wenchang in Hainan Island belonging to a tropical marine region is one of the largest aquaculture production areas in China, but the knowledge of protease-producing bacterial community structure in this area, especially in aquaculture system, is extremely limited.

For this purpose, we herein communicate that protease-producing bacteria displayed high diversity and complex community structure. The diversity and relative abundance of protease-producing bacteria in aquaculture sediments were generally higher than those in aquaculture water. Similar results were also found in Guangdong (China) aquaculture system (Wenguang et al., 2015). All of the protease-producing bacteria isolates from the survey aquaculture systems belonged to three phyla, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria, of which Firmicutes accounted for the highest proportion, and the dominant genera were Bacillus (37.7%) and Vibrio (28.1%) in aquaculture system, which were similar with that in aquacultured yellowtail (Ramírez and Romero, 2017). However, the relative abundances of these phyla in sediment and water of aquaculture had significant differences. Firmicutes (91.6%) in sediment and Proteobacteria (71.6%) in water accounted for the highest proportion, respectively. Reportedly, some cultivable members of these phyla from aquaculture systems belonged to antibiotic resistance bacteria with (fluoro)quinolone-resistant, sulfamethoxazole-resistant, and oxytetracycline-resistant and were most abundant in fish ponds (Akinbowale et al., 2010; Hoa et al., 2011; Takasu et al., 2011; Wenguang et al., 2015). Firmicutes was described as the most predominant in the intestinal content of aquacultured animals (Ramírez and Romero, 2017). Some researchers reported that the dominant phyla of aquaculture system in Guangdong, China, were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes in sediment and Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes in water (Wenguang et al., 2015). Although only less than 1% bacteria of the microbial community could be detected by culture-dependent approach, the living bacteria can be obtained (Ramírez and Romero, 2017), which is an essential method for various researches. We only focused on culturable protease-producing bacterial community structure of tropical aquaculture system in this study; it still indirectly implied significant differences in bacterial community structure between tropical aquaculture system and other regional aquaculture systems. Reportedly, the microbiome of aquaculture systems could be more similar to structure of aquatic animal microbiomes (Ramírez and Romero, 2017).

Additionally, the composition and relative abundance of protease-producing bacteria at the genus level in sediment and water also displayed significantly different in aquaculture systems. Reportedly, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus as protease-producing bacteria positively affected the bait digestibility and growth of aquaculture animals (Yanbo and Zirong, 2006; Ghosh et al., 2008; Suzer et al., 2008; Iehata et al., 2009; Askarian et al., 2011). In this study, Bacillus dominated by B. hwajinpoensis displayed high relative abundance in both sediment and aquaculture water. Bacillus as probiotic has been commonly selected to improve water quality by reducing organic matter, ammonia-nitrogen, and phosphorus accumulation and inhibit certain pathogenic bacteria of fishery by producing antimicrobial peptides, thereby making them more suitable candidates compared to other probiotics (Rengpipat et al., 1998; Verschuere et al., 2000; Hai, 2015; Kumari et al., 2016; Saravanan et al., 2018; Sonune and Garode, 2018; Yi et al., 2018; Kuebutornye et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2019). SW-72^T from a tidal flat of the Yellow Sea in Korea was the first reported B. hwajinpoensis (Yoon et al., 2003). The function of heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification of B. hwajinpoensis has been reported (Cheng et al., 2016), which can effectively improve water quality by removing inorganic nitrogen and total nitrogen.

The unique genera of sediment or water were also isolated in this work. Twelve unique genera were only isolated from sediment samples, Brachybacterium, Chryseomicrobium, Curtobacterium, Erythrobacter, Halomonas, Isoptericola, Kocuria, Marinobacter, Planococcus, Psychrobacter, Rhizobium, and Thalassobacillus. Meanwhile, there were seven unique genera from water samples, Alteromonas, Micrococcus, Ornithinibacillus, Pseudoalteromonas, Pseudomonas, Salinicola, and Stenotrophomonas. Although these unique genera accounted for tiny percentage in sediment or water, we reason that they played important roles in the stability of community structure. For example, Brachybacterium from Lates calcarifer showed inhibitory activities against Lysinibacillus, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, and Mesorhizobium (Orsod et al., 2012); Halomonas could improve the survival, growth, water quality, and robustness and modifies the gut microbial composition of shrimp (Gao et al., 2019); Kocuria as probiotic from the intestinal microbiota of rainbow trout showed resistance to sulphatriad and had health benefits in aquaculture (Sharifuzzaman et al., 2018); Marinobacter from a recycling aquaculture system could perform only aerobic denitrification but not nitrification (Liu et al., 2016); Pseudomonas showed antibiofilm properties and reduced the risk of pathogenic infection to aquaculture animals by their exopolysaccharides (Ang et al., 2020).

It is worth to note that Vibrio as the dominant genus was isolated from most aquaculture ponds (Figure 2 and Supplementary Table S2), which were dominated by V. owensii species (80 strains). The DY05^T and 47,666-1 belonging to the Harveyi clade of the genus were the first reported V. owensii strains from diseased cultured crustaceans (Cano-Gomez et al., 2010). So far, most of Vibrio from aquaculture systems in southern China belonged to V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. splendidus, and V. fischeri, whereas no V. owensii was detected. In this study, V. owensii as dominate species in tropical aquaculture systems could be isolated from most sampling stations, indicating that V. owensii in tropical region may be a normal species and played important roles in material circulation. Reportedly, V. owensii were potential bacterial pathogens in mariculture systems (Yu et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2018), necessitating the designation of an appropriate typing approach to completely fathom their transmission tactics and control infection strategies. So far, there were many reports on the molecular types of V. alginolyticus (Kahla-Nakbi et al., 2006), V. tapetis (Rodríguez et al., 2006), and V. parahaemolyticus (Chen et al., 2012), but no reports on that of V. owensii. ERIC-PCR as an easy and cost-effective genotyping approach for discriminating different strains types (Bakhshi et al., 2018) has urged us to use this technique to inspect phylogenetic closeness of V. owensii isolates. All 80V. owensii isolates produced banding patterns after amplification by ERIC-PCR (Supplementary Figure S2), indicating the complete type ability of V. owensii using this technology, which were clustered into four clusters (ET-1–ET-4) at 58% of similarity (Figure 4). We found that all V. owensii had a common band around 7,000bp (Supplementary Figure S2), indicating that they had a similar genetic background. We reason that the common band may be an effective molecular marker for V. owensii. The predominant clusters, ET-3 and ET-4, contained most isolates, indicating that these two genotypes were representative strains in tropical aquaculture. Additionally, the V. owensii strains belonging to ET-3 and ET-4 were detected in most ponds without outbreak of epidemics in this region (Supplementary Table S1) and significantly different from V. owensii DY05^T from other regions on the basis of 16S rDNA (Supplementary Figure S3), implying that V. owensii strains in this area may be potential beneficial bacteria for the wastewater purification and the construction of an environment-friendly aquaculture model in tropical region, especially in Hainan Island.

Our experimental design aimed to determine the relative influence of environmental variables of aquaculture on protease-producing microbial communities in aquaculture system. Environmental variables must play important roles in shaping protease-producing bacterial diversity and community structure in aquaculture systems (Holmström and Kjelleberg, 1999; Li et al., 2018). Therefore, Spearman rank correlation coefficient between relative abundance of protease-producing bacterial communities and environmental variables at the genus level was investigated (Figure 5). As shown in Figure 5A, DO and COD were the main factors positively affecting the distributions of dominant Vibrio in sediment, and salinity as a main factor also positively affected the distributions of unique genera of sediment, Planococcus and Psychrobacter. Planococcus spp. were associated with biological sulfamethoxazole degradation pathway, which can respond more quickly and adapt to environmental changes in aquaculture system (Kong et al., 2020). It is worth mentioning that the antagonistic effect against pathogenic species of Psychrobacter has been demonstrated and reported (Sun et al., 2009), and Psychrobacter could be commonly found in intestinal microbiota of several fish (Ringo et al., 2006; Sun et al., 2009; Yang et al., 2011; Ramirez and Romero, 2017). Reportedly, Psychrobacter could also improve immunological parameters and growth performance in tilapia (Makled et al., 2017), whereas temperature was the main factor negatively affecting the distribution of dominant Bacillus (except B. hwajinpoensis) in sediment, which was agreed with some previous studies in different regional oceans (Pomeroy and Wiebe, 2001; Fuhrman et al., 2008; Li et al., 2018). In this study, DO, COD, salinity, and temperature played important roles in shaping bacterial diversity of aquaculture sediment by affecting the key species. The conditions with low concentration of NO₃⁻-N and NO₂⁻-N were more suitable for the growth of Alteromonas and Photobacterium, and pH as a main factor positively affecting the distribution of Photobacterium in water (Figure 5B). Photobacterium genus was detected worldwide in aquaculture systems and identified as pathogens causing wound infections and hemorrhagic septicemia (Terceti et al., 2018; Labella et al., 2020). It is worth noticing that Alteromonas was only isolated from aquaculture water, which was identified as probiotic bacteria in aquaculture system (Kesarcodi-Watson et al., 2010; Torres et al., 2016). In conclusion, DO, temperature, salinity, and COD as the main factor could affect the protease-producing bacterial community structure of sediment, whereas pH, NO₂^—N, and NO₃⁻-N were the main factors affecting that of aquaculture water.

Figure 5

Conclusion

In this study, cultivable protease-producing bacterial community structures in sediment and water of tropical aquaculture systems were completely surveyed. The protease-producing bacteria displayed high diversity and complex community structure. Bacillus genera in sediment and Vibrio in aquaculture water were the dominant genera. V. owensii strains as the dominant Vibrio species were clustered into four clusters, which was identified as a novel branch of V. owensii. Additionally, temperature, DO, COD, salinity, NO₃⁻-N, NO₂^—N, and pH of aquaculture system played important roles in shaping protease-producing bacterial diversity and community structure in aquaculture system. These results will help the development useful and practical strategies for the improvement of water quality in the marine recirculating aquaculture system.

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