Lin Chen
Xinghong Wang1
Yunpeng Liu- 1Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- 3Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) are able to activate induced systemic resistance (ISR) of the plants against phytopathogens. However, whether and how ISR can be activated by PGPRs in plants of the Rosa genus is unclear. The effects of PGPR Bacillus velezensis CLA178 and the pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 on the growth, plant defense-related genes, hormones, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the rose plants were compared. Pretreatment with CLA178 significantly reduced crown gall tumor biomass and relieved the negative effects of the C58 pathogen on plant biomass, chlorophyll content, and photosynthesis of roses. Pretreatment of the roots with CLA178 activated ISR and significantly reduced disease severity. Pretreatment with CLA178 enhanced plant defense response to C58, including the accumulation of ROS, antioxidants, and plant hormones. Moreover, pretreatment with CLA178 enhanced C58-dependent induction of the expression of the genes related to the salicylic acid (SA) or ethylene (ET) signaling pathways. This result suggested that SA- and ET-signaling may participate in CLA178-mediated ISR in roses. Additional experiments in the Arabidopsis mutants showed that CLA178 triggered ISR against C58 in the pad4 and jar1 mutants and not in the etr1 and npr1 mutants. The ISR phenotypes of the Arabidopsis mutants indicated that CLA178-mediated ISR is dependent on the ET-signaling pathway in an NPR1-dependent manner. Overall, this study provides useful information to expand the application of PGPRs to protect the plants of the Rosa genus from phytopathogens.
Introduction
The Rosa genus consists of woody plants that are grown worldwide due to their importance in horticulture, cosmetics, and medicine (Hassanein, 2010; Nadeem et al., 2015). This genus includes approximately 200 species and 20,000 cultivars. Roses are typical ornamental plants and have been developed as garden plants or for the cut rose market. Rose hips are used in food and medical applications; rose flowers are also cultivated for use in food and rose oil production (Byrne, 2009). However, most rose species are susceptible to crown gall disease caused by pathogenic Agrobacterium strains, such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens (other names: Agrobacterium fabrum or Rhizobium radiobacter; Martí et al., 1999; Gan and Savka, 2018; Diel et al., 2019). Rose plants infected by A. tumefaciens develop crown galls on the basal portions of their stems and roots leading to reduced plant growth. Crown gall disease impairs nutrient uptake, growth, and production. Severe disease can cause death of the plants and serious economic losses (López-López et al., 1999).
Plant diseases can be reduced by several methods, such as application of chemical agents, transgenic approaches, and biological control by the beneficial bacteria (Waard et al., 1993; Dong et al., 2007; Liu et al., 2017). The biological control method involving beneficial rhizobacteria is advantageous for protection of the plants from pathogen attack due to environmental safety. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) benefit plants by improving nutrient uptake, promoting plant growth, antagonizing soilborne pathogens, and enhancing plant resistance (Durán et al., 2018; Stringlis et al., 2018b; Pascale et al., 2020). Biocontrol using PGPR strains has been studied in detail in agricultural crops, such as cucumber, maize, wheat, soybean, lettuce, and barley; however, the application of PGPRs in woody plants has not been well developed, and available information on the subject is considerably lacking (Pieterse et al., 2014; Berendsen et al., 2018).
PGPR can prime the plant immune system for rapid response to a broad range of pathogens without direct contact with the pathogens (Glazebrook, 2005; Yi et al., 2013; Stringlis et al., 2018a). This type of resistance is called induced systemic resistance (ISR). Induction of ISR is an efficient means of biocontrol by PGPRs. ISR is long-lasting and continuously protects the plants (Pieterse et al., 2014).
The mechanism of the onset of ISR triggered by PGPR is incompletely understood; however, several stimulators have been proposed, such as flagellin, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and siderophores (Romera et al., 2019). In plants, jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET) signaling pathways are important for the activation of ISR by PGPRs (Glazebrook et al., 2003; Pieterse et al., 2014). However, in some cases, salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway is also involved in ISR. For example, ISR in Arabidopsis triggered by B. cereus AR156 requires JA/ET and SA signaling pathways (Niu et al., 2011). Most of the studies on ISR were performed in Arabidopsis or crops. However, the signaling pathways involved in ISR may differ between various plant species and microbes (Romera et al., 2019).
Bacillus species are the most widely used PGPR strains for promotion of plant growth and protection of the plants against biotic and abiotic stresses due to their stress tolerance (Nicholson, 2002; Borriss, 2011). Bacillus velezensis CLA178 is a beneficial bacterium isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Rosa multiflora that can negatively influence the C58 pathogen infection in plants. In this study, CLA178 was shown to activate ISR against crown gall disease in rose. Physiological analysis and evaluation of the expression of the genes related to plant defense in rose were performed in addition to comparison of ISR phenotypes of various Arabidopsis mutants. These results provided insight into the induction process.
Materials and Methods
Isolation and Identification of B. velezensis CLA178
Bacillus velezensis CLA178 was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Rosa multiflora. Its morphological characteristics were observed on Luria-Bertani (LB) medium (5 g l–1 yeast extract, 10 g l–1 tryptone, 10 g l–1 NaCl; pH 7.0–7.2) agar plates. The 16S rRNA gene of CLA178 was amplified from the CLA178 genome with the universal primers 27F and 1492R. The 16S rRNA gene sequence and genome sequence of the CLA178 strain were submitted to the NCBI GenBank.
The housekeeping gene rpoB of CLA178 was compared with the sequences available in the NCBI GenBank. Multiple alignments were performed by CLUSTAL_X software. The phylogenetic trees were constructed with the MEGA 7 software.
Genome Sequencing and Genotypic Characterization
The complete genome sequencing of the CLA178 strain was performed by combining and Illumina MiSeq system and the PacBio RSII high-throughput sequencing technology at Shanghai Personal Biotechnology Co., Ltd., China. The raw data were filtered and trimmed by AdapterRemoval (ver. 2.1.7) and SOAPec (ver. 2.0) (Luo et al., 2012; Schubert et al., 2016). The reads of Illumina MiSeq system were assembled using A5-miseq (ver. 20160825) and SPAdes genome assembler (ver. 3.11.1) with default parameters (Bankevich et al., 2012; Tritt et al., 2012). The reads of PacBio RSII were assembled into contigs using HGAP4 and CANU (Chin et al., 2016; Koren et al., 2017). The contigs obtained by Illumina MiSeq system and PacBio RSII were analyzed collinearly using MUMmer (Delcher et al., 1999). The quality of genome assembly was improved by the Pilon software (Walker et al., 2014).
The relatedness of the genome sequence of CLA178 to the complete genome sequences of related strains was determined based on the average nucleotide identities (ANI). Genome sequences in a pairwise comparison were split into 1,000 bp windows and aligned with nucmer in MUMmer v3.23 (ANIm) (Kurtz et al., 2004). ANI were calculated using JSpecies v1.2.1 (Meier-Kolthoff et al., 2014).
Plant and Growth Conditions
Rosa multiflora ‘Innermis’ stems were surface-sterilized with 75% (vol:vol) ethanol and then with 2% (vol:vol) NaClO. The surface-sterilized stems were cut into segments and grown in sterile vermiculite with rooting powder or in 1/4 MS media containing 3% sucrose, 0.6% agar, 0.5 mg l–1 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), and 0.2 mg l–1 naphthaleneacetic acid. Rosa multiflora was cultivated at 25°C with a 14 h/10 h light/dark photoperiod.
Seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia (Col-0) and the pad4 (Glazebrook et al., 1996), jar1 (Staswick et al., 1992), etr1 (Bleecker et al., 1988), and npr1 (Cao et al., 1997) mutants were sown in sterile vermiculite. Thirty-day-old seedlings were used for the experiments. Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) plants were cultivated in a growth chamber at 25°C with a photoperiod of 14 h of light and 10 h of darkness.
Strain Cultivation and Inoculation
Bacillus velezensis CLA178 and Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 (other names: Agrobacterium fabrum, Rhizobium radiobacter; ATCC 33970T = ACCC 10055T; Martí et al., 1999) were cultured at 30°C with shaking at 0.65 g (170 rpm, radium = 2 cm) for 10–12 h in LB medium. The cultures were then centrifuged and resuspended in sterile phosphate buffer (PBS, pH 7.0).
To measure the crown gall tumor of the plants, the seedlings were inoculated with PBS or B. velezensis CLA178 at a final density of 5 × 106 CFU ml–1 medium. On the second day, the stem was infected with the pathogen A. tumefaciens C58 at a density of 109 CFU ml–1 using a sterile needle (Song et al., 2015). Sterile PBS was used as a negative control. The rose and Arabidopsis seedlings were cultivated at 25°C with a 14 h/10 h light/dark photoperiod for 20 days and 14 days, respectively. The ratio of gall diameter/stem diameter (GD/SD), disease incidence, and disease index were calculated based on the analysis of 30 roses per site (five cuttings times 6 replicates per treatment) or 36 Arabidopsis plants per site (6 seedlings times 6 replicates per treatment). The disease index of rose crown gall disease was determined based on the following revised classification of Krastanova et al. (2010): 0 no galls; 1: small galls, 0 < GD/SD < 0.25; 2: medium galls, 0.25 < GD/SD < 0.75; 3: large galls, 0.75 < GD/SD < 1.25; 4: very large galls, GD/SD > 1.25. The tumor size of Arabidopsis was determined based on the following disease index: 0: no galls; 1: small galls, 0 < GD/SD < 1; 2: medium galls, 1 < GD/SD < 1.5; 3: large galls, 1.5 < GD/SD < 2; 4: very large galls, GD/SD > 2.
Measurement of the Photosynthetic Rate and Chlorophyll
The photosynthetic rate was determined with a portable photosynthesis measurement system (Li-Cor-6400; Li-Cor Inc.). The chlorophyll content of fully expanded leaves was calculated with a chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502 Minolta). These measurements were calculated based on the analysis of six biological replicates.
Measurement of Phytohormones, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Antioxidants
Surface-sterilized rose seedlings were cultured in a sterile triangular flask containing 1/4 MS medium, and 11-week-old seedlings were treated with CLA178 at a final density of 5 × 106 CFUs ml–1 for one day. After infection with C58 for 6, 24, and 48 h, fresh plant stems (0.1 g) were collected and homogenized with 1 ml of PBS (pH 7.0). The homogenate was shaken at 4°C for 1 h and centrifuged. The supernatant was used to measure the content of SA, JA, ET, or ROS with an ELISA kit (Meimian Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wu et al., 2018; Lin et al., 2020). The catalase and peroxidase activity were determined by the method reported by Chen et al. (2016). These measurements were analyzed based on six independent experiments.
Transcription Analysis
The plant samples were flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and the RNA was extracted with a Qiagen RNeasy plant mini kit. The concentration and quality of the RNA were measured with a NanoDrop ND-2000 spectrophotometer. The transcript levels were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using a PrimeScript RT reagent kit (Takara Biotechnology Co.). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed with TB GreenTM Premix EX TaqTM (Takara) using an ABI QuantstudioTM 3D digital PCR system (Life Technologies).
The transcription levels were measured using RmACT (ACTIN) as an internal reference. The following genes were assayed: RmERF1 (ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1), RmNPR1 (NON-EXPRESSER OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1), RmAOS (ALLENE OXIDE SYNTHASE), RmMYC2 (encoding the transcription factor MYC2), and RmPR1-4 (PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEIN 1-4) with RmPR2 encoding β-1,3-glucanase, RmPR3 encoding basic chitinase, and RmPR4 encoding a hevein-like protein. The primers for qRT-PCR are listed in Supplementary Table S1. The amino acid sequences of the selected genes from Rosa multiflora were aligned with the homologous genes from Arabidopsis thaliana (Supplementary Figure S1). The similarity of amino acid sequences of the selected genes from R. multiflora with the homologous genes from A. thaliana was analyzed (Supplementary Table S2). The specificity of the amplification was verified by melting-curve analysis and agarose gel electrophoresis. Relative transcription levels were calculated using the 2–Δ Δ CT method based on three biological replicates (Livak and Schmittgen, 2001).
Statistical Analysis
Differences between the treatments were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple range tests (P < 0.05). SPSS version 25.0 was used for statistical analysis (SPSS Inc.).
Results
Identification of B. velezensis CLA178
The strain CLA178 with antagonistic activities was isolated form the rhizosphere of healthy plants (Rosa multiflora) cultivated in the Fangshan (Beijing, China) nursery in soils that are known to be highly contaminated by pathogenic A. tumefaciens. The cells of the CLA178 strain were rod-shaped, motile, and Gram- positive and had the ability to form spores. The colonies on the LB agar were wrinkled. The CLA178 strain was able to grow in LB with 10% NaCl. The 16S rRNA and whole genome sequences of CLA178 were obtained and deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers MT071299 and CP061087, respectively. The circular chromosome map of CLA178 was presented in Figure 1A. Analyses of the GenBank and EzBioCloud databases revealed that the 16S rRNA gene sequence of CLA178 is closely related to Bacillus species. The phylogenetic analysis of the rpoB gene indicated that CLA178 belongs to Bacillus velezensis (Figure 1B). Additionally, the relatedness of the genome sequence of CLA178 to the genome sequence of related Bacillus species was determined based on ANI. The ANIm values of CLA178 to the type strain B. velezensis CBMB205 was 98.22%. Based on comparative analysis of the ANI values and phylogenetic analysis of Bacillus species, CLA178 was classified as B. velezensis (Kim et al., 2014; Miller et al., 2016; Fan et al., 2017; Rabbee et al., 2019).
Figure 1. Genomic and phylogenetic structure characteristics of Bacillus velezensis CLA178. (A) Circular chromosome map of CLA178 was generated by CGView Server. (B) Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree based on rpoB gene sequences showed the relationships between strain CLA178 and related taxa. Bootstrap values were determined based on 1000 replications. Bar, 0.1 substitutions per nucleotide position.
B. velezensis CLA178 Enhances Plant Biomass Under Crown Gall Disease Stress
To determine whether CLA178 is a PGPR, the impact of B. velezensis CLA178 on plant growth was measured. B. velezensis CLA178 enhanced leaf area and root biomass of rose plants indicating that CLA178 is the plant growth-promoting strain (Figures 2A–C). To assess the effect of B. velezensis CLA178 on growth of rose under crown gall disease stress, rose plants were preinoculated with CLA178 for one day in the rhizosphere before infection with A. tumefaciens C58. The indexes of plant growth and physiology were evaluated. The negative effect of infection of the stem by C58 on rose plants was evaluated at 30 days post inoculation (dpi). The results showed that the fresh root weight and leaf area of rose were significantly decreased after inoculation with A. tumefaciens C58 (Figures 2A–C). However, preinoculation with CLA178 before infection of the plant with C58 significantly reduced the negative effect of C58 on root biomass and leaf area (Figures 2A–C). Preinoculation with CLA178 also restored a reduction in chlorophyll and photosynthesis caused by C58 in rose (Figures 2D,E). These results indicate that CLA178 can suppress the negative effect of C58 on rose.
Figure 2. Effect of Bacillus velezensis CLA178 on biomass of rose under crown gall disease stress. (A) Representative image of rose inoculated with the strains for 30 days. The leaf area (B), root fresh weight (C), photosynthetic rate (D), and chlorophyll content (E) of rose were determined. The rose plants were infected with C58 one day after inoculation with CLA178. The untreated and CLA178-pretreated rose plants treated with PBS (control) or infected with the C58 pathogen infection are shown. The values are the mean ± SD. Different letters above the bars indicate significant differences between the treatments (Duncan’s least significant difference, P < 0.05, n = 6).
B. velezensis CLA178 Induces Plant Resistance to A. tumefaciens C58 Infection
To investigate whether B. velezensis CLA178 influences the interaction between rose and the pathogen to suppress the negative effect of C58 on the plants, the crown gall tumors of rose plants caused by C58 were evaluated. At 20 dpi with the A. tumefaciens C58 pathogen on the stem, rose plants pretreated with sterile PBS showed typical symptoms of crown gall tumors (Figure 3A). Preinoculation of CLA178 before the plant was infected with C58 resulted in a significant reduction in the GD/SD ratio relative to that in the C58 infection without preinoculation (0.25 vs. 0.99; Figure 3B). After plants were infected with C58, the disease incidence and disease index of the rose plants preinoculated with CLA178 were significantly lower than those in plants without preinoculation (disease incidence of 23.3 vs. 80% and disease index of 7.5 vs. 57.5%; Figures 3C,D). The biocontrol efficacy of CLA178 was 87% (Figure 3E). These results indicated that B. velezensis CLA178 can induce systemic resistance of rose against crown gall disease independently of direct contact with the pathogen.
Figure 3. Effect of Bacillus velezensis CLA178 on crown gall tumor caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 in rose. (A) Representative image of rose inoculated with strains for 20 days. The GD/SD (B), disease incidence (C), disease index (D), and biocontrol efficacy (E) in various treatments were measured in 30 plants. The rose plants were infected with C58 one day after inoculation with CLA178. The untreated and CLA178-pretreated rose plants with or without the C58 infection are shown. The values are the mean ± SD. nd, not detected. The same capital letter indicates the same index. Different lowercase letters of each index indicate statistically significant differences between the treatments (Duncan’s least significant difference, P < 0.05, n = 30).
Reactive Oxygen Species Content and Antioxidant Activity Induced by the Strains
To analyze the impact of preinoculation of CLA178 on rose resistance to the C58 pathogen, certain physiological indexes were determined. The accumulation of ROS is an important signal involved in the plant immune response (Rojas et al., 2014). Pretreatment with CLA178 enhanced the C58-induced ROS accumulation at 6, 24 and 48 h after C58 infection. Thus, pretreatment with CLA178 may enhance plant defense response when the plant was challenged with C58. Additionally, treatment with CLA178 without infection did not induce continuous ROS accumulation in the plant (Figure 4A).
Figure 4. ROS content and CAT and POD activities in rose inoculated with CLA178, C58 or their combination. The plant tissues were harvested at 6, 24, and 48 hpi after Agrobacterium infection. ROS content (A) and CAT (B) and POD activities (C) in the plants were determined. “Untreated” and “Pretreated” indicate plants pretreated with PBS and CLA178, respectively. Sterile PBS was used as a control. The values are the mean ± SD. Capital letters indicate the grouping for statistical analysis. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences between the treatments (Duncan’s least significant difference, P < 0.05, n = 6).
Antioxidants are responsible for scavenging excessive ROS, and their activity always corresponds to the ROS content. The results of the assays of antioxidants were similar to the data obtained by the ROS accumulation assay. Agrobacterium infection alone induced only a slight increase in CAT activity at 48 h post infection. However, pretreatment with CLA178 significantly enhanced CAT activity at 6, 24 and 48 h after C58 infection (Figure 4B). Moreover, in plants pretreated with CLA178, the CAT activity was significantly increased upon C58 infection at 48 hpi (Figure 4B). The activity of POD was also determined, and no significant differences were observed between various treatments (Figure 4C). Overall, our results indicate that CLA178-primed rose plants have enhanced defense response to C58, including ROS accumulation and increased CAT activity.
Phytohormones Induced by B. velezensis CLA178
The phytohormones SA, JA, and ET are involved in the defense responses and play important roles in the plant-microbe interactions. To investigate whether these phytohormones are involved in the defense response induced by CLA178, the levels of SA, JA and ET in the plants were measured. The contents of JA and SA in the CLA178-pretreatment group were significantly higher compared with those in the untreated group regardless of C58 infection; however, in CLA178-pretreated and untreated plants, C58 did not strongly influence the contents of JA and SA in the plants (Figures 5A,B). Infection with C58 increased the ET content at 6 h and 24 h after the infection in CLA178-pretreated and untreated plants. However, at 48 h after the infection, C58 induced ET accumulation only in CLA178-pretreated plants and not in the untreated plants (Figure 5C). This result indicates that ET may play an important role in CLA178-induced plant defense against pathogenic Agrobacterium.
Figure 5. Phytohormone contents in rose. The plant tissues were harvested at 6, 24, and 48 hpi with C58. Salicylic acid (A), jasmonic acid (B), and ethylene contents (C) in rose were determined. Sterile PBS was used as a control. The values are the mean ± SD. Capital letters indicate the grouping for statistical analysis. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences between the plants subjected to various treatments (Duncan’s least significant difference, P < 0.05, n = 6).
Defense-Related Genes Rby B. velezensis CLA178
The SA, JA and ET-signaling pathways are important for ISR in the plants. To identify the pathway(s) regulated by CLA178, which may be responsible for CLA178-induced ISR, the transcription of plant genes involved in the SA-, ET- and JA-signaling pathways was measured using qRT-PCR. The descriptions of these genes are provided in Supplementary Table S1. RmPR1 and RmPR2 are involved in the SA-related pathway. RmAOS and RmMYC2 are involved in the JA-related pathway. RmERF1 and RmPR4 are involved in the ET-related pathway. RmPR3 is involved in the ET- and JA-related pathways. In plants infected with C58, the transcription of these genes was significantly upregulated by CLA178 pretreatment at 6, 24 and 48 hpi (Figures 6A–C). In untreated plants, the levels of upregulated genes induced by Agrobacterium infection at 6 hpi were higher than those at 24 and 48 hpi. In CLA178-pretreated plants, the transcription of the genes involved in the SA- and ET-related pathways was continuously upregulated at 6, 24, and 48 h post C58 infection; however, the transcription of RmAOS and RmMYC2 involved in the JA-signaling pathway was not induced in plants infected with C58 at 48 hpi (Figures 6A–C). These data suggest that the induction of the genes of the SA- and ET-signaling pathways is involved in the CLA178-induced systemic resistance against C58.
Figure 6. Expression of defense-related genes in rose. At 6 (A), 24 (B), and 48 hpi (C) with C58, plant samples were harvested for extraction of RNA. The values indicate the fold-change of the expression levels of each gene in the plants with inoculation relative to control detected by qRT-PCR. All genes were normalized using ACTIN as a reference. Expression levels of salicylic acid-related genes and ethylene- or jasmonic acid-related genes were determined in untreated and CLA178-pretreated rose plants treated with PBS or infected with the C58 pathogen. Control plants were treated with sterile PBS. “Un” and “Pre” indicate untreated and CLA178-pretreated plants, respectively. The data are shown as the mean ± SD (n = 3). Capital letters indicate the grouping for statistical analysis. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences between the plants subjected to various treatments (Duncan’s least significant difference, P < 0.05).
Signaling Pathway Dependence of B. velezensis CLA178-Mediated ISR
Then, we assessed whether blocking the signaling pathways disrupts the induction of ISR by CLA178. The resistance of wide-type Arabidopsis Col-0 (WT) and the defense-signaling mutants pad4 (SA biosynthesis defective mutant phytoalexin deficient 4), jar1 (JA response mutant), etr1 (ET response mutant), and npr1 (non-expresser of PR genes mutant) against C58 infection after induction by CLA178 was compared to confirm our findings. Preinoculation with CLA178 led to a significant reduction in the ratio of GD/SD, disease incidence, and disease index in WT, pad4, and jar1, but caused no significant reduction in these parameters in the etr1 and npr1 mutants at 14 dpi (Figure 7). The biocontrol efficacy of CLA178 against crown gall disease in WT and the jar1 mutant was higher than that in pad4 (Figure 7E). These results indicate that the ET-signaling pathway and NPR1 are necessary for the CLA178-induced ISR in the plants.
Figure 7. Protection induced by CLA178 against crown gall disease in wide-type and defense-related mutants (pad4, jar1, etr1, and npr1) in Arabidopsis. The 30-day-old seedlings were infected with C58 one day after inoculation with CLA178. (A) Symptom were observed 14 days after the C58 infection. (B) The GD/SD was measured. Disease incidence (C), disease index (D), and biocontrol efficacy (E) were calculated. Sterile PBS was used as a control. Asterisks indicate significant differences between the CLA178-treated samples and control according to Student’s t-test (P < 0.05, n = 36).
Discussion
Crown gall disease is destructive to the production of many plant species of the Rosaceae family, such as cherry, peach, and pear trees (Gupta et al., 2010). PGPRs have been reported to protect woody plants from pathogen infection by direct antagonism; however, indirect protection of woody plant based on the induction of systemic resistance is poorly understood (Baltruschat et al., 2008; Compant et al., 2013). In this study, preinoculation with B. velezensis CLA178 induced rose resistance against the crown gall disease pathogen C58. Pretreatment with CLA178 enhanced an increase in ROS, SA, and ET contents upon C58 infection. The genes of the SA- or ET-signaling pathways were continuously induced by CLA178 pretreatment in rose plants after Agrobacterium infection. We hypothesized that CLA178 primes the rose plants for enhanced defense response to pathogenic A. tumefaciens C58, and the SA- and ET-signaling pathways may be involved in CLA178-induced ISR in rose. Subsequent experiments showed that CLA178 failed to induce the resistance against C58 in the npr1 and etr1 Arabidopsis mutants indicating that the ET-signaling pathway and NPR1 are necessary for CLA178-induced ISR against crown gall disease in Arabidopsis. This study may contribute to the biocontrol of crown gall disease in these plants.
PGPRs can promote rose growth (El-Deeb et al., 2012; Tariq et al., 2016); however, their biocontrol effect has not been evaluated in detail. Rosa multiflora, a typical species of the Rosa genus with high ornamental and economic value, often suffers from crown gall disease. Crown gall disease in other plants can be suppressed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes K84, Agrobacterium vitis VAR03-1, Agrobacterium vitis E26, Rahnella aquatilis HX2, etc., (Wang et al., 2003; Kawaguchi et al., 2008; Guo et al., 2009; Compant et al., 2013). However, most known biocontrol strains used to suppress crown galls are close relatives of the pathogenic “Agrobacterium” strains; thus, it is possible that non-pathogenic Agrobacterium biocontrol strains acquire virulence plasmids or produce them via a mutation (Mauck et al., 2010). This study is the first to demonstrate that B. velezensis CLA178 significantly reduces incidence of crown gall disease in rose by inducing ISR. Moreover, B. velezensis is non-pathogenic and environmentally safe to use than other closely related Agrobacterium species.
Plant immunity can be triggered by certain beneficial or pathogenic microbes. Oxidative burst is an early event that is always accompanied by MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI) or PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) (Zamioudis and Pieterse, 2012). However, ROS accumulation in the plants was not increased by C58 in agreement with the data of some previous studies (Lee et al., 2009). In addition to a slight increase in CAT activity observed in plants at 48 hpi, CAT produced by C58 plays an important role in scavenging ROS produced by the plants in the early stage (Xu and Pan, 2000). The transcription of certain defense-related genes in the plants treated with C58 was minimized 24 hpi. The expression of these genes was suggested to be inhibited by T-DNA or vir proteins (Veena et al., 2003).
To investigate the molecular mechanisms of CLA178 induction of plant resistance to A. tumefaciens C58, the transcription of the genes involved in the SA-, JA-, and ET-signaling pathways was determined in rose, and the infection was assayed using related Arabidopsis mutants. The results indicate that the genes involved in the SA- or ET-signaling pathway were continuously induced by Agrobacterium in rose plants pretreated with CLA178; however, genes involved in the JA-signaling pathway were not induced. The investigation of gene transcription suggested that the SA- and ET- signaling pathways may be involved in ISR activated by B. velezensis CLA178 against crown gall disease in rose. The results obtained using various ISR phenotypes of the defense signaling mutants of Arabidopsis suggest that CLA178-induced ISR against crown gall disease in Arabidopsis is dependent on the ET-signaling pathway in an NPR1-dependent manner. PAD4 plays an important role in the SA-signaling pathway (Tsuda et al., 2008; Dempsey et al., 2011). CLA178 induces weaker ISR in the pad4 mutant (Figure 7E). This result suggests that the SA-signaling pathway may be involved in CLA178-induced ISR.
Phytohormones can influence crown gall disease (Gohlke and Deeken, 2014). The SA content in rose was enhanced by PGPR CLA178 regardless of C58 infection; an increase in SA can repress the conjugal transfer of the Ti plasmid to reduce the virulence of C58 and modulate rhizosphere colonization by specific bacterial families to strengthen the plant immune system (Yuan et al., 2007; Lebeis et al., 2015). The accumulation of ET was observed in rose after CLA178 pretreatment or C58 infection, and ET accumulation was more intense in plants inoculated with a combination of CLA178 and C58. Upon the initiation of infection, ET in combination with indole acetic acid (IAA) is essential for growth of the tumors; however, ET suppresses the vir gene expression during the transformation (Lee et al., 2009; Gohlke and Deeken, 2014). The defense-related genes involved in the JA-signaling pathway were significantly influenced by infection with C58; however, the JA content of the rose plants was not significantly increased by C58 (Lee et al., 2009; Gohlke and Deeken, 2014; Song et al., 2015). Some studies demonstrated that the expression of the genes related to the hormone signaling and biosynthesis can be different, and the hormone signaling pathways can be activated by low levels of the hormones (Lee et al., 2009; Pieterse et al., 2014; Song et al., 2015; Wu et al., 2018). The JA content in rose was increased by CLA178 pretreatment; however, the expression of the genes involved in the JA-signaling pathway was not continuously induced by CLA178 in rose plants. Moreover, the jar1 Arabidopsis mutant was still able to acquire CLA178-induced resistance. These results indicate that JA is not essential for ISR activated by CLA178. Moreover, the JA and ET contents in Arabidopsis leaves were not altered by PGPR Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r. WCS417r-mediated ISR in Arabidopsis depends on sensitivity to JA and ET (Pieterse et al., 2000). However, in this study, PGPR CLA178 enhanced the levels of these phytohormones in rose. Phytohormone accumulation was also observed in Arabidopsis treated with PGPR B. amyloliquefaciens SQR9 (Wu et al., 2018). The difference in the results may be due to different microbial and plant species.
In conclusion, B. velezensis CLA178 can suppress the negative effect of C58 on rose and induce systemic resistance against crown gall disease in Arabidopsis via the ET-signaling pathway in an NPR1-dependent manner. This study suggests that application of B. velezensis PGPR strains can be used to induce resistance against crown gall disease in woody plants in agroforestry production.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found below: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, MT071299, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/, CP061087.
Author Contributions
LC, YL, and XW conceived and designed this research. LC, YX, LB, HZ, and XL conducted experiments. QM and JS analyzed data. LC and YL wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for CAF (CAFYBB2017MA020), National Natural Science Foundation of China (31700548 and 31601826), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (KJQN201744).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We thank Profs. Zhang R.F. (Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing) for kingly providing us with the seeds of Arabidopsis mutants.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.587667/full#supplementary-material
Supplementary Figure 1 | Alignment of amino acid sequences of selected genes from Rosa multiflora with the homologous genes from Arabidopsis thaliana.
Supplementary Table 1 | Dna primers used in this study.
Supplementary Table 2 | The similarity of amino acid sequences of selected genes from Rosa multiflora with the homologous genes from Arabidopsis thaliana.
References
Baltruschat, H., Fodor, J., Harrach, B. D., Niemczyk, E., Barna, B., Gullner, G., et al. (2008). Salt tolerance of barley induced by the root endophyte Piriformospora indica is associated with a strong increase in antioxidants. New Phytol. 180, 501–510. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02583.x
Bankevich, A., Nurk, S., Antipov, D., Gurevich, A. A., Dvorkin, M., Kulikov, A. S., et al. (2012). SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing. J. Comput. Biol. 19, 455–477. doi: 10.1089/cmb.2012.0021
Berendsen, R. L., Vismans, G., Yu, K., Song, Y., de Jonge, R., Burgman, W. P., et al. (2018). Disease-induced assemblage of a plant-beneficial bacterial consortium. ISME J. 12, 1496–1507. doi: 10.1038/s41396-018-0093-1
Bleecker, A., Estelle, M., Somerville, C., and Kende, H. (1988). Insensitivity to ethylene conferred by a dominant mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Science 241, 1086–1089. doi: 10.1126/science.241.4869.1086
Borriss, R. (2011). Use of Plant-Associated Bacillus Strains as Biofertilizers and Biocontrol Agents in Agriculture. Bact. Agrobiol. Plant Growth Responses. Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 41–76. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-20332-9_3
Byrne, D. H. (2009). Rose Structural Genomics. Genetic Genomics Rosaceae. New York, NY: Springer, 353–379. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-77491-6_17
Cao, H., Glazebrook, J., Clarke, J. D., Volko, S., and Dong, X. (1997). The Arabidopsis NPR1 gene that controls systemic acquired resistance encodes a novel protein containing ankyrin repeats. Cell 88, 57–63. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81858-9
Chen, L., Liu, Y., Wu, G., Veronican Njeri, K., Shen, Q., Zhang, N., et al. (2016). Induced maize salt tolerance by rhizosphere inoculation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9. Physiol. Plant. 158, 34–44. doi: 10.1111/ppl.12441
Chin, C. S., Peluso, P., Sedlazeck, F. J., Nattestad, M., Concepcion, G. T., Clum, A., et al. (2016). Phased diploid genome assembly with single-molecule real-time sequencing. Nat. Methods. 13, 1050–1054. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.4035
Compant, S., Brader, G., Muzammil, S., Sessitsch, A., Lebrihi, A., and Mathieu, F. (2013). Use of beneficial bacteria and their secondary metabolites to control grapevine pathogen diseases. BioControl 58, 1–21. doi: 10.1007/s10526-012-9479-6
Delcher, A. L., Kasif, S., Fleischmann, R. D., Peterson, J., White, O., and Salzberg, S. L. (1999). Alignment of whole genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 27, 2369–2376. doi: 10.1093/nar/27.11.2369
Dempsey, D. A., Vlot, A. C., Wildermuth, M. C., and Klessig, D. F. (2011). Salicylic acid biosynthesis and metabolism. Arab. B 9:e0156. doi: 10.1199/tab.0156
Diel, B., Dequivre, M., Wisniewski-Dyé, F., Vial, L., and Hommais, F. (2019). A novel plasmid-transcribed regulatory sRNA, QfsR, controls chromosomal polycistronic gene expression in Agrobacterium fabrum. Environ. Microbiol. 21: 3063–3075. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.14704
Dong, S., Tredway, L. P., Shew, H. D., Wang, G. L., Sivamani, E., and Qu, R. (2007). Resistance of transgenic tall fescue to two major fungal diseases. Plant Sci. 173, 501–509. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2007.08.002
Durán, P., Thiergart, T., Garrido-Oter, R., Agler, M., Kemen, E., Schulze-Lefert, P., et al. (2018). Microbial interkingdom interactions in roots promote Arabidopsis survival. Cell 175, 973.e-983.e. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.020
El-Deeb, B., Bazaid, S., Gherbawy, Y., and Elhariry, H. (2012). Characterization of endophytic bacteria associated with rose plant (Rosa damascena trigintipeta) during flowering stage and their plant growth promoting traits. J. Plant Interact. 7, 248–253. doi: 10.1080/17429145.2011.637161
Fan, B., Blom, J., Klenk, H. P., and Borriss, R. (2017). Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus velezensis, and Bacillus siamensis form an “Operational Group B. amyloliquefaciens” within the B. subtilis species complex. Front. Microbiol. 8:22. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00022
Gan, H. M., and Savka, M. A. (2018). One more decade of Agrobacterium taxonomy. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 418, 1–14. doi: 10.1007/82_2018_81
Glazebrook, J. (2005). Contrasting mechanisms of defense against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 43, 205–227. doi: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.135923
Glazebrook, J., Chen, W., Estes, B., Chang, H. S., Nawrath, C., Métraux, J. P., et al. (2003). Topology of the network integrating salicylate and jasmonate signal transduction derived from global expression phenotyping. Plant J. 34, 217–228. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01717.x
Glazebrook, J., Rogers, E. E., and Ausubel, F. M. (1996). Isolation of Arabidopsis mutants with enhanced disease susceptibility by direct screening. Genetics 143, 973–982. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2443.1996.d01-265.x
Gohlke, J., and Deeken, R. (2014). Plant responses to Agrobacterium tumefaciens and crown gall development. Front. Plant Sci. 5:155. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00155
Guo, Y. B., Li, J., Li, L., Chen, F., Wu, W., Wang, J., et al. (2009). Mutations that disrupt either the pqq or the gdh gene of Rahnella aquatilis abolish the production of an antibacterial substance and result in reduced biological control of grapevine grown gall. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 6792–6803. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00902-09
Gupta, A. K., Khosla, K., Bhardwaj, S. S., Thakur, A., Devi, S., Jarial, R. S., et al. (2010). Biological control of crown gall on peach and cherry rootstock colt by native Agrobacterium radiobacter isolates. Open Hortic. J. 3, 1–10. doi: 10.2174/1874840601003010001
Hassanein, A. M. A. (2010). Improved quality and quantity of winter flowering in rose (Rosa spp.) by controlling the timing and type of pruning applied in autumn. World J. Agric. Sci. 6, 260–267.
Kawaguchi, A., Inoue, K., and Ichinose, Y. (2008). Biological control of crown gall on grapevine and root colonization by nonpathogenic Agrobacterium vitis Strain VAR03-1. Phytopathology 98, 1218–1225. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-98-11-1218
Kim, M., Oh, H. S., Park, S. C., and Chun, J. (2014). Towards a taxonomic coherence between average nucleotide identity and 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity for species demarcation of prokaryotes. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 64, 346–351. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.059774-0
Koren, S., Walenz, B. P., Berlin, K., Miller, J. R., Bergman, N. H., and Phillippy, A. M. (2017). Canu: scalable and accurate long-read assembly via adaptive κ-mer weighting and repeat separation. Genome Res. 27, 722–736. doi: 10.1101/gr.215087.116
Krastanova, S. V., Balaji, V., Holden, M. R., Sekiya, M., Xue, B., Momol, E. A., et al. (2010). Resistance to crown gall disease in transgenic grapevine rootstocks containing truncated virE2 of Agrobacterium. Transgenic Res. 19, 949–958. doi: 10.1007/s11248-010-9373-x
Kurtz, S., Phillippy, A., Delcher, A. L., Smoot, M., Shumway, M., Antonescu, C., et al. (2004). Versatile and open software for comparing large genomes. Genome Biol. 5:R12. doi: 10.1186/gb-2004-5-2-r12
Lebeis, S. L., Paredes, S. H., Lundberg, D. S., Breakfield, N., Gehring, J., McDonald, M., et al. (2015). Salicylic acid modulates colonization of the root microbiome by specific bacterial taxa. Science 349, 860–864. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa8764
Lee, C. -W., Efetova, M., Engelmann, J. C., Kramell, R., Wasternack, C., Ludwig-Muller, J., et al. (2009). Agrobacterium tumefaciens promotes tumor induction by modulating pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Online 21, 2948–2962. doi: 10.1105/tpc.108.064576
Lin, F., Sun, J., Liu, N., and Zhu, L. (2020). Phytotoxicity and metabolic responses induced by tetrachlorobiphenyl and its hydroxylated and methoxylated derivatives in rice (Oryza sative L.). Environ. Int. 139, 105695. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105695
Liu, Y., Chen, L., Wu, G., Feng, H., Zhang, G., Shen, Q., et al. (2017). Identification of root-secreted compounds involved in the communication between cucumber, the beneficial Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 30, 53–62. doi: 10.1094/MPMI-07-16-0131-R
Livak, K. J., and Schmittgen, T. D. (2001). Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-ΔΔCT method. Methods 25, 402–408. doi: 10.1006/meth.2001.1262
López-López, M. J., Vicedo, B., Orellana, N., Piquer, J., and López, M. M. (1999). Behavior of a virulent strain derived from Agrobacterium radiobacter strain K84 after spontaneous Ti plasmid acquisition. Phytopathology 89, 286–292. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.4.286
Luo, R., Liu, B., Xie, Y., Li, Z., Huang, W., Yuan, J., et al. (2012). SOAPdenovo2: an empirically improved memory-efficient short-read de novo assembler. Gigascience 1, 18. doi: 10.1186/2047-217X-1-18
Martí, R., Cubero, J., Daza, A., Piquer, J., Salcedo, C. I., Morente, C., et al. (1999). Evidence of migration and endophytic presence of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in rose plants. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 105, 39–50. doi: 10.1023/A:1008660500107
Mauck, K. E., De Moraes, C. M., and Mescher, M. C. (2010). Deceptive chemical signals induced by a plant virus attract insect vectors to inferior hosts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 3600–3605. doi: 10.1073/pnas.090719110
Meier-Kolthoff, J. P., Klenk, H. P., and Göker, M. (2014). Taxonomic use of DNA G+C content and DNA-DNA hybridization in the genomic age. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 64, 352–356. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.056994-0
Miller, R. A., Beno, S. M., Kent, D. J., Carroll, L. M., Martin, N. H., Boor, K. J., et al. (2016). Bacillus wiedmannii sp. nov., a psychrotolerant and cytotoxic Bacillus cereus group species isolated from dairy foods and dairy environments. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 66, 4744–4753. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001421
Nadeem, M., Younis, A., Riaz, A., and Lim, K. B. (2015). Crossability among modern roses and heterosis of quantitative and qualitative traits in hybrids. Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol. 56, 487–497. doi: 10.1007/s13580-015-0144-8
Nicholson, W. L. (2002). Roles of Bacillus endospores in the environment. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 59, 410–416. doi: 10.1007/s00018-002-8433-7
Niu, D. D., Liu, H. X., Jiang, C. H., Wang, Y. P., Wang, Q. Y., Jin, H. L., et al. (2011). The plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Bacillus cereus AR156 induces systemic resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana by simultaneously activating salicylate- and jasmonate/ethylene-dependent signaling pathways. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 24, 533–542. doi: 10.1094/MPMI-09-10-0213
Pascale, A., Proietti, S., Pantelides, I. S., and Stringlis, I. A. (2020). Modulation of the root microbiome by plant molecules: The basis for targeted disease suppression and plant growth promotion. Front. Plant Sci. 10:1741. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01741
Pieterse, C. M. J., Van Pelt, J. A., Ton, J., Parchmann, S., Mueller, M. J., Buchala, A. J., et al. (2000). Rhizobacteria-mediated induced systemic resistance (ISR) in Arabidopsis requires sensitivity to jasmonate and ethylene but is not accompanied by an increase in their production. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 57, 123–134. doi: 10.1006/pmpp.2000.0291
Pieterse, C. M. J., Zamioudis, C., Berendsen, R. L., Weller, D. M., Van Wees, S. C. M., and Bakker, P. A. H. M. (2014). Induced systemic resistance by beneficial microbes. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 52, 347–375. doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102340
Rabbee, M. F., Sarafat Ali, M., Choi, J., Hwang, B. S., Jeong, S. C., and Baek, K. H. (2019). Bacillus velezensis: a valuable member of bioactive molecules within plant microbiomes. Molecules 24, 1–13. doi: 10.3390/molecules24061046
Rojas, C. M., Senthil-Kumar, M., Tzin, V., and Mysore, K. S. (2014). Regulation of primary plant metabolism during plant-pathogen interactions and its contribution to plant defense. Front. Plant Sci. 5:17. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00017
Romera, F. J., García, M. J., Lucena, C., Martínez-Medina, A., Aparicio, M. A., Ramos, J., et al. (2019). Induced systemic resistance (ISR) and fe deficiency responses in dicot plants. Front. Plant Sci. 10:287. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00287
Schubert, M., Lindgreen, S., and Orlando, L. (2016). AdapterRemoval v2: rapid adapter trimming, identification, and read merging. BMC Res. 9:88. doi: 10.1186/s13104-016-1900-2
Song, G. C., Lee, S., Hong, J., Choi, H. K., Hong, G. H., Bae, D. W., et al. (2015). Aboveground insect infestation attenuates belowground Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. New Phytol. 207, 148–158. doi: 10.1111/nph.13324
Staswick, P. E., Su, W., and Howell, S. H. (1992). Methyl jasmonate inhibition of root growth and induction of a leaf protein are decreased in an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 6837–6840. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.15.6837
Stringlis, I. A., Yu, K., Feussner, K., De Jonge, R., Van Bentum, S., Van Verk, M. C., et al. (2018a). MYB72-dependent coumarin exudation shapes root microbiome assembly to promote plant health. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 115, E5213–E5222. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1722335115
Stringlis, I. A., Zhang, H., Pieterse, C. M. J., Bolton, M. D., and de Jonge, R. (2018b). Microbial small molecules – weapons of plant subversion. Nat. Prod. Rep. 35, 410–433. doi: 10.1039/C7NP00062F
Tariq, U., Riaz, A., Jaskani, M. J., and Zahir, Z. A. (2016). Screening of PGPR isolates for plant growth promotion of Rosa damascena. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 18, 997–1003. doi: 10.17957/IJAB/15.0200
Tritt, A., Eisen, J. A., Facciotti, M. T., and Darling, A. E. (2012). An integrated pipeline for de novo assembly of microbial genomes. PLoS One 7:e42304. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042304
Tsuda, K., Sato, M., Glazebrook, J., Cohen, J. D., and Katagiri, F. (2008). Interplay between MAMP-triggered and SA-mediated defense responses. Plant J. 53, 763–775. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03369.x
Veena, Jiang, H., Doerge, R. W., and Gelvin, S. B. (2003). Transfer of T-DNA and Vir proteins to plant cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens induces expression of host genes involved in mediating transformation and suppresses host defense gene expression. Plant J. 35, 219–236. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01796.x
Waard, M. A., Georgopoulos, S. G., Hollomon, D. W., Ishii, H., Leroux, P., Ragsdale, N. N., et al. (1993). Chemical control of plant diseases: problems and prospects. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 31, 403–421. doi: 10.1146/annurev.py.31.090193.002155
Walker, B. J., Abeel, T., Shea, T., Priest, M., Abouelliel, A., Sakthikumar, S., et al. (2014). Pilon: An integrated tool for comprehensive microbial variant detection and genome assembly improvement. PLoS One 9:e112963. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112963
Wang, H. M., Wang, H. X., Ng, T. B., and Li, J. Y. (2003). Purification and characterization of an antibacterial compound produced by Agrobacterium vitis strain E26 with activity against A. tumefaciens. Plant Pathol. 52, 134–139. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3059.2003.00807.x
Wu, G., Liu, Y., Xu, Y., Zhang, G., Shen, Q., and Zhang, R. (2018). Exploring elicitors of the beneficial rhizobacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9 to induce plant systemic resistance and their interactions with plant signaling pathways. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 31, 560–567. doi: 10.1094/MPMI-11-17-0273-R
Xu, X. Q., and Pan, S. Q. (2000). An Agrobacterium catalase is a virulence factor involved in tumorigenesis. Mol. Microbiol. 35, 407–414. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01709.x
Yi, H. -S., Yang, J. W., and Ryu, C. -M. (2013). ISR meets SAR outside: additive action of the endophyte Bacillus pumilus INR7 and the chemical inducer, benzothiadiazole, on induced resistance against bacterial spot in field-grown pepper. Front. Plant Sci. 4:122. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00122
Yuan, Z. C., Edlind, M. P., Liu, P., Saenkham, P., Banta, L. M., Wise, A. A., et al. (2007). The plant signal salicylic acid shuts down expression of the vir regulon and activates quormone-quenching genes in Agrobacterium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 11790–11795. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0704866104
Keywords: induced systemic resistance, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, rose, crown gall disease, hormone
Citation: Chen L, Wang X, Ma Q, Bian L, Liu X, Xu Y, Zhang H, Shao J and Liu Y (2020) Bacillus velezensis CLA178-Induced Systemic Resistance of Rosa multiflora Against Crown Gall Disease. Front. Microbiol. 11:587667. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.587667
Received: 27 July 2020; Accepted: 28 September 2020;
Published: 22 October 2020.
Edited by:
Christos Zamioudis, Democritus University of Thrace, GreeceReviewed by:
Yong-Soon Park, Chungbuk National University, South KoreaAdriana Fabra, National University of Río Cuarto, Argentina
Copyright © 2020 Chen, Wang, Ma, Bian, Liu, Xu, Zhang, Shao and Liu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Yunpeng Liu, liuyunpeng@caas.cn