Management of psoriatic arthritis: a consensus opinion by expert rheumatologists

Background: Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory musculoskeletal disease involving several articular and extra-articular structures. Despite the important progresses recently made in all of the aspects of this disease, its management is still burdened by unresolved issues. The aim of this exercise was to provide a set of statements that may be helpful for the management of PsA.

Methods: A group of 38 Italian rheumatologists with recognized expertise in PsA selected and addressed the following four topics: “early PsA,” “axial-PsA,” “extra-articular manifestations and comorbidities,” “therapeutic goals.” Relevant articles from the literature (2016–2022) were selected by the experts based on a PubMed search. A number of statements for each topic were elaborated.

Results: Ninety-four articles were selected and evaluated, 68 out of the 1,114 yielded by the literature search and 26 added by the Authors. Each of the four topic was subdivided in themes as follows: transition from psoriasis to PsA, imaging vs. CASPAR criteria in early diagnosis, early treatment for “early PsA”; axial-PsA vs. axialspondyloarthritis, diagnosis, clinical evaluation, treatment, standard radiography vs. magnetic resonance imaging for “axial PsA”; influence of inflammatory bowel disease on the therapeutic choice, cardiovascular comorbidity, bone damage, risk of infection for “comorbidities and extra-articular manifestations”; target and tools, treat-to-target strategy, role of imaging for “therapeutic goals.” The final document consisted of 49 statements.

Discussion: The final product of this exercise is a set of statements concerning the main issues of PsA management offering an expert opinion for some unmet needs of this complex disease.

1 Introduction

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory musculoskeletal disease associated with psoriasis, or a predisposition to this skin disorder, which may involve joints, entheses, and the axial skeleton. In addition, PsA may be associated with extra-articular manifestations such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and uveitis, and with a number of comorbidities, first of all those metabolic in nature.

Articular and extra-articular manifestations, as well as comorbidities, may have a profound impact on the quality of life of patients with PsA and may even be responsible for a shorter life expectancy (1–5). Early diagnosis, comprehensive disease assessment, and proper treatment are the mainstays to guarantee the best outcome of PsA patients, both in the short and long-term. In the past two decades, relevant research progresses have been made in understanding pathophysiology and defining clinical phenotypes (6–11), and therapies targeting new mechanisms of action have been developed (12). Despite these improvements, the management of PsA is still difficult and many unresolved questions in this field await an answer (13).

To provide a guidance in this complex topic, a group of Italian rheumatologists with expertise in PsA (Expert Group: EG) convened to elaborate, through a consensus process, a number of statements addressing some of the main issues of diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of PsA.

2 Methods

Thirty-eight Italian rheumatologists with leading roles and expert in PsA agreed to participate to this consensus study. The expert group was composed on the basis of the following criteria:

• Clinical experience in psoriatic arthritis management.

• Research activity in psoriatic arthritis disease.

• Participation in disease-specific guidelines and scientific committees, indicating a commitment to improving standards of care and promoting best practices in disease management.

• Participation in conferences and congresses as a speaker, demonstrating commitment to the scientific community and the opportunity to share the latest findings and establish collaborative links.

Fifteen of them constituted a steering committee which selected, among several “hot” general topics in the management of PsA considered of interest, the following four for their relevance: early PsA, axial PsA, comorbidities and extra-articular manifestations, and therapeutic goals. The process was then structured in subsequent steps.

In the firststep, the steering committee explored the main issues concerning the four selected topics, evaluated a literature review previously performed, and defined the specific items to be addressed. The literature review was carried out by an independent methodologist in the Medline via PubMed using as searching definition “psoriatic arthritis AND early,” “psoriatic arthritis AND axial,” “psoriatic arthritis AND comorbidity,” “psoriatic arthritis AND extraarticular manifestations,” and “psoriatic arthritis AND therapy.” Only references in English and published within January 1st, 2016 and December 31st, 2021 were selected. The methodologist performed a first screening of the retrieved records by title and summary and excluded all those not relevant to the search question. Duplicates were marked to be removed from the final manuscript count but left for evaluation by any individual subgroups (see below). The remaining records were evaluated by the steering committee, which selected only the manuscript considered of interest. The final selection was then forwarded to the EG, which was subdivided into four subgroups, one for each of the topics previously defined by the steering committee. Finally, as the various consensus rounds were eventually held in 2022, manuscripts published in 2022 and considered of relevance by the components of the EG were also included in the literature evaluation.

For the second step, each of the four subgroups convened online to discuss the themes of interest and elaborate a number of statements relevant to any individual theme. These statements were then evaluated through a Delphi-like process (14). Each of them was voted by the components of the steering committee using a 9-point scale (ranging from 1, strongly disagree to 9, strongly agree). Then, median scores were calculated for each statement: a median score greater than or equal to 7 was considered a positive consensus, between 3 and 7 a neutral opinion, and lower than 3 a negative consensus. Individual responses were anonymous to preserve objectivity. The statements with a negative consensus were discussed, modified if needed, and then voted again until an agreement was reached. The final product for each working group was a document containing the approved statements.

In the third step, the final four documents were submitted for anonymous evaluation to the entire panel of participating rheumatologists and each statement was scored as reported above.

3 Results

The steering committee selected and evaluated 68 of the 1,114 articles originally yielded by the literature search, to which were added another 26 manuscripts published in 2022 and considered relevant to the various topics (Figure 1).

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Flowchart describing the literature selection process.

After the various rounds, the final document consisted of 49 statements subdivided as follows: 11 for “early PsA” (Table 1A), 12 for “axial-PsA” (Table 1B), 19 for “comorbidities and extra-articular manifestations” (Table 1C), and 7 for “therapeutic goals” (Table 1D). The themes of interest explored by the EG were the following:

• for “early PsA”: transition from psoriasis to PsA, imaging vs. CASPAR criteria in early diagnosis, and early treatment.

• for “axial PsA”: axial-PsA vs. axial-spondyloarthritis (SpA), diagnosis, clinical evaluation, treatment, and standard radiography vs. MRI.

• for “comorbidities and extra-articular manifestations”: influence of IBD on the therapeutic choice, cardiovascular comorbidity, bone damage, and risk of infection.

• for “therapeutic goals”: target and tools, treat-to-target (T2T) strategy, and role of imaging.

TABLE 1A

Table 1A. Statements stemming from the discussion of the topic “Early PsA” and the score, out of a 9-point scale, they received from the consensus group.

TABLE 1B

Table 1B. Statements stemming from the discussion of the topic “Axial PsA” and the score, out of a 9-point scale, they received from the consensus group.

TABLE 1C

Table 1C. Statements stemming from the discussion of the topic “Comorbidities and extra-articular manifestations” and the score, out of a 9-point scale, they received from the consensus group.

TABLE 1D

Table 1D. Statements stemming from the discussion of the topic “Therapeutic goals” and the score, out of a 9-point scale, they received from the consensus group.

All of the themes of interest and relative approved statements are reported in Table 1. Results can be summarized for each specific theme as follows: (i) dermatologists are important in detecting PsA and early diagnosis and treatment are likely to be of great benefit, (ii) there are large knowledge gaps in the distinction between axial-PsA and axial-SpA, on how to diagnose axial PsA, its prevalence, how to assess it, and how to treat it; (iii) associated conditions and comorbidities of major clinical relevance include IBD, cardiovascular and metabolic disturbances and bone damage; and (iv) measuring treatment targets in PsA should be based on instruments more suitable for the clinical manifestations of each individual patient.

4 Discussion

The purpose of this consensus study was to provide an expert opinion on some issues concerning the management of patients with PsA. The choice of the topics to be addressed was arbitrarily made by the steering committee of the EG. Many other themes would have been of interest, but the four selected subjects were considered among the most relevant for the clinical management of PsA patients and are all included in the research agenda of the recent recommendations developed by EULAR (62) and GRAPPA (63).

The “early PsA” topic was mainly focused on the transition from psoriasis to PsA and early diagnosis and treatment. It was agreed that, despite the advances in the pathophysiology knowledge (6, 15–21), prediction of the transition at a molecular level is still not possible. Thus, the dermatologist ability to detect the psoriatic patients at risk of PsA should be enhanced as much as possible. Although ultrasound (US) imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are not always specific for PsA, their use may help for its early diagnosis, classification and assessment (30–32). However, it is worth noting that the statement on the US and MRI imaging was the one with the lowest agreement (7.25) of this topic, indicating that the role of these imaging techniques in early PsA needs to be studied further. Finally, even if the evidence is scarce, it was underlined that early treatment of PsA may guarantee the best outcome, while more data are needed to prove that treating psoriatic patients with immunosuppressive drugs may prevent the transition to PsA (38–40). Overall, the EG agrees that that dermatologists play an important role in detecting PsA and that early diagnosis and treatment are likely to be of great benefit.

Globally, the topic “axial-PsA,” showed the lowest rate of agreement, with only one statement (“In case of negative pelvic X-ray in a patient with inflammatory axial pain and psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis, MRI of the sacroiliac joints should always be performed with dedicated sequences”) reaching a score of nearly 8. This result likely mirrors the well-known controversies concerning this theme. The first statement about this topic was that axial-PsA and axial-SpA likely represent two different entities. As the evidence on this subject is not conclusive, it could be argued that this statement only reflects personal opinions. However, based on genetic factors and clinical and radiographic findings, a growing number of experts in the field are supporting the concept that axial-PsA and axial-SpA cannot be considered the same entity (42–47). Many other questions on this topic remain unanswered: how to diagnose axial PsA, its prevalence, how to assess it, and how to treat it. As for the diagnosis, it was reasoned that diagnosis should be based on imaging, using radiography as first technique, which, however, should be performed only in symptomatic patients. Inflammatory back pain should always be sought for in patients with PsA. An imaging-driven diagnosis of axial PsA will exclude patients with axial involvement without radiographic or MRI changes. This choice was made to avoid the risk of diagnosing as axial PsA all psoriatic patients with back pain. In addition, it was considered not appropriate to perform axial imaging investigation in all patients, regardless of their symptoms. For the assessment of axial PsA, given the lack of specific instruments, it was indicated that the BASDAI and, preferably, the ASDAS may be used. Finally, for the treatment, as all of the recommendations clearly indicate that anti-TNF-α and IL-17 drugs are the therapy of choice for axial-PsA, only the issue recently arisen of the possible efficacy of anti-IL23 therapies on this disease domain was addressed. The final agreement was that ongoing studies should show whether anti-IL23 therapies are effective to treat axial-PsA (54–56).

The “comorbidity and extra-articular manifestations” topic addressed four themes: IBD, cardiovascular comorbidity, bone damage, and infection risk. As for the IBD, all the various possible clinical occurrences were analyzed. Basically, it was suggested that drugs effective for both the articular and the intestinal disease should be preferred in most cases, to be used with the co-operation of the gastroenterologist whenever needed. Interestingly, it was agreed that the measurement of fecal calprotectin may be advisable in patients with PsA. As there are no data to support this statement, it was only based on the experts’ opinion. It was reckoned that values of fecal calprotectin greater than 100 μg/gr in absence of other possible causes might be due to subclinical intestinal inflammation and thus should be considered for the therapy choice. For the cardiovascular (CV) comorbidity, it was stated that the CV risk should be scored using specific instruments in all patients with PsA and that subjects at elevated risk should undergo in-depth investigations (e.g., supra-aortic vessels ultrasound). Despite the lack of definite evidence, it was felt that proper management of the CV risk factors and of the articular disease should decrease the incidence of CV events. Bone damage was also included in the “comorbidity and extra-articular manifestations” section. The statements on this subject underlined the importance of evaluating the bone damage through standard radiography. Infections are undoubtedly a major concern when immunosuppressive agents are used for the treatment of PsA. It was stated that before starting a therapy, patients should be carefully evaluated particularly for the well-known risk factors of infection and treated accordingly. Although not definitive, the available data indicate that IL-17 and IL-23 inhibitors are less likely to favor bacterial infections than TNF-α blockers (81–85).

The fourth topic, “therapeutic goals,” recorded the highest level of agreement, with most statements reaching a score greater than 8. As indicated by all recent international recommendations (62, 63), remission, or at least a status of minimal disease activity, was considered the goal of the therapy. Given the phenotypic heterogeneity of PsA, it was suggested to assess the disease activity using the instruments more suitable for the clinical manifestations of each individual patient. It was emphasized the importance of cooperating with a dermatologist whenever needed and of considering the patient’s opinion to optimize the adherence. For a personalized T2T approach, it was indicated to define time of intervention and follow-up according to the individual clinical context. The available data on treatment modifications in case of remission were considered not strong enough to provide indications. This opinion is not in line with what indicated in the most recent recommendations on the treatment of PsA, which state that drug tapering, and eventually even drug discontinuation, may be considered in case of disease remission. The EG did not advise against this strategy, but decided that at present the available evidence dot not allow to draw definite conclusions on this issue (100–102). Finally, it was affirmed that imaging is useful to assess disease evolution, but a possible role of the US in a T2T strategy remains to be established.

5 Conclusion

We provide the results of an exercise which, moving from the available literature, resulted in statements on the understanding and management of PsA. The main limitations of this work are that that the period chosen is short and that not all potentially useful literature has been included to answer the research questions, and that the majority of statements are not based on definite evidence and only reflected the opinion of a group of experts, thus being liable to criticism. On the other hand, the purpose of this exercise was to provide an opinion on some unresolved questions regarding the management of PsA and Delphi-like methods are considered acceptable to provide indications when evidence is weak or absent. The choice of the topics to be addressed was arbitrary, yet there was large agreement on their relevance to the practicing rheumatologist.

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Author contributions

SD’A: Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. FA: Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. MB: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. GB: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. FCan: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. RC: Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. GC: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. FCas: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. AC: Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. FCi: Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. MD’A: Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. LD: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. CD: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. OE: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. MF: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. FF: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. EF: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. MGa: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. RGe: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. RGi: Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. MGo: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. EG: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. GG: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. AI: Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. FI: Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. BL: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. EL: Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. CM: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. RP: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. RR: Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. MR: Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. CSa: Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. GS: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. MS: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. CSe: Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. ET: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. AM: Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.

Funding

The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. The Educational project INSIDE PsA was arranged with an unrestricted educational sponsorship provided by Janssen-Cilag SpA. Editorial support was provided by Dialecticon srl.

Conflict of interest

SD’A received consulting and speaking fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB. MB had the following financing relationships with subjects with commercial interests in the health sector: BMS, Janseen, Novartis, Lilly, Abbvie, Pfizer, and Galapagos. LD received consultation honoraria from Abbvie, Amgen, Astra-Zeneca, Biogen, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Eli Lilly and Company, Galapagos, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Swedish Orphan Biovitrium (SOBI), Takeda, and Vifor Pharmaceuticals. The Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR) received unrestricted research/educational grants from Abbvie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Kiniksa, Merk Sharp & Dohme, Mundipharma Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and SOBI. CD has received consulting/speaker’s fees from Abbvie, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Galapagos, Sparrow and Sanofi; grant support from AbbVie and Novartis. FF received consulting/speaker fee or research support from AbbVie, Amgen, Alfa-Sigma, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli-Lilly, Galapagos, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, and Pfizer. MGa received consulting and speaking fees from Abbvie, Pfizer, Novartis, Galapagos, Janssen, MSD, Lilly, Astra Zeneca. RGe received consulting and speaking fees from AbbVie, Alfasigma, BMS, MSD, Pfizer, Roche. MGo received consulting and speaking fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer. EG received consulting/speaker fee or research support from AbbVie, Eli-Lilly, Galapagos, Janssen, Novartis, and Pfizer. FI received honoraria or consulting fees from Abbvie, Eli-Lilly, Galapagos, Janssen, and Pfizer. BL received speaker fee or research support from AbbVie, Eli-Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, and Bristol. CM received speaker’s bureau or grants from Abbvie, Amgem, BMS, Galapagos, Lilly, Novartis, and Pfizer. RR received consulting/speaker fee or research support from AbbVie, Novartis, Janssen, Eli-Lilly, Amgen, and Pfizer. MR received advisory board honoraria, consultancy fees and/or speaker fees from Abbvie, BMS, Eli-Lilly, Galapagos, Menarini, Novartis, Pfizer, Sandoz, Theramex, UCB. MS received consulting/speaker fees or research support from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen, Eli-Lilly, Pfizer, Galapagos, and Boehringer-Ingheleim. CSe received consulting/speaker fee or research support from AbbVie, Amgen, Alfa-Sigma, Biogen, Eli-Lilly, EUSA-Recordati, Galapagos, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, SOBI. AM received consulting/speaker fee from Abbvie, Eli-Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, and UCB.

The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.

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