Lukas Gatterer
Fabian Kriwan2
Derrick Tanous
Katharina Wirnitzer- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Division of Internal Medicine III, St. Pölten University Hospital, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, St. Pölten, Austria
- 2Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Division of Internal Medicine I, State Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
- 3Department of Sport Science, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- 4Department of Research and Development in Teacher Education, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, Innsbruck, Austria
- 5Research Center Medical Humanities, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
While we might leave the COVID-19 pandemic behind, future health professionals are still confronted with another global phenomenon: the increasing pandemic of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Both issues are strongly interwoven, yet current medical education fails to address their syndemic nature accordingly. There is scientific consensus that (i) most emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, (ii) the overexploitation of earth's resources for animal protein production (i.e., tropical deforestation) rapidly escalates human contact with unknown pathogens, and (iii) people following a healthy plant-based diet present fewer rates of NCDs as well as severe illness and mortality from COVID-19. A shift toward whole food plant-based nutrition in the general population thus holds the potential to tackle both public health threats. We are convinced that it is every physician's responsibility to care for individual, public, and global health issues; however, future health professionals are not trained and educated regarding the health potential of plants and plant-based diets. The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the urgent need for a “prevention first” approach. Therefore, in order to upgrade medical education worldwide and protect current and future human health properly, greater medical professional awareness of evidence on plant-based diets is urgently needed in classes, universities, and hospitals.
The COVID-19 pandemic has rocked the world, and people are still in survival mode. However, any crisis includes the potential to learn and grow. COVID-19 times have granted the opportunity to recapitulate and ask ourselves, as medical/public health experts and individuals, the questions too often left out of medical education; how many COVID-19 related deaths could have been prevented? And–what are the triggers of pandemics? Since this is not the first and certainly not the last pandemic (1).
Pandemic prevention is a major concern of global health. Experts warned for decades how anthropogenic exploitation of planet earth is driving risk (2). Medical students as future health professionals need to know about preventable aspects putting human health at peril. Medical schools and the WHO teach that 75% of emerging infectious diseases from the last decade are zoonotic (3). Ebola, the Zika virus, and bird flu, to name a few, transmitted from animals to humans (4), and SARS-CoV2 likely originates from animals, too (5). However, medical schools do not teach the fact that the destruction of natural habitats at an unprecedented pace recklessly exposes humankind to new diseases. Pointedly, the overexploitation of earth's resources for animal protein, including tropical deforestation, rapidly escalates human contact with unknown pathogens. Indeed, it is well-established that intensive livestock farming poses an imminent pandemic threat (4).
Like others (6), we are convinced that it is every physician's responsibility to care for individual, public, and global health issues. As medical professionals, we seem to have endorsed that people get sick as they get older (7). We may leave the COVID-19 pandemic behind, but the risk for future pandemics through the underlying pathology remains: preventable non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which are tightly linked to lifestyle (8). The major question to a young generation of future doctors remains: How can the physician professional group aid in tackling zoonotic and NCDs from the roots if the underlying mechanisms are not taught at medical schools? The time to talk about nutrition and its potential to harm or heal is now (9), especially with the rising demand for animal protein and its role in health (4).
In medical education, the benefits of a diet rich in fiber, fruits, and whole grains, while forgoing most animal products, saturated fat, and cholesterol are lightly introduced (10); limiting nutrition is the standard education medical students currently get from schools globally, rather than training healthy lifestyle behaviors (especially nutrition) as effective medical tools (11). The wealth of research regarding plant-based diets is astonishing to future doctors independently literature searching. Unfortunately, medical schools preclude education and training on the tremendous potential of “food as medicine,” which is still mostly untapped, including plant-based diets in preventing, treating, and even reversing some diseases [e.g., type 2 diabetes mellitus (12), coronary artery disease (13, 14), cancer (15)]. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics even states that well-planned plant-based diets provide several health benefits and are adequate for all stages of life (16), yet most doctors have never heard of it (17). All the more, medical schools often turn a blind eye to the health-threatening potential of specific foods, especially the conclusive evidence on meat in the development of some cancers (18, 19). As of 2015, the WHO classified processed meat as a class 1 carcinogen (18), yet most doctors do not advise against meat, and hospitals continue to serve it to patients, staff, and visitors. Finally, medical students are neither introduced to the sound body of evidence from large epidemiological and prospective cohort studies since 1978 indicating that cutting down on meat lowers NCD risk (20) nor to the fact that more premature deaths can be attributed to a suboptimal diet than tobacco smoking worldwide (8). Importantly, NCDs are the leading risk factors for COVID-19 infection and severe outcomes (21, 22).
In light of this pandemic–and the global, public, and individual health challenges we will face in the future–it is unacceptable for doctors to know so little about diet and nutrition. In a world plagued by NCDs, public health efforts should emphasize the focus of “prevention first” prescription in medical education, clinical settings, and health policymaking. Health education is often established by the state mandate of school curricula but is not seamless with tertiary curricula for future doctors and teachers, e. g. in Austria (23). Medical curricula worldwide should be standardized and taught with training in health-related knowledge and skills of powerful, evidence-based healthy lifestyle habits in order to create better individual and public health and protect humankind from the next pandemic. Therefore, as a self-evident part of the job description of medical experts, medical schools should teach and encourage students and patients to adopt a healthy lifestyle—evidence-based and up-to-date. Latest research shows that food as medicine is slowly but surely an issue to be addressed in standard medical education (24–26). A promising example is the Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA, where a mandatory 4-week plant-based nutrition curriculum educates medical students and clinicians on treating diet-related diseases (24). Also, a voluntary course on culinary medicine was persistently given positive feedback by attending students who enhanced their nutrition knowledge, particularly in counseling patients with diet-associated diseases, while improving their cooking skills (25). Similar programs must be implemented routinely within standardized medical education and training in order to enable future medical health professionals to give evidence-based consultation on clinical applications of plant-based nutrition after graduation.
To those in power, we urge you conclusively, not just as young doctors but as passionate and empathic inhabitants of this planet, to upgrade medical education and seize change the way modern medicine needs.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.
Author contributions
This paper was conceptualized and written by FK and LG. The original draft was critically revised by DT and KW. The project was supervised by KW. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note
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Keywords: medical education, public health, nutrition, plant-based, NCD
Citation: Gatterer L, Kriwan F, Tanous D and Wirnitzer K (2022) Human health in peril: The need to upgrade medical education in light of COVID-19. Front. Med. 9:999671. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.999671
Received: 09 August 2022; Accepted: 09 September 2022;
Published: 03 October 2022.
Edited by:
Marios Kyriazis, National Gerontology Centre, CyprusReviewed by:
Manisha Naithani, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, IndiaCopyright © 2022 Gatterer, Kriwan, Tanous and Wirnitzer. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Lukas Gatterer, bHVrYXMuZ2F0dGVyZXImI3gwMDA0MDtnbWFpbC5jb20=