Does Etelcalcetide reverse myelofibrotic bone changes due to hyperparathyroidism? A case report

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in dialysis is common. A young man on chronic hemodialysis with SHPT developed pancytopenia with resistant anemia requiring transfusions. A bone marrow biopsy showed grade 3 fibrosis, depleted cellularity, osteosclerosis, and decreased myelopoiesis. He initiated Etelcalcetide 7⋅5 mg 3 times weekly with improvement in SHPT concomitant with near normalization of blood counts. Marrow biopsy at 12 months showed clearance of marrow reticulin, improvement of osteosclerosis and normalization of bone trabeculae, cellularity and myelopoiesis. This is a unique case in which Etelcalcetide treatment is comparable to parathyroidectomy on SHPT and is associated with significant improvement in severe myelofibrosis.

Summary

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in dialysis is common. A young man on chronic hemodialysis with SHPT developed pancytopenia with resistant anemia requiring transfusions. A bone marrow biopsy showed grade 3 fibrosis, depleted cellularity, osteosclerosis, and decreased myelopoiesis. He initiated Etelcalcetide 7⋅5 mg 3 times weekly with improvement in SHPT concomitant with near normalization of blood counts. Marrow biopsy at 12 months showed clearance of marrow reticulin, improvement of osteosclerosis and normalization of bone trabeculae, cellularity and myelopoiesis. This is a unique case in which Etelcalcetide treatment is comparable to parathyroidectomy on SHPT and is associated with significant improvement in severe myelofibrosis.

Introduction

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in dialysis patients is a common complication characterized by parathyroid gland hyperplasia resulting from resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH). The clinical manifestations of secondary hyperparathyroidism include bone and joint pain and limb deformities (1). Goals of treatment are: serum phosphate levels maintained between 3⋅5 and 5⋅5 mg/dL (1⋅13 to 1⋅78 mmol/L); serum corrected total calcium levels maintained < 9⋅5 mg/dL (< 2⋅37 mmol/L); and PTH values maintained > 2 to < 9 times the upper limit (2). Only a minority of patients achieves the targets (so that treatment still remains a challenge. Refractory hyperparathyroidism occurs in approximately 7 to 10 per 1000 patient-years (3).

The role of SHPT on survival (4), bone fracture (5), cardiovascular events and comorbidities (6) is well described. We describe a case of SHPT on chronic hemodialysis treatment presenting with severe anemia. The association between anemia and SHPT remains largely unclarified (7).

Case

A 21-year-old man with a diagnosis of Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease and concomitant Caroli disease reached a final stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and started hemodialysis (HD) treatment. After 3 years, he underwent a kidney transplant from a cadaveric donor. His transplanted kidney worked well until the patient turned 31 years of age, when he developed rapid graft dysfunction (serum creatinine from 2⋅7 to 5 mg/dL). There was a concomitant increase in serum phosphate levels (8⋅3 mg/dl) and iPTH levels that progressively increased to 1,032 pg/ml despite a traditional therapy (vitamin D supplements, calcium-based phosphate binders). The laboratory changes over time are shown in Figure 1.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. (A) Intact PTH trend during kidney graft dysfunction period and during hemodialysis period. (B) Alkaline Phosphatase trend during kidney graft dysfunction period and during hemodialysis period.

At age 32, the patient re-initiated HD treatment thrice weekly (dialysate calcium was stable 1.5 mmol/L) with a concomitant a progressive worsening of symptomatic hyperparathyroidism with bone pain. Cinacalcet at a dosage of 30 mg daily treatment was initiated and increased gradually to 120 mg daily without any benefit. Two years later, the clinical situation did not improve with a further enlargement of parathyroid glands; since the patient was not fully adherent to the therapy, a parathyroidectomy (PTX) was recommended.

Nevertheless, PTX was not performed for several reasons, amongst which patient’s refusal. Furthermore, after one year, despite standard erythropoietic stimulating agent (ESA) therapy, he developed severe anemia that required regular red blood cell transfusions. Intact PTH (iPTH) increased to 4500 pg/mL (Figure 1A) with a parallel rise in alkaline phosphatase > 600 UI/L (Figure 1B). A Computed Tomography scan showed multiple bone-thickening lesions (Figure 2). He thus initiated Etelcalcetide 5 mg intravenous 3 times a week after the hemodyalisis session without any benefit. The dosage was then increased to 7⋅5 mg but the patient gradually became frail and developed pancytopenia, low-grade fever and severe malnutrition.

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. (A) Osteo-thickening areas affecting the entire spine. (B) Osteo-thickening areas in the pelvis.

Due to the persistent cytopenia (Red Blood Cells 2⋅15 10^6/mmc, Hemoglobin 6⋅4 gr/dl, Total Leucocytes count 1.500 cells/mmc and Platelet 94.000 cells/mmc), hematological consultation was performed with bone marrow evaluation. Bone marrow histology showed diffuse severe grade 3 fibrosis (Figure 3A), depleted cellularity and osteosclerosis with bone thickening and remodeling (Figure 3B), and residual decreased myelopoiesis (Figure 3C). Blood samples for mutations in JAK-2, CALR, and MPL and BCR-ABL rearrangement were negative. There was no evidence for a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) or metastatic lesions.

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. (A) First bone marrow biopsy: silver impregnation staining (x10) shows diffuse severe (grade 3) fibrosis. (B) First bone marrow biopsy: Hematoxylin Eosin (x10) shows depleted cellularity and frank osteosclerosis with bone thickening and remodeling. (C) First bone marrow biopsy: Hematoxylin Eosin (x10) shows residual decreased myelopoiesis. (D) Second bone marrow biopsy: silver impregnation staining (x10) shows variability of marrow fibrosis (severe 3 on the right side; moderate on the left side). (E) Second bone marrow biopsy: Hematoxylin Eosin (x10) shows mild improvement of the osteosclerosis. (F) Second bone marrow biopsy: Hematoxylin Eosin (x10) shows residual decreased myelopoiesis. (G) Third bone marrow biopsy: silver impregnation staining (x10) shows almost normalization of marrow fibrosis. (H) Third bone marrow biopsy: Hematoxylin Eosin (x10) shows clear-cut improvement of the osteosclerosis with normal appearing bone trabeculae. (I) Third bone marrow biopsy: Hematoxylin Eosin (x10) shows regular cellularity and myelopoiesis.

During the following months, while on a 7⋅5 mg dose of Etalcalcetide, there was a gradual reduction in iPTH (Figure 1A) and serum alkaline phosphatase (Figure 1B), up to 500 pg/dl and 200 IU/L, respectively. The patient developed asymptomatic, often severe, hypocalcemia (serum Calcium 3⋅4 mEq/L) which was managed with therapy (Table 1).

TABLE 1

Table 1. Evolution of biomarkers and treatments changes over time.

The patient’s clinical condition gradually improved, and he no longer required transfusions (after 4 months Hb reached 11⋅4 gr/dl) and treatment with recombinant erythropoiesis stimulating agent was also reduced. At 6 months, bone marrow histology showed variable reduction of marrow fibrosis (Figure 3D, grade 2 on the left side and grade 3 on the right) improvement of osteosclerosis (Figure 3E) and only residual decreased myelopoiesis (Figure 3F). During the next 6 months the patient’s clinical conditions and anemia further improved. A bone marrow biopsy was repeated at 12 months and showed near normalization of marrow reticulin (fibrosis) (Figure 3G), clear-cut improvement of the osteosclerosis with normal appearance of bone trabeculae (Figure 3H), and regular cellularity and myelopoiesis (Figure 3I). Then Etelcalcetide dosage was reduced because iPTH was suppressed (iPTH 73 pg/ml) while serum calcium and phosphate levels were within normal limits. Remarkably, bone pain significantly reduced.

The evolution of biomarkers and treatment changes over time are given in Table 1.

Discussion

Myelofibrosis secondary to renal osteodystrophy is an uncommon complication, rarely reported and usually associated with primary hyperparathyroidism (8). Marrow fibrosis and pancytopenia is related to the excessive iPTH that upregulates production of cytokines and paracrine factors in the bone marrow (IL-1a, IL-6, FNF-a, TGF–b, and platelet-derived growth factor) (9) and it has an important stimulatory effect on fibroblast proliferation. It is known that surgical parathyroidectomy is associated with a reduction of bone marrow fibrosis in primary hyperparathyroidism (10). This is the first case of tertiary hyperparathyroidism in which the effect of Etelcalcetide is comparable to parathyroidectomy on calcium-phosphate balance concomitant to a significant improvement in severe bone marrow fibrosis, bone structure and blood counts. The findings emerged in this case report depends on both the action of Etelcacetide per se (11) as well as the administration rout that guarantees an optimal adherence (12). Further investigation is needed to clarify the efficacy of Etelcalcetide on bone structure and fractures, effects on bone marrow and improvement of peripheral cytopenias in this frail population.

Data availability statement

The datasets presented in this article are not readily available because Data collected for this paper were derived from clinical records, thus not available for sharing. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to VP, ZW56b3BhbnVjY2lvQGdtYWlsLmNvbQ==.

Ethics statement

Ethical review and approval was not required for the study on human participants in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.

Author contributions

VP, AP, RT, and EO contributed to the study design and the drafting of the manuscript. VP, RT, BG, and ES contributed to data collection and interpretation of clinical aspects. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

References

1. Levy A, Xing S, Brunelli S, Cooper K, Finkelstein F, Germain M, et al. Symptoms of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis: a prospective cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis. (2020) 75:373–83.

Google Scholar

2. Ketteler M, Block G, Evenepoel P, Fukagawa M, Herzog C, McCann L, et al. Executive summary of the 2017 KDIGO Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) Guideline Update: what’s changed and why it matters. Kidney Int. (2017) 92:26.

Google Scholar

3. Li S, Chen Y, Peng Y, Foley R, St Peter W. Trends in parathyroidectomy rates in US hemodialysis patients from 1992 to 2007. Am J Kidney Dis. (2011) 57:602. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.10.041

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

4. Al Salmi I, Bieber B, Al Rukhaimi M, AlSahow A, Shaheen F, Al-Ghamdi S, et al. Parathyroid hormone serum levels and mortality among hemodialysis patients in the gulf cooperation council countries: results from the DOPPS (2012–2018). KIDNEY360. (2020) 1:1083–90. doi: 10.34067/KID.0000772020

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

5. Pimentel A, Ureña-Torres P, Zillikens M, Bover J, Cohen-Solal M. Fractures in patients with CKD—diagnosis, treatment, and prevention: a review by members of the European Calcified Tissue Society and the European Renal Association of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation. Kidney Int (2017) 92:1343–55. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.07.021

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

6. Horl W. The clinical consequences of secondary hyperparathyroidism: focus on clinical outcomes. Nephrol Dial Transplant. (2004) 19(Suppl. 5):v2–8.

Google Scholar

7. Tanaka M, Komaba H, Fukagawa M. Emerging association between parathyroid hormone and anemia in hemodialysis patients. Ther Apher Dial. (2018) 22:242–5.

Google Scholar

8. Rao D, Shih M, Mohini R. Effect of serum parathyroid hormone and bone marrow fibrosis on the response to erythropoietin in uremia. N Engl J Med. (1993) 328:171–5. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199301213280304

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

9. Sethi S, Bansal S, Wadhwani N, Makasana M, Nandwani A, Kher V, et al. Myelofibrosis-induced erythropoietin-resistant anemia due to severe refractory hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int Rep. (2018) 3:1010–4. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2018.04.003

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

10. Bhadada S, Bhansali A, Ahluwalia J, Chanukya G, Behera A, Dutta P. Anaemia and marrow fibrosis in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism before and after curative parathyroidectomy. Clin Endocrinol. (2009) 70:527–32.

Google Scholar

11. Block G, Bushinsky D, Cheng S, Cunningham J, Dehmel B, Drueke T, et al. Effect of etelcalcetide vs cinacalcet on serum parathyroid hormone in patients receiving hemodialysis with secondary hyperparathyroidism: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Trial JAMA. (2017) 317:156–64. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.19468

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

12. Arenas M, Rodelo-Haad C, Pendón-Ruiz de Mier M, Rodriguez M. Control of hyperparathyroidism with the intravenous calcimimetic etelcalcetide in dialysis patients adherent and non-adherent to oral calcimimetics. Clin Kidney J. (2020) 14:840–6. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfaa005

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar