Xianhua Meng
Kai Chen
Chenchen Yang
Hui Li
Xiaohong Wang- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinan City People's Hospital, Jinan People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, China
Background: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) has been adopted in some maternity units and studied extensively in cesarean section (CS) in the last years, showing encouraging results in clinic practice. However, the present evidence assessing the effectiveness of ERAS for CS remains weak, and there is a paucity in the published literature, especially in improving maternal outcomes. Our study aimed to systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of ERAS protocols for CS.
Methods: A systematic literature search using Embase, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library was carried out up to October 2020. The appropriate randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies applying ERAS for patients undergoing CS were included in this study, comparing the effect of ERAS protocols with conventional care on length of hospital stay (LOS), readmission rate, incidence of postoperative complications, postoperative pain score, postoperative opioid use, and cost of hospitalization. All statistical analyses were conducted with the RevMan 5.3 software.
Results: Ten studies (four RCTs and six observational studies) involving 16,391 patients were included. ERAS was associated with a decreased LOS (WMD −7.47 h, 95% CI: −8.36 to −6.59 h, p < 0.00001) and lower incidence of postoperative complications (RR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.68, p < 0.00001). Moreover, pooled analysis showed that postoperative pain score (WMD: −1.23, 95% CI: −1.32 to −1.15, p < 0.00001), opioid use (SMD: −0.46, 95% CI: −0.58 to −0.34, p < 0.00001), and hospital cost (SMD:−0.54, 95% CI: −0.63 to −0.45, p < 0.00001) were significantly lower in the ERAS group than in the conventional care group. No significant difference was observed with regard to readmission rate (RR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.48 to 1.54, p = 0.62).
Conclusions: The available evidence suggested that ERAS applying to CS significantly reduced postoperative complications, lowered the postoperative pain score and opioid use, shortened the hospital stay, and potentially reduced hospital cost without compromising readmission rates. Therefore, protocols implementing ERAS in CS appear to be effective and safe. However, the results should be interpreted with caution owing to the limited number and methodological quality of included studies; hence, future large, well-designed, and better methodological quality studies are needed to enhance the body of evidence.
Introduction
Cesarean section (CS) is a common operation performed worldwide with approximately 18.5 million procedures being performed annually. Recent global data estimate that nearly 20% of pregnant women give birth via cesarean delivery (1). The CS rate has large variations in different countries and regions, ranging from merely 5% in South Sudan to 58.9% in the Dominican Republic (2). In the United States, the cesarean delivery rate is estimated to be almost a third of all births, with over 1.2 million procedures performed every year (3). In China, the CS rate was much higher than the ideal rate recommended by the WHO. More notably, the rate of cesarean delivery on maternal request, the main indication for unnecessary CS, was also high with more than 28% (4). In addition, international analysis shows that the CS rate has witnessed a steady increase and does not show signs of decrease over the past few decades (5). Thus, the huge volume of cesarean deliveries and increasing CS rate has an incremental burden on healthcare systems, leading to higher bed occupancy and financial pressures on the patients and health facilities (6, 7).
While the decrease in the CS rate is crucial, it is also apparent that CS will continue to be a necessary procedure for obstetricians. Therefore, it is not surprising that growing interest will focus on introducing improved perioperative care for CS. In particular, enhanced recovery care is an effective way to improving the clinical and health system benefits of CS, which have been shown to promote rehabilitation and earlier discharge (8). Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) is a multimodal and multidisciplinary approach to optimizing the perioperative management and outcomes (9). The core tenets of the ERAS have been outlined previously and are positioned along the entire surgical care continuum, aiming to alleviate the surgical stress response, promote functional recovery, and achieve rapid recovery (10, 11). ERAS has been widely implemented in multiple surgical disciplines including colorectal, urologic, hepatobiliary, and gynecologic surgery (12, 13). However, the implementation of ERAS in the obstetric field has lagged compared to other surgical subspecialties (14).
Since the ERAS concept was proposed in the field of obstetrics surgery, there has been a slower embrace of ERAS application to CS. Currently, some maternity centers are endeavoring to use ERAS protocol in their clinical practice, showing some advantages over conventional care in CS (15). In the last 5 years, several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies were published to evaluate the superiority and feasibility of ERAS for CS, providing better evidence linking ERAS implementation and maternal outcomes including a reduction in hospital stay, lower incidence of complications, and quicker functional recovery (16–19). However, currently no meta-analysis specifically addresses the impact of ERAS on maternal outcomes among women undergoing CS. In this context, quantifying summary evidence involving the comparative effect of ERAS on maternal outcomes is warranted. In this study, we perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the clinical efficacy and safety of ERAS protocols for CS, compared with conventional care. Importantly, the overall effect estimated from the existing literature will be helpful in guiding decisions of ERAS practice.
Methods
Literature Search and Selection Criteria
This systematic review and meta-analysis were performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A systematic search of the databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase was conducted to identify relevant studies. The last search was run on October 19, 2020, and language was limited to English. The following medical subject heading terms and free-text terms individually or in all possible combinations are as follows: “Enhanced recovery after surgery” OR “Accelerated rehabilitation” OR “ERAS” OR “Fast track” OR “Early Recovery” OR “Enhanced Recovery” AND “cesarean” OR “cesarean” OR “cesarean delivery” OR “cesarean section” OR “cesarean section.” In addition, we reviewed the full-text articles designated for inclusion and manually checked the references of the retrieved articles and previous reviews to identify additional eligible studies.
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Studies meeting the inclusion criteria will be enrolled: (1) participants: patients underwent elective or emergency cesarean section; (2) intervention: ERAS management protocol was proposed in the study; (3) controls: the conventional care protocol was used for patients receiving CS; (4) outcomes: including at least one main outcome of interests; and (5) design: RCTs or observational studies (prospective or retrospective cohort studies).
The exclusion criteria were the following: (I) full text of the article was not available; (II) the outcomes of interest were lacking or impossible to calculate or extrapolate; (III) the types of article were not original articles such as reviews, meta-analyses, comments, case reports, letters to the editor, or protocols; and (IV) republished study.
Data Extraction and Quality Assessment
Two authors (X. M. and K. C.) screened the titles and abstracts of the initial search results, extracted the data, and assessed for risk of bias independently. Disagreements were resolved by group consensus. Clinical data were extracted from qualified studies and subsequently analyzed. The following information was extracted from the included study: first author, year of publication, country, study design, number of patients enrolled, and patient characteristics (age). The primary outcome was length of hospital stay (LOS). Secondary outcomes were postoperative complications, readmission rate, postoperative pain score, postoperative opioid use, and cost of hospitalization.
The quality of RCTs was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias tool including selection biases, performance biases, detection biases, attrition biases, reporting biases, and other biases (20). Observational studies were evaluated using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS), which included adequacy selection of cohort, comparability of studies, and outcome assessment.
Statistical Analysis
All statistical analyses were calculated by RevMan 5.3 software. The dichotomous data were performed as risk ratio (RR), and continuous variables were expressed as weighted mean differences (WMD) or standard mean differences (SMD). All results were performed with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Some data presented with median, and ranges or interquartile ranges were converted into mean and standard deviation using approaches described by Wan et al. (21–23). Initial analyses were assessed using the fixed-effect model. Heterogeneity was tested using I2 and chi-squared tests. Heterogeneity was categorized as low (I2 < 50%), moderate (I2 = 50–75%), and high (I2 > 75%); I2 > 50% indicates significant heterogeneity (24). For outcomes detected with significant heterogeneity, sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the robustness of the results by the sequential omission of individual studies. The sensitivity analyses adopting a random-effect model was also conducted to test the stability of pooled estimates. Publication bias was estimated by the use of funnel plots.
Results
Characteristics and Quality of Eligible Studies
A total of 186 records were retrieved from the initial literature search. After excluding duplicates (60 records), we identified 126 records to screen titles and abstracts. One hundred fourteen records were removed for various reasons based on the titles and abstracts (reviews, meta-analyses, correction, editorial, response, or supplements, etc.). Subsequently, the remaining 12 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, and two were excluded for unextractable useful outcomes data. Finally, 10 studies were included in the meta-analysis (16–19, 25–30). The selection process is presented in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Flowchart indicating the selection process of this meta-analysis.
Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the included studies. All studies were published from 2019 to 2020. In total, this meta-analysis involved 16,391 patients, of which 7,595 received ERAS protocols and 8,796 received conventional care. Of the included studies, four were RCTs and six were cohort studies. Among the 10 studies, seven were conducted in America, one in Africa, and two in Asia. Risk of bias for RCTs is shown in Figure 2. Attrition bias, selection bias, detection bias, reporting bias, and other bias were reported adequately in most studies. However, the performance bias was high risk among all the selected studies, because the participants could not be blinded due to the counseling and education of ERAS protocols. The quality assessment of observational studies based on the NOS is presented in Table 2. Only one study achieved the maximum of nine stars. Of the remaining five studies, all achieved eight stars. The majority of bias was found in the comparability of cohorts, because most of the studies lacked a modified control for some important factors.
Table 1. Characteristics of included studies.
Figure 2. Risk-of-bias analysis: (A) risk of bias summary: each risk of bias item for the included study. (B) Risk of bias graph: each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Table 2. Quality assessment of non-randomized studies.
Outcome Measures
Length of Hospital Stay
A total of six studies with appropriate data reported the LOS. The forest plot indicated that the ERAS protocol was associated with a shorter LOS as compared to the conventional group (WMD −7.47 h, 95% CI: −8.36 to −6.59 h, p < 0.00001), with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 98%, p < 0.00001) (Figure 3). The sensitivity analysis showed that the original analysis was not changed by omitting one study in each time, ranging from −6.24 (95% CI, −7.15 to −5.34; I2 = 97%) to −12.14 (95% CI, −13.31 to −10.96; I2 = 98%). Furthermore, the result of the random-effect model (WMD −11.38; 95% CI −19.52 to −3.24; p < 0.00001) was in agreement with the result of the primary analysis, demonstrating that the result was reasonably stable.
Figure 3. Forest plots assessing the outcomes of length of hospital stay (hours).
Postoperative Complications
Four studies reported the postoperative complications. The forest plot showed that the rate of postoperative complications was lower in the ERAS group (RR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.68, p < 0.00001, fixed-effect model), without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 45%, p = 0.14) (Figure 4A). In addition, further exclusion of any single study did not materially alter the overall combined RR.
Figure 4. Forest plots with (A) postoperative complication and (B) readmission rate.
Readmission Rate
Seven studies reported the readmission rate involving 15,353 participants. The forest plot showed that ERAS decreased the readmission rate in comparison with the conventional group (RR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.55–0.94, p = 0.02, fixed-effect model). The reported heterogeneity was judged to be moderate (I2 = 64%, p = 0.01). However, the pooled data based on the random-effect model identified no significant difference in the readmission rate between the two groups (RR: 0.86, 95% CI 0.48–1.54, p = 0.62) (Figure 4B). The sensitivity analysis also confirmed the study by Hedderson et al. which showed a significant effect on heterogeneity (26). The heterogeneity decreased (I2 = 16%) after removal, as shown in the study by Hedderson et al., and new results also indicated that no significant difference was found in terms of readmission rate (RR: 1.07, 95% CI 0.74–1.53, p = 0.73, I2 = 16%).
Postoperative Pain Score and Opioid Use
A total of four studies reported a postoperative pain score involving 1,686 participants. The postoperative pain score was significantly lower in patients receiving ERAS than those receiving conventional care (WMD: −1.23, 95% CI: −1.32 to −1.15, p < 0.00001, fixed-effect model), with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 98%, P < 0.00001) (Figure 5A). Therefore, the sensitivity analysis showed that the result was stable and no study had a significant impact on the overall results. Also, the random-effect model was applied to this result and showed a similar significant effect (WMD: −0.88, 95% CI: −1.69 to −0.07, p = 0.03).
Figure 5. Forest plots with (A) postoperative pain score; (B) opioid use; and (C) cost of hospitalization.
Postoperative opioid use was reported in four studies; pooled results showed that ERAS protocols significantly reduced the postoperative opioid use (SMD: −0.46, 95% CI −0.58 to −0.34, p < 0.00001), with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 66%, p = 0.03) (Figure 5B). Application of a random-effect model revealed a similar significant reduction in opioid use (SMD: −0.44, 95% CI −0.65 to −0.23, p < 0.0001, I2 = 66%).
Cost of Hospitalization
Only three studies with the appropriate data reported cost of hospitalization involving 10,374 participants. The estimated SMD for the meta-analysis was −0.54 (95% CI −0.63 to −0.45, p < 0.00001), indicating a reduction in the hospital cost for the ERAS group as compared with the control group (Figure 5C). The I2 statistic indicated that there was a significant heterogeneity (I2 = 98%). Application of the random-effect model did not affect the result (SMD −0.97, 95% CI: −1.78 to −0.16, p = 0.02; I2 = 98%, p < 0.00001). Due to the limited included studies, we did not conduct sensitivity analysis by the leave-one-out method for this result.
Publication Bias and Sensitivity Analysis
Finally, because all pooled analyses include <10 comparative studies fr analysis quantitatively, publication bias detection could not be examined. To evaluate the robustness of the association results, sensitivity analysis using leave-one-out and random-effect modeling was performed to test the stability of the pooled data. Most of the sensitivity analysis results remained stable, indicating the consistency of the pooled results including LOS, postoperative complication, postoperative pain score, postoperative opioid use, and cost of hospitalization. Only the sensitivity analysis for readmission rate showed inconsistent results; we adopted the results of the sensitivity analysis as the final effect.
Discussion
ERAS is an innovative rehabilitation model applied to the perioperative period in the recent years. It has disrupted the traditional principles of surgical therapeutics and medical understanding with its superior clinical, social, and scientific effects (31). However, the safety and efficacy of ERAS in CS remain controversial. Therefore, we conduct this study to add more granular data regarding the clinical outcomes following ERAS implementation in CS. This is the first meta-analysis including comparative studies of ERAS protocol and conventional care to evaluate the maternal outcomes. Our findings showed that ERAS protocols resulted in favorable outcomes in CS as indicated by reduced postoperative complications, lower hospital costs, and shorter LOS without increasing the need for readmission. It is also worth mentioning that the ERAS protocols reduce the patients' postoperative pain, while not aggravating the opioid use. The sensitivity analyses confirmed the consistency of the results.
LOS is an important index in assessing the benefits of postoperative recovery and has been traditionally one of the key outcomes of ERAS. From the results of the meta-analysis, we found that shorter LOS was presented in the ERAS group. Although the reduction of LOS was <1 day in the analysis, the decreased LOS represented the faster recovery and earlier discharge with clinical significance. Some evidence has documented that early discharge after CS can improve maternal–neonatal bonding and maternal satisfaction coupled with financial savings (32). Moreover, there was also evidence showing that even day-one or day-two discharge appears to be safe and acceptable in low-risk patients undergoing cesarean delivery (33). In the future, the ongoing evaluation of maternal outcomes, neonatal factors, and readmission rates is useful in better confirming optimal discharge times and LOS (34, 35).
Readmission rate is another concern in clinical practice, because higher rate of readmission is a potential barrier for ERAS implementation and negatively affects the life quality of patients (36, 37). Our results did not show that the application of ERAS increases the readmission rate, indicating the safety of applying ERAS in CS. Even our primary results showed that ERAS could decrease the readmission rate; the sensitivity analysis finally confirmed that the readmission rate has no significant difference between two groups. Admittedly, postoperative complication is also a major concern in postoperative care, because postoperative complications hindered early discharge and potentially increased the healthcare costs and utilization of hospital resources. Our results suggested that ERAS protocol reduced the rate of postoperative complications. This result was consistent with implementation of ERAS in other non-obstetric patients, demonstrating the superiority of ERAS in improvement for postoperative complications.
There are several reasons addressing ERAS implementation with such striking clinical results. Firstly, detailed preoperative education and psychological counseling from ERAS protocols will be helpful in easing the psychological pressure and improving patient compliance to ERAS protocol (38). Secondly, ERAS protocols reduce fasting time and increase carbohydrate intake to relieve the stress of hunger and anxiety before CS, decreasing the insulin resistance and the loss of nutrition in the postoperative period (39). Third, ERAS protocols advocate early removal of urinary catheter and mobilization, thereby decreasing the risk of urinary tract infections and postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) (40–42). Fourth, standardized care practices, standardization of the use of prophylactic antibiotics, and early mobilization in ERAS have supported significant reductions in postoperative infections such as surgical site infections, lung infection, and urinary tract infection (43). Fifth, excellent analgesia, intraoperative warming, and early postoperative oral feeding are all essential to accelerating recovery via maintaining body homeostasis, promoting discharge earlier, and reducing postoperative complications (44). More importantly, ERAS works improve most parts of the perioperative process and achieve additive benefits beyond the individual modifications (45).
Postoperative pain management has been an essential issue related to postoperative recovery in patients receiving CS (34, 46). While opioid use is an important aspect of postoperative pain control in patients undergoing CS, excessive opioid use brings many side effects affecting maternal and newborn health (47, 48). Additionally, postpartum pain and opioid-related side effects may influence the maternal–fetal bonding and maternal recovery (28). In this regard, to test the evidence considering the connections between implementation of ERAS in CS and postoperative pain and opioid use is meaningful. Our pooled analysis supported that ERAS implementation improves the postoperative pain scores and lowers the opioid consumption in CS. Interestingly, Hedderson et al. showed that women undergoing CS and receiving ERAS protocol had higher acceptable pain scores for all postoperative days (26). We speculate that beneficial effects to pain control and opioid consumption arising from ERAS may be multifactorial. An important aspect of ERAS is the multimodal analgesia scheme, which has shown to alleviate concerns regarding opioid use, reduce pain scores, and enhance patient comfort (49). In particular, the multimodal approach to opioid-sparing pain control adopted in ERAS also brought other benefits such as earlier recovery of gastrointestinal function, early ambulation, fetal protection, and reduced risk of maternal opioid abuse (50, 51). Importantly, the decrease in postoperative pain score does not come at the price of increased opioid consumption. Therefore, it could be inferred that pain relief mainly benefited from the effect of ERAS protocol implementation rather than excessive use of opioids. Our results highlight the importance of ERAS for post-CS pain management.
In addition, other factors may influence pain relief including anxiety and anticipated pain (52). Improving these concerns before surgery may reduce pain perception and increase maternal satisfaction. Perioperative education and psychological counseling of ERAS, anticipated pain severity, and pain control strategies obviously reduce anxiety and set realistic expectations, positively influencing the opioid consumption and pain scores (27, 53). Taken together, the use of the multimodal analgesia approach, characteristic of ERAS, might be a viable strategy for lowering opioid use and pain score postoperatively.
Economic burden is an unignored factor considered in the clinical practice of ERAS. Our results showed that the cost of hospitalization was significantly lower in the ERAS group than in the control group, suggesting that implementing ERAS protocol in CS is cost-effective. However, due to the limited studies assessing data of hospital cost, more high-quality trials were needed to determine the true cost-effectiveness of ERAS. We speculate that the saving of hospital costs mainly benefits from shorter hospital stay, reduced drugs, and lower complication rate, although ERAS contains the use of diverse medical care modalities and treatment approaches (17). The present encouraging results would greatly promote the implementation of ERAS protocols in maternity units.
In addition to aforementioned advantages of ERAS implementation in CS, it may have other potential benefits such as improving patient satisfaction and increasing the breastfeeding rate. However, data involving these specific effects of ERAS are limited and unclear. Only a few investigations demonstrated that ERAS may improve patient satisfaction, breastfeeding, and mother–child bonding. Hopefully, more studies will be conducted to evaluate these beneficial effects of ERAS, further exploring the effects referring to neonate outcome, postpartum depression, and service efficiency.
Despite our careful work on the currently available evidence, several limitations should be interpreted in this meta-analysis. Firstly, only four RCTs were included in the present study and some outcomes mainly derived from cohort studies rather than RCTs; thus, the results may have been influenced by information bias, selection bias, and detection bias, as well as confounding bias. Secondly, none of the RCTs featured blinding, potentially leading to performance bias and measurement bias. It is noted that the blinding for the ERAS protocol is not feasible in clinical practice. Thirdly, the ERAS protocol elements in each study may be different slightly, leading to inescapable heterogeneity.
Conclusions
Our results showed that protocols implementing ERAS in CS could shorten LOS and hospital cost and reduce the incidence of complications, postoperative pain score, and opioid use, but could not increase the rates of readmission. Our data add to the evidence supporting that ERAS protocols applied to CS are feasible, effective, and safe. However, limited to the quantity and quality of the studies and their potential heterogeneity, further large and randomized controlled studies should be undertaken to confirm the present findings.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.
Author Contributions
XM, KC, and XW designed the research and the study concept. XM and KC performed the data extraction. XM, KC, and CY analyzed and interpreted the data. XM, KC, and HL performed the quality and risk assessment. XM, KC, CY, HL, and XW wrote the article. All the coauthors granted final approval of the version of this article to be published.
Funding
The present study was supported by grants from the Science Foundation of Jinan Health Commission (2020-4-141).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Keywords: enhanced recovery after surgery, meta-analysis, cesarean section, safety, efficacy
Citation: Meng X, Chen K, Yang C, Li H and Wang X (2021) The Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery for Cesarean Section: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials and Observational Studies. Front. Med. 8:694385. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.694385
Received: 13 April 2021; Accepted: 08 July 2021;
Published: 02 August 2021.
Edited by:
Jian-Guo Zhou, University of Erlangen Nuremberg, GermanyReviewed by:
Iffat Ahmed, Aga Khan University, PakistanStefan Gebhardt, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
Copyright © 2021 Meng, Chen, Yang, Li and Wang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Xiaohong Wang, xiaohongwanglw@163.com
†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship