Tokio Kinoshita1,2
Ken Kouda1*Yasunori Umemoto1Yoshinori Yasuoka1,2Yuta Minoshima1,2Yukio Mikami1
Yukihide Nishimura3Kyohei Miyamoto4Seiya Kato4Fumihiro Tajima1- 1Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
- 2Division of Rehabilitation, Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
- 3Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
- 4Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
Patients with severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) are at high risk of developing ICU-acquired weakness and disuse syndrome. Although their medical management may include prolonged deep sedation for pulmonary protection and ventilator management, we aim for early mobilization of these patients with COVID-19. We present the case of a 71-year-old man with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and COVID-19 pneumonia. Passive range of motion training and sitting on the edge of the bed were started in the ICU while the patient was under deep sedation. His activities of daily living eventually improved to where he could independently walk to the toilet without respiratory distress. Patients with severe COVID-19 who require mechanical ventilation are at risk of muscle weakness and exercise intolerance. These patients require rehabilitation therapy, beginning in the acute phase of illness, to recover their physical function. Although validation with a larger cohort is necessary, our results suggest that patients with COPD and COVID-19 pneumonia should undergo rehabilitation concurrently with status-driven changes in respiratory management.
Introduction
A patient with pneumonia of unknown origin presented in Wuhan, China, in early December 2019 (1). Since that time, a new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly throughout the world. As of January 10, 2021, the cumulative number of reported cases worldwide exceeds 80 million, with more than 1.9 million deaths reported (2). The total number of reported cases and in Japan is 339,774, and 4,647, respectively, as of January 20, 2021 (3). Patients with severe COVID-19 who are admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) are at high risk of developing ICU-acquired weakness (ICU-AW), as well as disuse syndrome. Their medical management often involves prolonged deep sedation for pulmonary protection and ventilator management (4, 5). We also introduce early mobilization to patients with COVID-19 under deep sedation and ventilator management.
In mid-January 2021, a patient with underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pre-morbidly low blood oxygenation was admitted to our hospital with COVID-19 pneumonia. Early rehabilitation therapy was commenced in the ICU, despite the patient being deeply sedated. There have been only a few reports, to date, on rehabilitation for patients with COVID-19 (6–8); however, there have been no reports on rehabilitation during deep sedation for patients with COVID-19 and underlying COPD. In this case report, we provide a practical report delineating information on early rehabilitation for patients with COVID-19 and COPD, the underlying disease, while in the ICU.
Case Report
The patient was a 71-year-old male with COPD, diabetes mellitus, and a history of percutaneous coronary intervention for unstable angina pectoris. He is currently actively being followed up by the Department of Urology at our hospital following transurethral resection of a bladder tumor for bladder cancer. In mid-January of this year, fatigue and fever reappeared. After 4 days, dyspnea appeared, and worsened 7 days later. Subsequently, he was transported emergently to our hospital and treated with muscle relaxants and sedatives for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. He was placed on a ventilator and in the prone position under deep sedation for lung protection. Two days after admission, a physiatrist, and a therapist started rehabilitation therapy for expectoration and ICU-AW prevention for severe pneumonia.
At the start of rehabilitation therapy, the patient's respiration was controlled mechanically while under deep sedation (pressure-controlled ventilation, frequency 28, FiO2 = 0.5; inspiratory pressure above positive end-expiratory pressure = 12 mmH2O; positive end-expiratory pressure = 10 mmH2O). The patient was deeply sedated with a Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) score of −5. On the same day, his arterial blood gas values were as follows: pH 7.379; PaO2, 98.1 mmHg; PaCO2, 61.4 mmHg; PaO2/FiO2 ratio (P/F), 196; and lactate, 1.1 mmol/L. The patient's Glasgow Coma Scale score was E1VTM1, eyelid conjunctiva was not anemic, and ocular conjunctiva was not yellow. There was no swelling in the cervical lymph nodes. Respiratory sounds were weak with no rales. There was no edema in the extremities but mild range of motion restriction on both shoulders. The patient's laboratory test results were C-reactive protein, 4.49 mg/dL; white blood cells, 1,155/μL; and hemoglobin, 13.0 g/dL.
The patient was managed in the supine position during the day and prone position at night. His chest computed tomography scan on admission showed an emphysematous lung with diffuse slit-glass shadows and infiltrative shadows on the dorsal side (Figure 1). His Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (SOFA) was 3 (respiratory = 2, coagulation = 0, hepatic = 0, circulatory = 0, central nervous system = 1, and renal = 0). COPD had not been treated previously, and the pathophysiology before the onset of COPD was unknown. However, a follow-up computed tomography scan taken 1 week before admission revealed significant bilateral emphysematous upper lung field changes. We suspected COPD because of his 50-year smoking history (Figure 1). He was independent for activities of daily living and did not receive home oxygen therapy. However, he continued to experience shortness of breath when walking long distances.
Figure 1. Computed tomography scan before and after hospitalization and before regional hospital transfer. Computed tomography scan images taken (A) 1 week prior to hospitalization, (B) on hospital day 1, and (C) before regional hospital transfer.
Rehabilitation staff wore personal protective equipment to prevent transmission of COVID-19 by wet biological materials and aerosols from patients during rehabilitation. To reduce infection risk, each patient was treated by only one physical therapist and one nurse.
A timeline of the patient's respiratory management and the rehabilitation programs is shown in Figure 2. During the first rehabilitation step, the patient was undergoing RASS-5, deep sedation, and mechanical ventilation; therefore, we were limited to passive range of motion exercises, prevention of ICU-AW and hypovolemia, autonomic adjustment for blood pressure maintenance, and sitting on the edge of the bed to promote expectoration (Figure 3). The patient was placed in a sitting position once a day for at least 20 min by a physical therapist. On hospital day 5 we discontinued the patient's muscle relaxants and tapered the sedative medication. The patient was extubated on hospital day 7 and placed on RASS-2 with a high-flow nasal cannula; 40 L/min and FiO2 80%.
Figure 2. Timeline of the patient's respiratory management and rehabilitation programs. Data recorded in the management of the patient's pulmonary condition included the PaO2/FiO2 ratio and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score. Indicated are the rehabilitation programs used between admission (day 1) and the day of regional hospital transfer (day 18). CMV, continuous mandatory ventilation; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; HNFC, high-flow nasal cannula; PCV, pressure-controlled ventilation; RASS, Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale; ROM, range of motion.
Figure 3. A representative rehabilitation scene. The patient (A) sitting on the edge of the bed at the beginning of rehabilitation (day 3) and (B) performing half-squats and calf-raises before regional hospital transfer (day 18).
After extubation, the patient's P/F was <100, indicating severely impaired oxygenation, and the saturation percentage of arterial blood oxygen (SpO2) at rest during the day ranged from 88 to 92%. He reported no respiratory distress and a pre-morbid computed tomography scan showed emphysematous changes. We therefore determined that he had been nearing hypoxemia before admission. Therefore, the patient's respiratory management and rehabilitation continued.
After transitioning to a high-flow nasal cannula, he could sit independently with his SpO2 only decreasing to ~88%. On hospital day 9, he started standing to encourage additional mobilization. Standing training was performed once per day for ~40 min with rest. On hospital day 15, he was transitioned to a standard nasal cannula. At this time, his SpO2 dropped to ~80% when standing and he reported feeling short-of-breath. Therefore, we changed to an oxymask, being careful not to cause carbon dioxide narcosis, and the patient was allowed to continue exercising. Next day onward, three sets of exercise were added; these included 50 steps, 20 half-squats, and 20 calf-raises (Figure 3).
By hospital day 18, the patient's muscle strength recovered to the range of 4–5 on the Manual Muscle Test and the patient was able to independently walk to the toilet without respiratory distress. His polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-CoV-2 remained positive and he continued to require oxygen. Consequently, he transferred from our ICU to a regional hospital for continued rehabilitation and preparation for returning home. In this case, no adverse events occurred during rehabilitation until regional hospital transfer. Even after being transferred to the regional hospital, the patient continued strength training and indoor walking training in a private room isolation. Five days after the transfer, the polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-CoV-2 became negative, so isolation was released. The patient needed to be watched over by hospital staffs to prevent falls but was independent in activities of daily living in the hospital. Approximately 1 month after the transfer, the patient was able to walk without supervision, took home oxygen therapy, and returned home. We obtained written informed consent from the patient for the publication of this case report.
Discussion
There are few reports of rehabilitation for COVID-19 patients in acute care hospitals (8–10), and there have been no reports on acute rehabilitation of patients with COVID-19 and COPD. This is the first report on ICU rehabilitation of a patient with COPD and COVID-19 pneumonia.
In addition to disuse syndrome, patients with COVID-19 are at higher risk of developing ICU-AW (4, 5). For patients managed in the ICU, rehabilitation should be provided as early as possible (11) and a prior report recommended early rehabilitation for patients with COVID-19 (5). A recent review by Goodwin et al. reported that (12) exercise, early mobilization, and multicomponent programs may improve recovery after ICU admission for severe respiratory illness; this may generalize to patients with COVID-19. A review by Bernal-Utrera et al. (13) has revealed that physical therapy for patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU is a necessary strategy to prevent complications, contribute to patient stability during critical periods, and promote patient recovery. Wittmer et al. (14) emphasizes the need for early mobilization and exercise for mild, moderate, and severe COVID-19 inpatients to prevent or alleviate illness and ICU-AW. There are still many concerns about the rehabilitation of severe to critical COVID-19 patients; however, some consensus has already been achieved, such as the adoption of breath training in the prone or semi-recumbent bed position, moderate head elevation, limb mobilization, and bed and bedside sitting and standing (15).
The Departments of Emergency and Critical Care and Rehabilitation determined that it was possible to start early mobilization with deeply sedated patients with COVID-19 under ventilator management with muscle relaxants. We therefore commenced sitting on the edge of the bed prior to ventilator weaning. After weaning, the patient's P/F ratio was <100 and his SpO2 dropped to ~80% when standing. This made it difficult to continue exercising; however, based on the patient's pre-admission respiratory status, we determined that a SpO2 of 88% was acceptable. We thus changed to an oxymask, being careful not to cause carbon dioxide narcosis, and continued the rehabilitation exercises. Liu et al. (16) found that, in patients with COPD, supplemental oxygen during exercise training did not improve exercise capacity, dyspnea score, or quality of life. However, this case demonstrated acute-onset pneumonia caused by COVID-19. With supplemental oxygen, he could leave the bed and start exercising; the authors believed this may have prevented worsening of disuse syndrome. This patient demonstrated early improvements in activities of daily living despite being managed in the ICU and no adverse events occurred during rehabilitation. Therefore, rehabilitation with early mobilization—even for patients dependent on mechanical ventilation—and further status-driven modifications of oxygen therapy may be safe and effective for patients with COPD and COVID-19 pneumonia with multiple disabilities, such as this case.
Older patients and those with underlying medical problems such as hypertension, type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic lung disease, obesity, and cancer are more vulnerable to severe symptoms due to COVID-19 (17–19). Patients with COVID-19 and COPD are at a higher risk of severe disease and mortality than those without COPD (20). The patient was 71 years old, had a history of COPD and diabetes mellitus, and was at high risk of developing severe symptoms. However, his SOFA score at the start of rehabilitation was 3. His mild vital organ impairment and disease course may have contributed to favorable results.
Patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU are known to develop severe fatigue after discharge as a sequela of COVID-19 (21). Ferraro et al. (22) has shown that patient-specific rehabilitation is needed to improve fatigue after transfer from the ICU. Since this case was transferred to a regional hospital, the subsequent symptoms are unknown. In the future, it is necessary to investigate whether early rehabilitation for ICU patients affects the sequelae of COVID-19. Furthermore, since this is a case report of a single patient, the generalizability of the results is not known.
Conclusions
Patients with severe COVID-19 who require mechanical ventilation are more likely to develop muscle weakness and exercise intolerance; thus, it is important to improve their physical function through early rehabilitation therapy, beginning during the acute disease stage. Although they require validation in a larger cohort, our results suggest that patients with COPD and COVID-19 pneumonia should be rehabilitated concurrently with status-driven changes in respiratory management.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.
Ethics Statement
Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author Contributions
KK and TK: concept, idea, and research design. YMik, YN, SK, and FT: consultation (including review of manuscript before submitting). FT: project management. TK: data analysis. TK, YU, YY, and YMin: data collection. KK, TK, and KM: writing. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the intensive care physicians and clinical nursing staff in the intensive care unit for supporting the rehabilitation therapy. The authors also thank Editage (http://www.editage.com) for English language editing.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2021.692898/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, early ambulation, supplemental oxygen therapy, rehabilitation, case report
Citation: Kinoshita T, Kouda K, Umemoto Y, Yasuoka Y, Minoshima Y, Mikami Y, Nishimura Y, Miyamoto K, Kato S and Tajima F (2021) Case Report: A Rehabilitation Practice Report During ICU Management for a Patient With Multiple Disabilities Due to COVID-19 Pneumonia and COPD. Front. Med. 8:692898. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.692898
Received: 12 April 2021; Accepted: 02 June 2021;
Published: 28 June 2021.
Edited by:
Marcelo Arruda Nakazone, Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto, BrazilReviewed by:
Auwal Abdullahi, Bayero University Kano, NigeriaAlessandro de Sire, University of Magna Graecia, Italy
Copyright © 2021 Kinoshita, Kouda, Umemoto, Yasuoka, Minoshima, Mikami, Nishimura, Miyamoto, Kato and Tajima. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Ken Kouda, kenkouda@wakayama-med.ac.jp