Oriol Calvete
José Reyes3,4- 1Human Genetics Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- 2Network of Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- 3Grupo Español de Tumores Neuroendocrinos y Endocrinos, Madrid, Spain
- 4Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Comarcal de Inca, Balearic Islands Health Investigation Institute (IDISBA), Majorca, Spain
Mutations in the ATP4A proton pump prevent gastric acidification and explain the chronic autoimmune gastritis scenario that conducts the gastric neuroendocrine tumor (gNET) formation. Here, we wanted to investigate the co-occurrence cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and intestinal inflammation that presented all members of a family affected with gNET and carrying an ATP4A mutation. Intestinal inflammation persisted after CMV eradication and anemia treatment. The inflammation was compatible with a ileitis/Crohn's disease and was originated by the same autoimmune mechanism described in the tumorigenesis of gNETS. The same secondary disease but no the CMV infection was observed in all members affected with gNET and carrying the ATP4A mutation. Our results suggest that the ATP4A malfunction not only explained gNETs but also the co-occurring disease and opportunistic infections, which allowed to link autoimmune pathologies and gNETs in a unique mechanism. Our results open a new window to better understand not only gastric neoplasms formation but the co-occurring autoimmune disorders and the inflammatory mechanism that compose a premalignant scenario for other tumor formation. Our findings are important since contribute to describe the genetic landscape of the Inflammatory Bowel/Crohn's disease and alert clinicians to monitor patients with gastric neoplasms mediated by achlorhydria mechanisms for concomitant secondary pathologies.
Introduction
Type I gastric neuroendocrine tumors (gNETs) arise from enterochromaffine-like (ECL) cells in patients with autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis and give rise to hypergastrinemia and parietal cell (PC) atrophy that leads to gastric hyperplasia and achlorhydria, respectively. However, we described a homozygous mutation in the ATP4A gene (p.R703C) that prevented gastric acidification and was the main effector of progression of the gNETs. This contrasts with the classical model, where hypergastrinemia leads to achlorhydria (1). A knock-in (KI) mouse model for this ATP4A mutation was constructed in order to perform functional studies (2). This model confirmed the relation of the candidate gene with achlorhydria and gNET development, and served us to better understand the relation between impaired capability to export protons across the plasma membrane of PCs and tumor progression. We observed that the ATP4Ap.R703C mutation drove gastric achlorhydria, but also would impair the acid–base balance within PCs, affecting mitochondrial biogenesis and activating ROS signaling, which triggers caspase-3-mediated apoptosis of parietal cells (3). Recently, we studied a second family affected with gNETs and other autoimmune pathologies (hypothyroidism and rheumatoid arthritis). A cumulative effect of two mutations in a digenic model (ATP4A and PTH1R genes) explained the genetic landscape underlying the gNETs in this family. In addition, the PTH1R gene is involved in the regulation of Ca2+ metabolism and this explained the associated hypothyroidism and rheumatoid arthritis (4). Here, we present the monitoring results of the first family with the atypical and aggressive gNET caused by the ATP4Ap.R703C mutation (1) and the recent re-evaluation of the altered clinical parameters not involved in the gastric pathology.
Materials and Methods
Patients
A consanguineous family (the parents were cousins) from Majorca Island (Spain) with ten siblings was previously evaluated (1). Five of them were diagnosed (age of onset around 30 years in average) with type I gastric NETs (II-1, II-3, II-7, II-8, II-9). Three (II-1, II-3, and II-7) showed nodal infiltration and one (II-3) had a synchronous focus of gastric adenocarcinoma without nodal infiltration (T1b N0) (Figure 1A). All patients were treated with total gastrectomy, were negative in MEN1 gene mutation studies by Sanger sequencing and for H. pylori. Both parents (I-1 and I-2) and siblings II-3, II-7 and II-9 were selected for WES, which uncovered the ATP4A mutation (in heterozygosis in parents and in homozygosis in affected siblings). Blood samples from the remaining healthy individuals in the family were also obtained for further study of the segregation of the variants (Figure 1A). Role of the ATP4A mutation was later validated in a KI mouse model (2). Informed consent was obtained for all patients. Serological and biochemical parameters were obtained from routine serum/blood tests.
Figure 1. (A) Pedigree of studied family with complete segregation of the ATP4Ap.R703C mutation (C: Reference allele for the position; T: Alternative allele for the position). Black arrow shows the proband evaluated in this study. (B) Serologic information of proband patient regarding anemia, inflammation and disease markers measured in 2017, 2018, and 2019. CMV infection was eradicated after ganciclovir treatment. Anemia markers become partially restored after Fe treatment. Atrophic inflammation persisted in the 2019 evaluation.
Immunohistochemistry Studies
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples were obtained from monitoring biopsies of the proband. FFPE blocks were cut into 5-μm-thick sections and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) for light microscopy examination. FFPE blocks were cut into 5-l m-thick sections for immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies. Inflammation of the ileum was tested with anti-cytokeratin 7 antibody from DAKO (ref: M7018). Mitochondrial activity in the inflamed area was tested with anti-Pyruvate Carboxylase antibody from NOVUS Biologicals (Ref: NBP1-49536) following the manufacturers' instructions.
Case Presentation
A consanguineous family with gNETs was previously studied. The proband of this study (Figure 1A) was diagnosed in 2007 (dx.39) with four well-differentiated foci of gNETs of 1.7, 1.0, 0.9, and 0.7 cm in size that were infiltrating the submucosal layer (pT1b). The tumors were immunoreactive for the general neuroendocrine markers but also had a component with glandular growth, which was morphologically classified as an intestinal type adenocarcinoma (G1/4) (5). Perineural and lymph node invasion (size: 0.4 cm) was also reported for this patient. Total gastrectomy was performed to prevent adenocarcinoma metastasis.
Results and Discusion
In 2017, of this patient revealed persistent acute anemia and an intestinal inflammatory process (Figure 1B). Endoscopy of the small intestine revealed several aphthous ulcers and Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining confirmed atrophic and flattened microvilli with reduction of goblet cells, microvilli oedema, cryptitis, and inflammatory infiltrate (Figure 2A). Cytomegalovirus (CMV), which is an opportunistic infection for weakened/immunosuppressed tissue, was also PCR-positive in a CMV culture on the ileal mucosa biopsy, which could explain the observed inflammation (Figure 1B). No other relevant clinical findings were reported after physical examination. However, HIV infection and other causes of immunosuppression studied were negative. The patient was standard treated with a 14-day cycle of intravenous ganciclovir followed by a 14-day cycle of oral ganciclovir. In the 2018 evaluation, biochemical and serological monitoring studies revealed persistent anemia and inflammation without traces of CMV infection (Figure 1B). Evaluation of the biopsy still showed aphthous ulcers in the small intestine and inflammatory infiltrate (Figure 2B). The patient was also treated with intravenous iron, to which he responded positively and restored serum ferritin levels. However, at the most recent monitoring (2019 evaluation), calprotectin and fibrinogen were still altered (Figure 1B), which suggested an intestinal inflammation compatible with ileitis/Crohn's disease. H&E evaluation confirmed the intestinal inflammation (Figures 3A,B). Thus, intestinal inflammation was independent of the CMV infection in the patient. Functional imaging using Tc-99m-tektrotyd-SPECT, which binds to receptors specific for neuroendocrine lesions in the distal ileum (6), showed increased absorption in ileum and peri-ileal lymph nodes that was in agreement with premalignant neuroendocrine lesions in the intestine, similar to those previously observed in the stomach (data not shown).
Figure 2. Clinicopathologic evaluation of the patient. (A) Histopathologic evaluation of the patient's 2017 biopsy. Intestine biopsy revealed atrophic and flattened microvilli with reduction of goblet cells (A1), microvilli oedema and cryptitis (A2), and inflammatory infiltrate (A3). Scale bar: 100 μm. (B) Histopathologic evaluation of the patient's 2018 biopsy. Left panel: The endoscopy uncovered aphthous ulcers (green arrows) in the small intestine even without cytomegalovirus infection. Right panel: haematoxylin and eosin staining of biopsied tissue shows moderate microvilli atrophy in the normal intestinal tissue of the patient (boxed in green) and inflammation process (boxed in red). Scale bar: 500 μm.
Figure 3. Clinicopathologic evaluation of the patient. (A) Representative H&E staining of 2019 ileum biopsy. White arrowhead: moderate microvilli atrophy in normal intestinal tissue of the patient. Black arrowhead: severe inflammation process in a biopsied aphthous ulcer. Scale bar: 200 μm. (B) Detailed evaluation of inflamed area shows atrophic and flattened microvilli with strong reduction of goblet cells (black arrowhead) and oedema and cryptitis (gray arrowhead). Reactive glands (white arrowhead) and inflammatory infiltrate with abundant neutrophils and eosinophils are observed in the whole mucosa. Scale bar: 100 μm. (C) Two different representative areas of the 2019 patient intestine biopsy stained with anti-cytokeratin7 antibody. Scale bar: 100 μm. (D) Representative immunohistochemical staining with anti-Pyruvate Carboxylase antibody of a normal intestine (left) and the 2019 patient biopsy (right). Reduced staining signal in the patient correlates with altered mitochondrial function. Scale bar: 100 μm.
In order to test a putative relation and possible metaplasia or metastasis from the previously diagnosed gNET, we stained the 2019 biopsy with anti-Chromogranin A antibody, which typically stains hyperplasia of neuroendocrine cells and was found to be increased in gastric tissue of this patient (1). No increased staining was observed in the 2019 biopsy of the intestine, suggesting a primary inflammation in the intestine unrelated to the previously diagnosed gNET.
Immunohistochemistry studies were performed to further characterize the inflammation. The 2019 biopsy was stained with anti-cytokeratin 7 antibody (CK7) biomarker following epithelial inflammatory neoplasms guidelines for expression patterns (7). Multiple anti-CK7 positive foci were observed for this patient (Figure 3C), which indicates inflammatory bowel disease-associated dysplasia, either ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease (8). On the other hand, the origin of the gNET tumor of this patient was related to an impaired acid-base balance, which was altering mitochondrial function in the stomach (3). To test the involvement of this same mechanism in the new inflammation process, we stained the 2019 biopsy with anti-Pyruvate Carboxylase antibody and compared it to a healthy intestine (Figure 3D). Reduction of staining in the patient's sample corresponds to the lack of mitochondrial function, as we previously observed in the stomach (3). Finally, to evaluate if this observation was specifically found in this patient or whether it was a common trait in all members of the family affected with gNETs, we conducted a non-invasive serological evaluation of patients II.3, II.7, II.8, and II.9 (all gastrectomized) (Table 1). A high sedimentation rate was observed in the gNET patients of the family, which suggested an inflammatory process for these individuals as well. Calprotectin was highly increased in all individuals from the family affected with gNETs, mimicking the described monitoring studies of the proband patient. No traces of CMV infection were observed in these patients. Most relevant biochemical parameters were also tested in healthy siblings of the family without gNETs disease as control. In average, normal values were found for C reactive protein (0.183 C mg/dL), ferritin (47.6 ng/mL), and Sedimentation rate (15.5 mm/h) parameters.
Table 1. Pre and post Fe-treatment serology evaluation of the other members of the family affected with gastric neuroendocrine tumors.
In summary, a concurrent inflammatory disease was observed in all patients of the family first diagnosed with an aggressive ATP4A-mutated gNET. Anemia, calprotectin and anti-CK7 staining were in agreement with progression of ileitis-associated neoplasia compatible with inflammatory bowel and Crohn's diseases (8). Autoimmune and inflammatory manifestations occur frequently in patients with primary immunodeficiencies (9). In particular, concomitant gastric and small intestinal inflammatory disorders have been described including celiac disease and more extensive collagenous inflammatory disease (10). In addition, there is a described higher incidence of e.g., inflammatory bowel disease or gastric cancer in patients with Common variable immunodeficiency. However, the associated genetic pathogenesis still remains ambiguous (11). Our results are important since contribute to describe the genetic landscape of these clinical associations. In this work, the inflammation in the intestine was observed as a primary disease and not derived from the gastric neoplasm. Moreover, the same mitochondria-malfunction mechanism responsible for the autoimmune-originated gastric neoplasm in the stomach was also observed in the inflamed intestinal tissue, suggesting that the same impaired acid-base balance mechanism caused by the ATP4A mutation might also explain the second inflammatory disease. Study of the other gNETs members of the family also revealed inflammatory disease, which is in agreement with the co-occurrence in all patients of the family carrying the same mutation. In addition, this prospective study is in agreement with the observed autoimmune pathologies concurrent with the gNETs in the second family, where the cumulative effect of two mutations in the ATP4A and PTH1R genes explained the genetic landscape of the gastric disease and the concomitant autoimmune hypothyroidism and rheumatoid arthritis (4). Thus, our results underscore the important role of ATP4A mutations in gNET progression, but also of other concurrent pathologies that must be monitored in these patients to prevent malignant transformation in other tissues.
Finally, CMV infection is usually described in immunodepressed patients and contributes to inflammation. However, no cause of immunosuppression other than the ATP4A mutation was found for this patient. In addition, CMV infection in the proband was not observed in the other members of the family with inflammation, which progressed in the patient even after CMV eradication (Figure 1B). Thus, our data suggest a secondary colonization of the virus not involved in the inflammatory progression but colonizing the injured intestinal tissue. Importantly, secondary opportunistic H. pylori infection, which classically contributes to achlorhydria and chronic gastritis, was suggested in patients with gastric achlorhydria (3). Therefore, our results suggest a second pathologic event in the studied family.
The exact molecular mechanism of this histological transformation or the prognostic implications is still unclear. Till then it might be prudent to follow up these patients to assess for the relapse of inflammatory bowel disease as well as for dysplasia surveillance. Perspective follow-up based in mild-moderate ileitis in the context of Crohn's disease guidelines is being carried out for these patients. Evolutionary control is carried out with analytics and periodic termination of calprotectin in feces. Likewise, when the diarrhea symptoms become more intense, we have performed treatment with short courses of oral budesonide as indicated for microscopic colitis (12), with a clear improvement in the symptoms.
Conclusion
Our results are important since patients with ATP4A mutations or achlorhydria-mediated gNETs have been observed to have secondary pathologies and infections that co-occur with the gastric neoplasm. Long-standing inflammatory bowel disease and CMV infection are premalignant conditions and pose an increased risk of colorectal adenocarcinoma (13) and gastrointestinal neoplasms (14). Therefore, our findings should alert clinicians to monitor patients with gastric neoplasms mediated by mechanisms involving achlorhydria. Further studies in other families affected with gNETs or chronic atrophic gastritis must be performed in order to describe the whole spectrum of concurrent pathologies but these patients must be monitored and careful attention must be paid to other inflammatory diseases that may trigger new severe pathologies.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics Statement
Written informed consent was obtained from the individuals for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author Contributions
OC and JR obtained the data collection and performed the data analysis and interpretation. OC and JB supervised the study and draft the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
This work was supported by JB's lab and is partially funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III, cofunded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) grant (PI16/00440). OC was granted by H2020 BRIDGES project (634935).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References
1. Calvete O, Reyes J, Zuñiga S, Paumard-Hernández B, Fernández V, Bujanda L, et al. Exome sequencing identifies ATP4A gene as responsible of an atypical familial type I gastric neuroendocrine tumour. Hum Mol Genetics. (2015) 24:2914–22. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddv054
2. Calvete O, Varro A, Pritchard DM, Barroso A, Oteo M, Morcillo MÁ, et al. A knockin mouse model for human ATP4a R703C mutation identified in familial gastric neuroendocrine tumors recapitulates the premalignant condition of the human disease and suggests new therapeutic strategies. Dis Models Mech. (2016) 9:975–84. doi: 10.1242/dmm.025890
3. Benítez J, Marra R, Reyes J, Calvete O. A genetic origin for acid–base imbalance triggers the mitochondrial damage that explains the autoimmune response and drives to gastric neuroendocrine tumours. Gastric Cancer. (2019) 23:52–63. doi: 10.1007/s10120-019-00982-4
4. Calvete O, Herraiz M, Reyes J, Patiño A, Benitez J. A cumulative effect involving malfunction of the PTH1R and ATP4A genes explains a familial gastric neuroendocrine tumor with hypothyroidism and arthritis. Gastric Cancer. (2017) 20:998–1003. doi: 10.1007/s10120-017-0723-8
5. Fossmark R, Calvete O, Mjønes P, Benitez J, Waldum HL. ECL-cell carcinoids and carcinoma in patients homozygous for an inactivating mutation in the gastric H+K+ATPase alpha subunit. APMIS. (2016) 124:561–6. doi: 10.1111/apm.12546
6. Scherübl H, Raue F, Frank-Raue K. Neuroendocrine tumors: classification, clinical presentation and imaging. Radiologe. (2019) 59:952–60. doi: 10.1007/s00117-019-0574-x
7. Chu P, Wu E, Weiss LM. Cytokeratin 7 and Cytokeratin 20 expression in epithelial neoplasms: a survey of 435 cases. Modern Pathol. (2000) 13:962–72. doi: 10.1038/modpathol.3880175
8. Xie H, Xiao SY, Pai R, Jiang W, Shadrach B, Carver P, et al. Diagnostic utility of TP53 and cytokeratin 7 immunohistochemistry in idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease-associated neoplasia. Modern Pathol. (2014) 27:303–313. doi: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.133
9. Fischer A, Provot J, Jais JP, Alcais A, Mahlaoui N, Adoue D, et al. Autoimmune and inflammatory manifestations occur frequently in patients with primary immunodeficiencies. J Allergy Clin Immunol. (2017) 140:1388–1393.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.978
10. Freeman HJ. Long-term natural history and complications of collagenous colitis. Can J Gastroenterol. (2012) 26:631–7. doi: 10.1155/2012/986535
11. Gemeinhardt M, Türck J, Piper B, Helmberger T, Nerlich A, Schepp W. Adenocarcinoma of the stomach and neuroendocrine carcinoma of the colon in a 45-year-old male patient suffering from common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and ulcerative colitis. Zeitschrift für Gastroenterol. (2012) 50:1292–5. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1313181
12. Sebastian S, Wilhelm A, Jessica L, Myers S, Veysey M. Budesonide treatment for microscopic colitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. (2019) 31:919–27. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000001456
13. Horvath B, Liu G, Wu X, Lai KK, Shen B, Liu X. Overexpression of p53 predicts colorectal neoplasia risk in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and mucosa changes indefinite for dysplasia. Gastroenterol Rep. (2015) 3:344–49. doi: 10.1093/gastro/gov022
Keywords: gastric neuroendocrine tumor, ATP4A, co-occurring autoimmune disorders, cytomegalovirus, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease
Citation: Calvete O, Reyes J and Benítez J (2021) Case Report: CMV Infection and Same Mechanism-Originated Intestinal Inflammation Compatible With Bowel/Crohn's Disease Is Suggested in ATP4A Mutated-Driven Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumors. Front. Med. 8:553110. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.553110
Received: 10 September 2020; Accepted: 08 February 2021;
Published: 06 April 2021.
Edited by:
Anita Bálint, University of Szeged, HungaryReviewed by:
Jose Emilio Mesonero, University of Zaragoza, SpainGiuseppe Losurdo, University of Bari Medical School, Italy
Juan Ricardo Marquez, Instituto de Coloproctología ICO S.A.S., Colombia
Copyright © 2021 Calvete, Reyes and Benítez. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Oriol Calvete, ocalvete@cnio.es