Ahmed I. Mourad1,2
Robert Gniadecki1*- 1Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- 2Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
Drug survival studies have been utilized to evaluate the real-world effectiveness of biologics used in psoriasis. However, the increasing volume of drug survival data suffers from large variability due to regional differences in drug availability, patient selection and biologic reimbursement. The objective of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis of biologic drug survival to determine comparative effectiveness of the biologics in a real-world setting. Studies reporting drug survival for biologic therapy in psoriasis were identified by a systematic literature search. Hazard ratio data for drug discontinuation were estimated directly from published Kaplan-Meier estimator curves at year 1, 2, and 5 of treatment and compared pairwise for the following biologics: ustekinumab, adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, secukinumab, and ixekizumab. This pooled hazard ratios were used to estimate 2- and 5-year overall drug survival rates. Ustekinumab had the longest persistence at 2 and 5 years among all biologics included in this meta-analysis. Adalimumab was superior to etanercept and infliximab at 5 years. Pooled 5-year drug survival rates for adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab were 46.3, 35.9, and 34.7%, respectively. Two- and five-year data were not available for anti-IL-17 drugs, but at 1-year ustekinumab outperformed secukinumab, the latter being equal to anti-TNFs. In conclusion, ustekinumab is characterized by longer drug survival than TNF inhibitors and IL-17 inhibitors. Estimated pooled 2- and 5-year drug survival rates may serve as a useful tool for patient communication and clinical decision-making.
Introduction
Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated dermatologic disease mediated by three key cytokines: IL-23, TNF-α and IL-17 (1, 2). The therapeutic monoclonal antibodies targeting one of those three central cytokines, effectively suppress the disease short term but they gradually lose their efficacy long-term. Drug survival, sometimes referred to as the drug persistence, measures the time until treatment discontinuation and has been widely applied as a marker of the real-world therapeutic effectiveness of various biologic therapies in psoriasis (3–6). The persistence of the biologics in real world is positively associated with the efficacy and safety (7–9) but it may also be influenced by factors unrelated to the efficacy of the drug, such as reimbursement policies or therapeutic guidelines. Limitations on the duration of reimbursement during the therapy cycle or forced switching to the cheapest biologics have been implemented in some European countries and may significantly affect drug survival. Therefore, the techniques that allow for data synthesis from a number of different registries would allow for a better assessment of the performance of the biologic in the real-world setting.
Drug persistence is usually presented using Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox logistic regression is used to determine drug half-life and the hazard ratios for drug discontinuation (6). Individual patient data are usually not available for cumulative analyses and it has therefore been difficult to pool the Kaplan–Meier estimators to synthesize biologic drug survival in psoriasis from different centers (4). Here, we adopted the methodology developed by Tierney et al. to conduct a meta-analysis of hazard ratios reflecting drug discontinuation rates over a predefined period (1, 2, and 5 years) (10). This enabled us to compare the drug survival of different biologics against each other as well as to determine pooled overall survival rates for each respective biologic, including best- and worst- case biologic survival rates, when the data was sufficiently available. We believe that our results provide an intuitively understandable measure of the chances of long-term drug efficacy in the real world setting for the patients and the professionals and can be used in the therapeutic decision making.
Materials and Methods
The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was used to report the results of this study (11). The study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020162368). A preprint of this paper can be found on medRxiv (https://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.13.20151340v1). Data sets related to this article can be found in Mendeley (http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/jb2dz98yn7.1).
Search Strategy
A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the following electronic databases: Medline, Cochrane Library, EMBASE(Ovid), Scopus, and Web of Science. The search strategy focused on persistence of biologics in psoriasis including their respective synonyms (drug survival, treatment adherence). The search of the electronic database was performed to identify eligible studies that were published from the year 2000 to 2020. Medical subject heading terms (MeSH terms) were incorporated in the search strategy when applicable, which included (“Medication Adherence”[Mesh]), “Psoriasis”[Mesh]), and “Biological Products”[Mesh]).
Study Eligibility, Selection Criteria, and Screening
The authors screened abstracts of the articles for inclusion using the following inclusion criteria: study type (cohort or case-control trials), patient age ≥18 years, diagnosis of psoriasis with or without psoriatic arthritis, biologic therapy [adalimumab (ADA), etanercept (ETA), infliximab (INF), ustekinumab (UST), golimumab (GOL), ixekizumab (IXE), secukinumab (SEC), and guselkumab (GUS)]. If there were drug survival data available for these biologics, then they were included in the current study. Studies were selected based on these inclusion criteria and the two independent reviewers selected the eligible articles via screening through titles and abstracts. Where applicable, abstracts, letters to the editors, and unpublished data were evaluated. The eligible articles that were included on the initial screening process were then further independently reviewed in an un-blinded fashion by the two reviewers by full-text review. Articles that did not fulfill the selection criteria above were excluded. The authors of the respective included studies were contacted, where applicable, to identify any additional studies or to obtain raw data if required.
Data Extraction
One author (A.M.) extracted data from the articles included after full-text review. The data that were collected included the following: author, year of publication, study design, observation time, treatment periods, mean age, sex (% male), a summary of overall drug survival at 6 months, 1, 2, and 5 years (when applicable). The extracted data was reviewed for accuracy by the senior author (R.G.).
Risk of Bias and Quality Assessment
Risk of bias and study quality was assessed by the two authors using the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool (12). This tool is a validated evaluative tool for assessing risk of bias and includes the following six domains: study participation, study attrition, prognostic factors measurement, outcome assessment, study confounding, and statistical analysis/reporting. The prognostic factor of interest in the current study was the reported overall biologic drug survival for each respective biologic derived from Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Each domain was evaluated based on the respective prompting questions as specified by the tool, and then given a total overall risk of bias score (L = low risk, M = moderate risk, H = high risk) (12).
Statistical Analysis
Time-to-event data were extracted from the Kaplan–Meier estimators of overall drug survival using a graphical digitizer program (DigitizeIt, ver 1.6.2). Data was collected from the Kaplan–Meier estimator curves for potentially eligible biologics (ustekinumab, adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, ixekizumab, secukinumab, and guselkumab), if the data was sufficient enough for collection. The available data was incorporated into a comparative meta-analysis of hazard ratios using methodology designed by Tierney et al. (10). This methodology allowed for the pair-wise comparisons of the above candidate biologics, which yielded pooled hazard ratios for each respective comparison (i.e., pooled hazard ratio was estimated for all the available comparisons for UST vs. ADA) The hazard ratio data for the primary outcome were analyzed at two time points (2 and 5 years). A comparative pooled meta-analysis of the above comparisons at 2 and 5 years was conducted using a random-effects model (Review Manager, ver. 5.3). Estimated 2- and 5- year overall drug survival rates were calculated using the pooled hazard ratios and their corresponding ±95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to calculate best-case and worst-case drug survival rates. Secondarily, a meta-analysis of secukinumab vs. other biologics at 1-year was conducted.
Results
Study Selection
A systematic literature search was completed and identified 798 studies after duplicates were removed. Of the articles that were screened, 48 were then screened via full-text review. Evaluation of these articles in duplicate led to the inclusion of 29 cohort studies in the systematic review (published from the year 2004 to 2020), and 29 studies were included in the meta-analysis (Supplementary Figure 1). A summary of the individual overall drug survival rates that were already published for ustekinumab, adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, secukinumab and ixekizumab was tabulated (Supplementary Table 1). A table summarizing the pooled hazard ratios derived from the below analyses was made (Table 1).
Table 1. A summary of the pooled comparative analyses of biologic drug survival.
Comparative Analyses
Comparative meta-analyses were conducted between ustekinumab, adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab to determine biologic which had the superior overall drug survival at 2 and 5 years. Two- and five-year biologic drug survival data was insufficient for secukinumab, ixekizumab, and guselkumab, and therefore meta-analyses at these time periods could not be conducted. There were sufficient data for 1-year drug survival pairwise comparisons between secukinumab and the following biologics: adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, ixekizumab, and ustekinumab. Therefore, the following pairwise comparisons of drug survival were completed as a secondary outcome at 1 year: SEC vs. ADA, SEC vs. ETA, SEC vs. INF, SEC vs. IXE, SEC vs. UST. Data for this secondary analysis is found below under “Pooled Drug Survival at 1 year”
A meta-analysis of drug survival for ustekinumab vs. TNF-α inhibitors was conducted at 2 and 5 years (Supplementary Figures 2, 3). The meta-analysis comparing drug survival for ustekinumab vs. adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab at 2 years yielded pooled hazard ratios of 1.92 (95% CI: 1.61–2.29), 2.28 (95% CI: 1.92–2.70), and 2.24 (95% CI: 1.92–2.60), respectively (Supplementary Figure 2). Pooled hazard ratios at 5 years were 1.48 (95% CI: 1.33–1.65), 1.97 (95% CI: 1.68–2.31) and 2.04 (95% CI: 1.75–2.38) for ustekinumab vs. adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab, respectively (Supplementary Figure 3). This data suggests the superiority of ustekinumab when compared against adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab. These data are summarized in Table 1.
A comparative meta-analysis between the TNF-α inhibitors was completed at 2 and 5 years. There was no difference between the overall drug survival of adalimumab compared to etanercept at 2 years [HR: 1.13 (95% CI: 0.99–1.30)] (Supplementary Figure 4). At 5 years, adalimumab was superior to etanercept [HR: 1.31 (95% CI: 1.12–1.54)] (Supplementary Figure 5). Adalimumab had superior drug survival rates when compared to infliximab at 2 years [HR: 1.32 (95% CI: 1.06–1.63)] and 5 years [HR: 1.75 (95% CI: 1.52–2.02)] (Supplementary Figures 4, 5). The pooled comparison between etanercept and infliximab revealed no significant difference between the two biologics at 2 years [HR: 1.19 (95% CI: 0.98–1.45)] (Supplementary Figure 6). At 5 years, etanercept demonstrated superior drug survival when compared directly to infliximab [HR: 1.40 (95% CI: 1.17–1.69)] (Supplementary Figure 7).
Pooled Drug Survival at 1 Year
Pooled analysis for secukinumab drug survival at 1 year revealed no statistically significant difference between secukinumab and the TNF-α inhibitors (Supplementary Figure 8). Secukinumab showed superior pooled drug survival when compared to ixekizumab [HR: 2.01 (95% CI: 1.09–3.71)], although ustekinumab did show superior drug survival when compared to the same [HR: 0.60 (95% CI: 0.47–0.81)] (Supplementary Figure 8).
TNF-α Inhibitor Overall Drug Survival Rates at 2 and 5 Years
Pooled overall 2 and 5- year drug survival rates were calculated for adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab. The pooled drug survival rate of adalimumab at 2 years was 53.2%, and 46.3% at 5 years (Figures 1A,B). The pooled drug survival rate for etanercept at 2 years was 47.6%, and 35.9% at 5 years. The pooled drug survival rate for infliximab at 2 years was 48.9%, and 34.7% at 5 years. We also calculated the survival percentages for 2 and 5 years in the best- and worst-case scenarios (i.e., for patients who are in the top or the bottom 5% of responders) (Figures 1A,B).
Figure 1. Estimated pooled 5-year drug survival rates for adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab including worst- and best-case drug survival rates at (A) 2 years and (B) 5 years.
Discussion
The current study compares the real-life drug survival of biologics via meta-analysis of hazard ratios. The IL-12/23 inhibitor (ustekinumab) demonstrated superior biologic persistence when compared to TNF-α inhibitors (adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab). The analysis comparing the TNF-α inhibitors revealed that adalimumab was superior to etanercept and infliximab at year 5. Of note, there was no difference between the pooled drug survivals for adalimumab vs. etanercept and etanercept vs. infliximab at year 2. The data suggests that adalimumab is better suited for long-term adherence given its stronger performance at year 5 relative to etanercept and infliximab (Table 1). Pooled best- and worst-case drug survival rates were also calculated at 2 and 5 years (Figures 1A,B).
Strengths of this study include the utilization of robust statistical methodology to estimate hazard ratio data directly from the published Kaplan–Meier estimator data in the included studies. As biologic drug survival serves as a real-world surrogate for the efficacy and suitability for various biologic therapies used to treat psoriasis. Risk of bias, as determined by the QUIPS tool was low for the included studies. The pooled meta-analysis of these hazard ratios revealed moderate to high heterogeneity, which could be explained by varying factors intrinsic to the studies themselves (differences in patient populations, dosages, and registries). Currently available data on drug survival for the newer biologics used to treat psoriasis (secukinumab, guselkumab, ixekizumab etc.) were limited, and as such, were not eligible for the pooled analysis at 2 and 5 years. We did; however, attempt to ameliorate this limitation to some extent by conducting the pooled analysis at 1 year for secukinumab. This allowed for the pair-wise meta-analysis between secukinumab and other biologics (adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, ixekizumab, and ustekinumab). At year 1, secukinumab was superior to ixekizumab; however, there was no difference when secukinumab was compared to the TNF-α inhibitors. Interestingly, ustekinumab drug survival was remained superior when compared to pooled secukinumab drug survival. Given the lack of data beyond 1 year, we underscore the importance of having more long-term studies for these newer biologics.
Conclusions
This meta-analysis conducts a direct pair-wise comparative analysis of hazard ratios of biologics in psoriasis using robust statistical methodology. The information brought forth by this meta-analysis is dually useful in the fact that it could be used to guide treatment decision-making and may also serve as a vital tool for communicating the suitability of the different biologics when clinicians engage in real-life therapeutic discussions with their patients.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Materials, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.
Author Contributions
AM and RG completed the literature search, analyzed included studies, analyzed data, prepared figures and data, wrote the paper. RG supervised the study. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
This study was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and the Canadian Association of Psoriasis Patients in the form of a medical student research studentship.
Conflict of Interest
RG has received speaker's honorarium from Mallinckrodt, Janssen, AbbVie, Novartis, and Leo Pharma, is on the advisory board for Mallinckrodt, Janssen, Amgen, AbbVie, Eli Lily, Sanofi, Novartis, and Leo Pharma and an investigator in clinical trials for Janssen, Celgene, AbbVie, and Leo Pharma.
The remaining author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2020.625755/full#supplementary-material
Supplementary Figure 1. Flowchart of study selection process in accordance with PRISMA guidelines.
Supplementary Figure 2. Comparative drug survival for ustekinumab vs. other biologics (adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab) at 2- years.
Supplementary Figure 3. Comparative drug survival for ustekinumab vs. other biologics (adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab) at 5 years.
Supplementary Figure 4. Comparative drug survival for adalimumab vs. other biologics (etanercept, and infliximab) at 2 years.
Supplementary Figure 5. Comparative drug survival of adalimumab vs. other biologics (etanercept, and infliximab) at 5 years.
Supplementary Figure 6. Comparative drug survival of etanercept vs. infliximab at 2 years.
Supplementary Figure 7. Comparative drug survival for etanercept vs. infliximab at 5 years.
Supplementary Figure 8. Comparative drug survival for secukinumab vs. other biologics (adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, ixekizumab, and ustekinumab) at 1 year.
Supplementary Table 1. Overall drug survival rates of ustekinumab, adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, and secukinumab at 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 5 years. yr., year.
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Keywords: psoriasis, drug survival, biologics, adalimumab, ustekinumab, etanercept, infliximab, meta-analysis
Citation: Mourad AI and Gniadecki R (2021) Biologic Drug Survival in Psoriasis: A Systematic Review & Comparative Meta-Analysis. Front. Med. 7:625755. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.625755
Received: 03 November 2020; Accepted: 10 December 2020;
Published: 18 March 2021.
Edited by:
Ivan V. Litvinov, McGill University, CanadaReviewed by:
Irina Khamaganova, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, RussiaNiels Odum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Copyright © 2021 Mourad and Gniadecki. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Robert Gniadecki, gniadeck@ualberta.ca