Preparation of Low-Dielectric-Constant Kaolin Clay Ceramics by Chemical Cleaning Method

Kaolin clay is an inexpensive and abundant material with potential for use as a low-dielectric-constant ceramic; however, the natural metallic oxides the clay contains hinder such applications. In this study, kaolin clay ceramics with excellent physical and dielectric properties were synthesized using kaolin clay as the raw material by chemical cleaning and sintering. Characterization of the resulting samples showed that the sulfuric acid treatment has a significant influence on the metallic oxide content and dielectric properties of the kaolin clay ceramics. When the kaolin clay raw material was treated with sulfuric acid three times, the dielectric constant decreased from 5.12 to 3.75 and the Vickers hardness increased from 946 to 1,214 kg/mm² relative to the ceramic prepared from the untreated clay. Therefore, these ceramics exhibit significant potential for use in the microelectronics industry.

Introduction

In recent years, low-dielectric-constant materials have been commonly employed in microwave devices, ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, and other applications (Sato et al., 2013; Hong et al., 2020). Many materials have been introduced to achieve lower dielectric constants, such as Al₂O₃ (Su et al., 2014), SiCN (Zhou and Zhang 2015), BN (Hong et al., 2016), SiC (Milosevic and King 2014), and SiO₂ (Carta et al., 2014; Joseph et al., 2015). Although the resulting materials have excellent properties, they are expensive and limited in terms of output. Thus, more and more researchers are exploring materials with lower costs and greater availability.

Kaolin clay, a mineral composed of hydrated aluminum silicates (i.e., [Al₄(Si₄O₁₀) (OH)₂]), is naturally abundant and used worldwide for various applications such as clay ceramics (Zhou et al., 2010), zeolites for nicotine adsorption (Lazarevic and Jovanovic 2010; Shen et al., 2013), asphaltene adsorption (Wang et al., 2013), and ceramics as insulating substrates (Viswabaskaran and Gnanam 2004). Kaolin clay is also relatively inexpensive (Gelin and Gueguen 1988; Xu et al., 1999; Xu et al., 2000). The main components of kaolin are SiO₂ and Al₂O₃, which have significant potential for use as low-dielectric-constant materials. However, the kaolin clay itself as a raw material contains metallic oxides such as Fe₂O₃ and CaO, which deteriorate the dielectric properties of the resulting ceramics (Yu et al., 2016). Hence, it is important to develop methods to decrease the contents of these metallic oxides in the clay.

In this study, kaolin clay was used as raw material to prepare low-dielectric-constant kaolin clay ceramics by chemical cleaning and sintering. Many of the metallic elements in the raw kaolin clay, such as Ca, Fe, V, Rb, and Mn, were dissolved in sulfuric acid and then washed away by distilled water. We explored the properties of the resulting kaolin clay ceramics depending on how many sulfuric acid treatment cycles were applied.

Experimental Section

Preparation of Low-Dielectric-Constant Kaolin Clay Ceramics

Kaolin clay was obtained from the tobacco belt of Hunan Province, China. The high-silica ceramics were prepared as follows. First, the raw kaolin clay was ground into a powder and added to a sulfuric acid solution (2 M) to form a suspension, which was then maintained under stirring for 30 min at room temperature to dissolve metallic oxides such as CaO and Fe₂O₃. Subsequently, the kaolin clay was filtered, washed with distilled water three times, and dried at 80°C. For comparison, the kaolin clay was treated zero, one, two, or three times with the sulfuric acid solution. Finally, the kaolin clay powders were mixed uniformly with an appropriate amount of a polyvinyl alcohol solution (7 wt%, PVA), cold-pressed into wafers under 5 MPa of pressure, and sintered at 1,300°C for 3 h under an air atmosphere to obtain the ceramics. For the sake of convenience, the kaolin clay ceramics treated zero, one, two, and three times with sulfuric acid are denoted as KCC-0, KCC-1, KCC-2, and KCC-3, respectively. A schematic diagram of the synthetic procedure and the synthesized kaolin clay ceramics are shown in Figure 1. In preparation for the dielectric tests, the samples were coated with silver paste and sintered at 550°C for 10 min.

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1. The synthestic procedure and the synthesized kaolin clay ceramics.

Characterization

The phases and chemical compositions of the ceramics were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS, Hitachi SU70). The microstructures of the samples were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the porosity and Vickers hardness were measured by the drainage method and a digital hardness tester, respectively. The dielectric properties were measured at a frequency of 1 MHz. The dielectric constant (ε) of the ceramics was calculated by the following equation:

$\epsilon =\frac{C\cdot h}{{\epsilon }_o\cdot S}$

where C is the capacitance, h is the distance between the two electrodes, ε_o is the vacuum permittivity (Ɛ_o = 1/4π·9·10¹¹ F/cm), and S is the area of the two electrodes.

Results and Discussion

XRD Analysis

Kaolin clay was obtained from the Hunan Province of China, treated with sulfuric acid (2 M), and made into ceramics. The XRD patterns of the kaolin clay ceramics subjected to different numbers of sulfuric acid treatment cycles are shown in Figure 2. The XRD pattern of the ceramic without treatment (KCC-0) in Figure 2A shows that the sample was composed of mullite and cordierite. The ceramics treated with sulfuric acid one, two, and three times showed the same XRD patterns as that of KCC-0, indicating that the treatment did not disrupt the ceramic structure.

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 2. XRD patterns of (A) KCC-0, (B) KCC-1, (C) KCC-2, (D) KCC-3.

SEM Images

Figure 3 shows the SEM images of the kaolin clay ceramic samples, illustrating the numerous pores on the surface of KCC-0 (Figure 3A). These pores may originate from the release of carbon dioxide and moisture during sintering, where the pores act as release channels. Figures 3B–D are the SEM images of KCC-1, KCC-2, and KCC-3, respectively, showing that there were also many pores on the surfaces of the treated samples. Thus, the sulfuric acid treatment did not change how carbon dioxide and moisture are released during the sintering process.

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 3. SEM images of (A) KCC-0, (B) KCC-1, (C) KCC-2, (D) KCC-3.

EDS Analysis

Figure 4 shows the EDS elemental maps of KCC-0, which illustrates that the ceramic is composed of uniform dispersions of O, Al, Si, Ca, Fe, V, Rb, and Mn. Among these elements, the maps of O, Al, Si, and Ca are dense and highly visible, whereas the Fe, V, Rb, and Mn elemental maps are more sparse, suggesting much higher contents of the former than the latter.

FIGURE 4

FIGURE 4. EDS elemental maps of KCC-0.

Compositions of Prepared Ceramics

The kaolin clay ceramics were analyzed by EDS, and the calculated elemental proportions are shown in Table 1. KCC-0, which was prepared directly from kaolin clay without purification, was mainly composed of 50.66% O, 21.96% Al, and 22.39% Si, as well as small amounts of other elements such as Ca, Fe, V, Rb, and Mn. After treatment with sulfuric acid one to three times, the contents of Ca, Fe, V, Rb, and Mn decreased. Some of the contained Al was also dissolved by sulfuric acid and washed away by distilled water.

TABLE 1

TABLE 1. Properties of raw materials.

Diameter Shrinkage and Open Porosity Analysis

The diameter shrinkage and open porosity of the prepared kaolin clay ceramics are exhibited in Figure 5. Relative to KCC-0, the diameter shrinkage of KCC-3 decreased from 0.71 to 0.57%, whereas the open porosity increased from 2.63 to 2.97%. Based on Table 1, the sulfuric acid treatment decreased the Ca, Fe, V, Rb, and Mn contents of the ceramics. Sulfuric acid can penetrate into the structure of kaolin clay and dissolve these metallic oxides. The decreased metallic oxide contents may also make the clay structure denser. Furthermore, the sulfuric acid remaining in the clay can decompose into SO₂ and H₂O at high temperatures, which will increase the open porosity.

FIGURE 5

FIGURE 5. Diameter shrinkage and open porosity of the kaolin ceramics.

Dielectric Properties

Figure 6 shows the dielectric properties of the kaolin clay ceramics subjected to different numbers of sulfuric acid treatment cycles, illustrating that the treatment significantly influenced their dielectric properties. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of KCC-0 were determined as 5.12 and 0.018, respectively, whereas the dielectric constants of KCC-1, KCC-2, and KCC-3 were determined as 4.12, 3.83, and 3.75, respectively. This decrease in the dielectric constant may arise from the removal of metallic oxides. In addition, the dielectric loss of the kaolin clay ceramics remained nearly the same regardless of the number of applied treatment cycles, which may be related to the clay structure.

FIGURE 6

FIGURE 6. The (A) Dielectric constant and (B) Dielectric loss of the kaolin ceramics.

Vickers Hardness Analysis

The Vickers hardness values of the ceramics are shown in Figure 7. When the ceramic was prepared directly from the raw material (KCC-0), the Vickers hardness was 946 kg/mm². In contrast, the hardness values of the KCC-1, KCC-2, and KCC-3 ceramics were 1,106, 1,179, and 1,214 kg/mm², respectively. This increase in the Vickers hardness may be attributable to the decreased metallic oxide contents and increased SiO₂ content (Table 1).

FIGURE 7

FIGURE 7. Vickers hardness of the kaolin ceramics.

Conclusion

Kaolin clay ceramics with excellent physical and dielectric properties were prepared by a chemical cleaning and sintering method. The sulfuric acid treatment can effectively eliminate metallic oxides in kaolin clay, resulting in ceramics with significantly improved physical and dielectric properties. For example, the Vickers hardness, dielectric constant, and dielectric loss of the kaolin ceramic prepared from the clay without acid treatment were 946 kg/mm², 5.12, and 0.018, respectively. In contrast, the Vickers hardness and dielectric constant of the ceramic prepared from clay treated three times with sulfuric acid were 1,214 kg/mm² and 3.75, respectively, while the dielectric loss remained nearly the same. Therefore, these ceramics have significant potential for use in the microelectronics industry.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

Author Contributions

XY and JH designed experiments and wrote the manuscript. XY and WY carried out experiments.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Shiyanjia Lab (www.shiyanjia.com) for the SEM and EDS analysis.

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