Liqiang Zhong
Minghua Wang- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
The complete mitochondrial genome of Eleutheronema rhadinum was determined for the first time. The E. rhadinum mitogenome was 16,718 bp in length, comprising 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), 1 control region (CR), and 1 L-strand replication origin (OL). The genome organization, and base composition were similar to other teleosts. An additional non-coding region detected in the HSL cluster, was with significant similarity to the nearby tRNA-Leu (CUN), which could be a useful marker for identifying E. rhadinum and Eleutheronema tetradactylum. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis showed species in the family Polynemidae were well clustered together. But sister relationships between Polynemidae and Sciaenidae, Menidae plus Lactariidae were refused by present study.
Introduction
The East Asian fourfinger threadfin, Eleutheronema rhadinum, is endemic to East Asia region, widely distributed in coastal areas of China (Zhang et al., 1955; Motomura et al., 2002; Zhuang et al., 2006), Japan and northern Vietnam (Motomura et al., 2001, 2007). The species is an important commercial fish in China, with the annual catch of more than 1,100 tons from 1970 to 1999 (Motomura, 2004). Due to its relatively high price, recently, it has become an important aquaculture species in southern China (You et al., 2014; Ou et al., 2017). Because of the high similarity, it is difficult to identify Eleutheronema species by visual check. Especially, the distribution of E. rhadinum and E. tetradactylum are overlapped in the Northern continental shelf of South China Sea. For a long time in the past, E. rhadinum had long been recognized as a junior synonym of E. tetradactylum (Kagwade, 1970; Motomura et al., 2002).
Mitochondrial genome is a closed-circular molecule, ranging from 15 to 18 kb in length. It comprises a light and a heavy chain, encoding 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, an origin of light strand replication (OL), and a control region (Taanman, 1999). Due to its small size, maternal inheritance, low level of recombination, and fast rate of evolution (Moritz et al., 1987), mtDNA has been widely used as a tool for taxonomy, molecular ecology, and population genetics studies (Wilson et al., 1985; Satoh et al., 2016; Zhong et al., 2016, 2018a,b). However, to date, there have been no reports about the mitochondrial genome of E. rhadinum.
The genera Eleutheronema belongs to the Family Polynemidae, which had been previously placed in the Order Polynemiformes (Wang, 1958) and Mugiliformes (Rosen, 1964). Subsequently, Nelson gave subordinal status to Polynemidae and placed it in the Order Perciformes based on morphological analyses (Nelson, 1984), having a sister relationship with Sphyraenidae and Sciaenidae (Johnson, 1993). However, a recently phylogenetic hypothesis grouped the diversity of Percomorphs into nine supraordinal series. The Family Polynemidae was placed in the Series Carangaria, which had a close relation with Menidae and Lactariidae (Sanciangco et al., 2016), but the Order-level was still incertae sedis (Betancur-R et al., 2017).
In the present study, the first mitochondrial genome of E. rhadinum was annotated. Its organization and characterization were fully analyzed. These results would not only provide better understanding of the systematics of E. rhadinum, but also facilitate future studies of species identification and population genetics.
Materials and Methods
Sampling and DNA Extraction
During the ichthyological survey in Yangzhong section of the Yangtze River, China, a specimen of E. rhadinum was caught. The individual was preserved in 70% ethanol and deposited in the collection of Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province with the reference number JSFFRI-18010. The specimen was identified as E. rhadinum due to its 4 pectoral filaments, 95 pored lateral-line scales, and 13/16 scale rows above/below lateral line by morphological identification (Zhong et al., 2019). Total genomic DNA from the pectoral fin was extracted using an Ezup Column Animal Genomic DNA kit (Sangon, Shanghai, China) and evaluated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis.
PCR Amplification and Sequencing
To amplify the entire mitogenome, 30 pairs of fish-universal primers (Miya and Nishida, 1999) and 17 pairs of specific primers designed based on mtDNA sequence of E. tetradactylum (accession no. NC_021620) were employed. PCR amplification was performed as described previously (Zhong et al., 2018b). The PCR products were evaluated by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis and Sanger-sequenced by Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) with the same primers.
Mitogenome Annotation and Sequence Analyses
Raw sequences were screened and aligned into contigs using BioEdit (Hall, 2013) then spliced the complete mitogenome. The mitogenome was preliminarily annotated by MitoAnnotator in the MitoFish database (Iwasaki et al., 2013). The software tRNAscan-SE version 2.0 was used to identify tRNA genes and predict the secondary structures (Lowe and Chan, 2016). Non-coding regions were identified by sequence homology analysis. Tandem repeats in the control region were searched by Tandem Repeats Finder (Benson, 1999). L-strand replication origin (OL) was predicted with the Mfold web server (Zuker, 2003). The base composition was calculated by MEGA 6 (Tamura et al., 2013). Composition skewness was performed by AT skew and GC skew (Perna and Kocher, 1995).
Phylogenetic Analysis
To discuss the phylogenetic relationships of Polynemidae, E. rhadinum and 20 other related mitogenomes downloaded from GenBank were used. The concatenated sequences of the 13 protein coding genes (PCGs) were aligned in BioEdit excluding the stop codons. Because of its high heterogeneity and consistently poor phylogenetic performance, the ND6 gene was deleted (Miya and Nishida, 2000). The final alignment length was 3,633 amino acids. The Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA 6 based on the mtREV24 + G + I + F model with 1,000 bootstrap replicates.
Results and Discussion
General Features of the Mitogenome
The newly assembled mitogenome of E. rhadinum was 16,718 bp in length (Figure 1), which was longer than that of E. tetradactylum (16,470 bp). The variability in mitogenome length can be attributed to a new additional intergenic non-coding region between tRNA-Ser and tRNA-Leu (Zhang et al., 2014). The gene content was typical for teleost, compromising 13 PCGs, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, 1 control region (CR), and 1 OL (Supplementary Table 1). Most genes (12 PCGs, 14 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs and CR) were encoded on the heavy strand (H-strand), while the ND6 gene, 8 tRNAs and OL were harbored on the light strand (L-strand).
Figure 1. Gene map of the Eleutheronema rhadinum mitochondrial genome.
The nucleotide composition of E. rhadinum mitogenome is slightly biased toward AT (55.2%). The overall base composition was estimates as 28.2% A, 27.0% T, 28.8% C, and 16.0% G (Table 1). Control region (CR) sequence had the strongest AT biases (67.4%), while PCGs, tRNAs and rRNAs showed similar AT biases to the whole mitogenome. Similarly to other teleosts, positive AT-skew (0.022) and negative GC-skew (−0.286) were found for E. rhadinum mitogenome, indicating a strong excess of C over G nucleotides and a slight excess of A over T nucleotides. In PCGs, there were no deflections of the base composition in the first codon positions. However, markedly G-skewed (−0.328) and T-skewed (−0.382) were detected in the second codon positions. Meanwhile, in the third codon positions, a strong anti-G bias (−0.647) was detected as noted in typical teleosts (Satoh et al., 2016). In RNA genes and CR, positive AT-skews (0.074 to 0.155) and negative GC-skews (−0.092 to −0.149) were also found, respectively.
Table 1. Base composition of the Eleutheronema rhadinum mitogenome.
Protein-Coding Genes
The 13 PCGs in the E. rhadinum mitogenome were similar to those of other teleosts. The total length of the PCGs was 11,449 bp, comprising 68.30% of the entire mitochondrial length. Most of the PCGs used ATG as the initiation codon, except the COI gene, which started with GTG like in many other Osteichthyes mitogenomes. TAR (TAA and TAG) was used as termination codons. Nevertheless, incomplete termination codons (TA- and T-) were detected in ND2, COII, ATPase6, ND3, and ND4, which could add A or AA to the 3′ region of the transcripts by post-transcriptional polyadenylation (Ojala et al., 1981). Three overlapping regions were identified between ATPase8 and ATPase6 (10 bp), ND4 and ND4L (7 bp), and ND5 and ND6 (4 bp), which were conventional in teleosts.
Transfer RNA Genes
Like other teleosts, twenty-two tRNA genes were predicted in the E. rhadinum mitogenome, ranging from 64 to 75 bp (Supplementary Figure 1). Arrangements of 14 H-strand-encoded and 8 L-strand-encoded tRNAs was identical to the typical one in vertebrate mitogenomes. Two kinds of leucine (tRNA-Leu UUR and CUN) and serine (tRNA-Ser UCN and AGN) were found. Secondary structures predicted by tRNAscan-SE suggested that all tRNAs could be folded as a typical cloverleaf structure except for tRNA-Ser (AGN). Due to the lack of the dihydrouridine arm (DHU), tRNA-Ser (AGN) could not form a stable secondary structure, which is common in vertebrates (Garey and Wolstenholme, 1989).
Two rRNA genes, 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA, were identified between tRNA-Phe and tRNA-Leu, separating by tRNA-Val (Figure 1). The 12S rRNA was 996 bp in length with 52.7% AT content. The 16S rRNA was 1793 bp in length with 55.1% AT content.
Control Region and L-Strand Replication Origin
Two typical non-coding regions, control region (CR) and L-strand replication origin (OL), were found in the E. rhadinum mitogenome. The OL was detected in the WANCY cluster between tRNA-Asn and tRNA-Cys with a length of 38 bp (Table 1), containing a 20 bp stem and a 14 bp loop (Figure 2A). Significant asymmetry was displayed in the stem, more pyrimidines were used at the 5′ end. The sequence 5′-GCGGG-3′ but conserved motif 5′-GCCGG-3′ was identified at the base of the stem, which was also noted in other fishes, such as Odontobutis haifengensis (Zhong et al., 2018b) and Paraplagusia japonica (Gong et al., 2013). The conserved motif was likely to be involved in the mechanism of RNA transformation to DNA (Wong and Clayton, 1985).
Figure 2. Non-coding regions in the Eleutheronema rhadinum mitogenome. (A) The OL stem-loop secondary structure. The conserved motif 5′-GCCGG-3′ was indicated with arrows. (B) Control region in the E. rhadinum mitogenome. Termination associated sequence (TAS), conserved sequence blocks (CSB-2 and CSB-3) and tandem repeats are underlined. (C) Sequence alignment between NC and tRNA-Leu (CUN). * means the corresponding two bases are the same, : means the corresponding two bases are matched, and . means the corresponding two bases are mismatched.
The control region (CR) was detected between tRNA-Pro and tRNA-Phe with a length of 700 bp. After blasting, several regulatory elements were identified (Figure 2B). A termination associated sequence (TAS) motif (TACATACACAA) was found at the beginning of CR, which was considered to be a signal for terminating of H-strand elongation (Clayton, 1991). However, three typical central conserved sequence blocks (CSB-F, E, and D) and a conserved sequence blocks (CSB-1) were not detected, which were also absent in some gobies belonged to the Perciformes (Kim et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2013). Instead, a perfect repeat region was detected in the middle of CR, which contained a 42 bp sequence tandemly repeated four times. Slipped-strand mispairing was thought to be the most likely mechanism for tandem repeats in mitochondrial genomes (Broughton and Dowling, 1997). Furthermore, two conserved sequence blocks (CSB-2 and 3) were identified in the end of CR, which were involved in RNA polymerase positioning during transcription and priming replication (Liu et al., 2013).
Additional Non-coding Region
A novel additional non-coding region (NC) was identified on the H-strand in the E. rhadinum mitogenome by comparing to mitogenome sequences of other species in Polynemidae family. The tRNA cluster HSL (tRNAHis-tRNASer-tRNALeu) is located between ND4 and ND5 in typical teleost mitogenome. By contrast, in the mitogenome of E. rhadinum, the HSL tRNA cluster was divided into two parts by the novel intergenic non-coding region (Figure 1). The length of NC was 165 bp in length, while the sequence was only 5–8 bp in other species of Polynemidae family. Homology searches on NC revealed significant similarity to the nearby tRNA-Leu (CUN) (Figure 2C). The novel NC region could be a useful marker for identifying E. rhadinum and E. tetradactylum and for phylogenetic analyses. The duplication/random loss model would be applicable to explain the insertion of the additional non-coding region (Dowton et al., 2003). Tandem duplication occurred in the tRNA-Leu (CUN), following by a random loss of function and becoming pseudogene. With the accumulation of data, CR and three tRNA clusters (IQM, WANCY, and HSL) were found to be frequent of base insertion and deletion, tandem repetitive and gene rearrangement (Zhong et al., 2018b).
Phylogenetic Analysis
Phylogenetic tree revealed that all 21 fishes were grouped well in family level (Figure 3). Six polynemid species formed a monophyletic Polynemidae cluster, which had been also supported by morphological evidence (Kang et al., 2018). Especially, E. rhadinum and E. tetradactylum formed the Eleutheronema genus, and Polynemus dubius and Polynemus paradiseus formed the Polynemus genus. Then, Eleutheronema genus and Polynemus genus clustered with Polydactylus forming Polynemidae family. Furthermore, it has also clearly showed that Polynemidae was not included in the Order Mugiliformes and Order Perciformes. Therefore, the sister relationship of Polynemidae and Sciaenidae confirmed by morphological characters (Kang et al., 2018) was inconsistent with the results in this present study. In addition, the close relation between Polynemidae and Menidae plus Lactariidae suggested by Sanciangco et al. (2016) was not supported as well. Nevertheless, molecular analysis based on mitogenomes supported the monophyly of family Polynemidae and Sphyraenidae in Percomorph fishes. Due to its well-supported monophyletic cluster, the independent Order Polynemiformes might be reset as Wang’s (1958). However, to confirm the order-level status of the Family Polynemidae, and more importantly, to fix the “bush at the top” of the teleost tree (Percomorpha phylogenetic intrarelationships) bit by bit, it is necessary to make further analyses of polynemid species based on more molecular and morphological information and extensive taxon sampling.
Figure 3. A phylogenetic tree inferred by ML analysis and based on 12 protein-coding genes. Bootstrap values are expressed as percentages and are noted on nodes. * indicates E. rhadinum examined in the present study.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found below: NCBI (accession: MW845829).
Ethics Statement
The animal study was reviewed and approved by the Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province.
Author Contributions
LZ and XC designed the research and revised the manuscript. DL and ST were involved in the sample collection and preprocessing. MW and LZ conducted the research and drafted the manuscript. LZ and DL conducted the molecular work and data analysis. All authors reviewed and approved the manuscript.
Funding
This study was supported by the Earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-46), Inland Water Fishery Resources Monitoring Program of Jiangsu Province (2020–2021), and Major Project of Hydrobios Resources in Jiangsu Province (ZYHB16-3).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.746598/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: Eleutheronema rhadinum, mitochondrial genome, Polynemidae, non-coding region, phylogeny
Citation: Zhong L, Wang M, Li D, Tang S and Chen X (2021) Mitochondrial Genome of Eleutheronema rhadinum With an Additional Non-coding Region and Novel Insights Into the Phylogenetics. Front. Mar. Sci. 8:746598. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.746598
Received: 26 July 2021; Accepted: 23 August 2021;
Published: 09 September 2021.
Edited by:
Xiaoping Huang, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), ChinaCopyright © 2021 Zhong, Wang, Li, Tang and Chen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Liqiang Zhong, bHF6aG9uZ2ZmcmlAaG90bWFpbC5jb20=; Xiaohui Chen, eGhjaGVuZmZyaUBob3RtYWlsLmNvbQ==