Dermatological adverse events in Chinese prostate cancer patients treated with the androgen receptor inhibitor apalutamide

Background: Apalutamide, an androgen receptor inhibitor, has shown good efficacy in treating prostate cancer (PCa). However, dermatological adverse events (dAEs) are common and threatening, and relevant studies in China are limited.

Methods: This was a retrospective, single-center analysis. We included PCa patients who were hospitalized and received apalutamide treatment at one comprehensive hospital in eastern China from August 2020 to March 2023. These patients were categorized into two groups for comparative analysis: those with (dAEs⁺) and without dAEs (dAEs^–) based on the presence or absence of rash or itching following apalutamide administration. Demographics, PCa clinical and treatment data were extracted from the EMRS. The clinical features of dAEs were collected through follow-up calls.

Results: Our study enrolled 90 individuals with an overall dAEs incidence of 50.0%. All dAEs occurred within one year following apalutamide use. Over half of dAEs⁺ patients suffered from pruritus, erythema or papules, and the dAEs were predominantly mild to moderate. Higher PSA levels were found in patients with dAEs.

Conclusions: Apalutamide-associated dAEs are common in the Chinese population, among which the majority are mild to moderate, with pruritus, erythema, and papules ranking as the most prevalent symptoms. Elevated PSA levels were documented in patients with dAEs.

1 Introduction

Prostate cancer (PCa) is considered the second most common cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death among males globally, with an age-standardized incidence rate of 17.3/100000 in China (1, 2). Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) plays a pivotal role in PCa screening, with a probability of being greater than 50% for PCa if the PSA concentration exceeds 10 ng/mL (3). The Gleason score, the predominant grading system for histological assessment of PCa, is strongly associated with biological behavior and prognosis (4).

Apalutamide, an oral selective androgen receptor inhibitor that directly binds to the ligand-binding domain of the androgen receptor, is FDA-approved for treating patients with nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer or metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer. Despite its notable clinical efficacy, it can induce various adverse effects, with dermatological adverse events (dAEs) being particularly significant, with an estimated incidence of 23.4–27.1% (5–8). Notably, dAEs may endanger patients’ health and quality of life and lead to apalutamide dose interruptions. Although rare, severe dAEs associated with apalutamide, such as toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome, have also been documented (9–11).

Interestingly, a low body mass index has been proposed to be a risk factor for such dAEs in the Japanese population, but little is known about this risk in other geographic regions (12, 13).

In terms of managing dAEs, various studies have suggested dose reductions or interruptions of apalutamide for severe dAEs (7, 14). Nevertheless, these approaches are largely empirical, and there is scarce guidance available specifically for dAEs associated with apalutamide.

Our study aimed to examine the incidence rate, clinical characteristics, and factors contributing to or alleviating apalutamide-associated dAEs in a Chinese population.

2 Materials and methods

This was a retrospective, single-center study. The ethics of the study were approved by the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (IRB 2023–0256), and verbal informed consent was obtained through telephone. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

2.1 Patients

We retrospectively included treatment-naïve patients diagnosed with PCa and treated with apalutamide at the Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University from August 2020 to March 2023, and followed them by telephone. For patients with moderate-severe dAEs diagnosed and treated by a dermatologist, we also referred to the visit records at that time. These patients were categorized into two groups for comparative analysis: those with dermatological adverse events (dAEs⁺) and those without (dAEs^–). In our study, dAEs were defined as patient-reported skin lesions or discomfort, such as itching or skin dryness, following apalutamide administration.

2.2 Data collection

Demographics and PCa clinical data, such as PSA, testosterone, Gleason score, and treatment data, were extracted from the EMRS. The clinical features of dAEs, such as phenotype, time to onset, severity, and management, were collected through follow-up calls in March and April 2023 (Supplementary Table S1). According to the Patient-Reported Outcomes Version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE) and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 5.0, the severity of dAEs was classified as mild (Grade 1 in CTCAE/Mild in PRO-CTCAE), moderate (Grade 2 in CTCAE/Moderate in PRO-CTCAE) or severe (Grade 3 or higher in CTCAE/severe or higher in PRO-CTCAE) (15, 16). We mainly used the PRO-CTCAE for severity assessment and only rated the most severe disease out of multiple dAEs in individuals. For some of the dAEs that were not covered by the PRO-CTCAE, appeared as present/absent, or relied too much on subjective assessment in the PRO-CTCAE, to control for bias, we combined the body surface area score in the CTCAE for lesion area assessment. The specialists guided patients and their families through a rough estimation of the body surface area involved.

2.3 Statistical analysis

Owing to limitations associated with telephone follow-up, certain information was unavailable and thus excluded from the relevant statistical analysis. The normality of continuous data was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Normally distributed data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation and were analyzed with a t-test. Nonnormally distributed data are presented as medians with interquartile ranges (IQRs) and were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U test, which was also used to compare unidirectionally ordered categorical variables such as the Gleason score. The Hodges–Lehmann estimate of the between-group difference with a 95% confidence interval was calculated with the corresponding P value from the Mann-Whitney U test. The chi-square test was used for the statistical analysis of dichotomous data. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 20.0, and graphs were created with GraphPad 8.0. A P value < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.

3 Results

3.1 Demographics

We retrospectively enrolled 99 patients. Unfortunately, 9 patients could not be reached for telephone follow-up or had communication difficulties, resulting in the inclusion of 90 patients (45 in the dAEs^– group and 45 in the dAEs⁺ group) in our study. The average age and body mass index (BMI) of patients in the dAEs^– group were 73.0 ± 9.0 years and 23.7 ± 3.2 kg/m², respectively, whereas those of patients in the dAEs⁺ group were 73.6 ± 8.2 years and 23.2 ± 3.1 kg/m², respectively. There were no significant intergroup differences regarding age (P = 0.732) or BMI (P = 0.443).

3.2 Clinical features and concomitant treatments of PCa

PSA in the dAEs⁺ group, with a median of 100.40 ng/mL, was far greater than that in the dAEs^– group (Hodges-Lehmann estimate of median difference, –43.09 ng/mL; 95% confidence interval [CI], –98.45–6.23; P = 0.012). Other parameters, including the serum testosterone level and Gleason score, were unremarkable (Table 1).

Table 1

Table 1. Clinical characteristics of PCa patients in dAEs^– and dAEs⁺ groups.

The concomitant treatments for PCa were similar across groups. Nearly 95% of the patients in each group received androgen deprivation therapy (P = 1.000). Abiraterone was only used in 9 (20.0%) dAEs^– patients and 5 (11.1%) dAEs⁺ patients (P = 0.245).

3.3 Clinical features of dAEs

All patients experienced dAEs within one year after apalutamide use, with a median time to onset of 1.9 months (Figure 1).

Figure 1

Figure 1. Time to dAEs onset after apalutamide use in all dAEs⁺ patients. All dAEs⁺ patients experienced dAEs within one year after apalutamide use, with a median time to onset of 1.9 months, except for 3 patients whose details could not be recalled. dAEs, dermatological adverse events; dAEs⁺, patients with dermatological adverse events; ND, no data.

Pruritus, erythema, and papules were the most common, with incidences of 86.7%, 64.4%, and 53.3%, respectively (Table 2). Thirty (66.7%) patients had mild-moderate dAEs, whereas only 12 (26.7%) patients had severe dAEs (Figure 2). Among these 12 patients, pruritus, erythema and papules were also the most common. Hyperkeratosis and erosion/ulcer were relatively common, with incidences of 41.6% and 25.0%, respectively. There were no significant differences in dAE subtypes between mild-moderate and severe dAEs. Four of the 12 patients with severe dAEs, including 3 with Stevens–Johnson syndrome and one with the toxic epidermal syndrome, were definitively diagnosed at our institution.

Table 2

Table 2. dAEs phenotypes in all dAEs⁺ patients (N = 45).

Figure 2

Figure 2. dAE severity distribution in all dAEs⁺ patients. Among the 45 dAEs⁺ patients, 6 (13.3%) and 24 (53.3%) patients experienced mild and moderate dAEs, respectively. Only 12 (26.7%) patients had severe dAEs, and 3 (6.7%) could not recall the details. dAEs, dermatological adverse events; dAEs⁺, patients with dermatological adverse events; N, the number of patients; ND, no data.

3.4 Management after dAEs onset

After dAE occurrence, 25 (55.6%) patients maintained their previous apalutamide dose, 19 (42.2%) patients reduced their dose or frequency and withdrew or changed therapies, and one remaining patient could not recall the details. Systemic corticosteroids were prescribed to only 6 patients (13.3%). Twenty-eight (62.2%) dAEs⁺ patients achieved symptomatic relief, 12 (26.7%) patients had persistent dAEs, and 5 patients were unable to recall the details. Furthermore, it seems that dosage adjustment is not necessary, as no significant difference was observed among the different management practices (Table 3).

Table 3

Table 3. Influence of apalutamide dose adjustments on dAEs improvement (N = 45).

However, it is not feasible to compare potential discrepancies in the course of dAE relief, as the majority of patients were unable to recall this information accurately.

4 Discussion

In 2020, PCa was the second most prevalent cancer and the fifth leading cause of male cancer fatalities worldwide (1). Apalutamide, a competitive androgen receptor inhibitor utilized in PCa treatment, exhibited strong efficacy in the phase 3 SPARTAN and TITAN trials. Nonetheless, dAEs are among the most common adverse reactions associated with their administration (5, 8).

Asians, especially Japanese individuals, seem to be at risk of experiencing dAEs linked to apalutamide, with reported incidence rates ranging from 38.7% to 56.0% (12, 13, 17–19). Additionally, in a phase 2 trial involving primarily a Chinese population, the occurrence rates of apalutamide-related dry skin and skin rash were 53.3% and 30.0%, respectively (20). Nonetheless, real-world data in this area remain scarce, particularly within China.

Unlike the incidence (28.4%) previously reported in a short-term retrospective analysis of the Chinese population (21), we found that as many as 50.0% of patients presented with dAEs regardless of severity, which is similar to data from Japanese cohorts. The long incubation period can be partially attributed to such variance.

The documented incubation period varies significantly in the literature, ranging from 51–74 days across different ethnic groups or demographic regions (7, 17, 22, 23). In our study, all dAEs emerged within one year following the initiation of apalutamide therapy, with a median onset time of 1.9 months, which is notably longer than that observed with traditional drugs. Nevertheless, Sasaki D et al. reported a median onset time of up to 6.9 months (12). Given these circumstances, arriving at a proper diagnosis may present challenges.

Apalutamide-associated dAEs include a range of phenotypes, with macular or maculopapular rash and xerosis being the most prevalent (7, 17, 22, 23). In our study, in addition to these two subcategories, increased attention was given to the elevated risk of pruritus, which can often be overlooked in clinical practice. Furthermore, there are numerous other manifestations, including stomatitis, erythema multiforme, urticaria, blistering, toxic epidermal necrolysis, lichenoid eruptions, erosions, psoriatic skin lesions, pustulosis, and drug reactions with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome (9, 11, 17, 23–31).

The outlook for patients with apalutamide-associated dAEs tends to be positive, with many individuals experiencing improvement without requiring systemic corticosteroids. In patients with moderate to severe dAEs, systemic corticosteroids, antihistamines, and emollients can provide relief. However, there remains debate over whether dose adjustment is necessary. Pan A et al. advised holding apalutamide until dAEs decreased to grade 1 or lower for severe cases of dAEs (7), whereas Oishi reported that dose reduction was not significantly linked to dAE incidence except in patients with smaller body sizes (18).

In our retrospective analysis, patients who received additional dosage adjustments or changes in frequency presented a comparable rate of improvement to those who remained on the previous dosage and frequency regimen. This can be attributed, at least in part, to the fact that 71.4–88.7% of apalutamide-associated dAEs are classified as grade 1/2 and rarely deteriorate (5, 7, 8, 17, 21, 22, 32). However, in several serious cases, i.e., toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens–Johnson syndrome, apalutamide can also be life-threatening (9–11). Therefore, whether and when physicians recommend drug adjustment should be thoroughly assessed.

The serum PSA level in the dAEs⁺ group was significantly greater than that in the dAEs^– group. Since few studies have reported the same conclusion to date, this finding needs to be confirmed by further studies.

BMI is regarded as a significant indicator of apalutamide-associated dAEs. A phase III study noted that apalutamide exposure tended to be greater in the Japanese population than in the non-Japanese population, attributing this observation to relatively low body weight (33). Sasaki D et al. and Katsuta M et al. reported that patients with small body sizes had notably greater rates of dAEs than those without small body sizes (12, 13). However, in our study, BMI did not appear to be associated with dAEs. Further research is warranted to uncover any potential underlying correlation.

Owing to the retrospective design of our study and the large variation in the time interval between dAEs onset and telephone follow-up, it is possible that some information provided by patients or their families during telephone follow-up may be inaccurate or uncertain. Additionally, patients with moderate-severe skin manifestations presented to dermatologists while the majority of patients had relatively mild dAEs that were recalled verbally over the telephone rather than being diagnosed by dermatologists, which may have resulted in information bias. In addition, sampling from a single center limits further generalization of our findings to a broader range. Additionally, the small sample size may introduce bias into the final conclusion. It is worth discussing whether the efficacy of apalutamide differs between patients with and without dAEs. However, due to the heterogeneity of patients’ tumor stage/grading, the diversity of antitumor treatments, and the relatively long follow-up period required for therapeutic effect assessment, obtaining robust information on the efficacy of apalutamide is expected to be difficult. Therefore, the efficacy of apalutamide was not included as one of our follow-up items. This issue is one of our limitations and deserves further research.

5 Conclusion

Apalutamide-associated dAEs remain quite common among the Chinese population, affecting 50% of dAEs⁺ patients irrespective of severity. All dAEs manifested within one year following apalutamide use, with a median onset time of 1.9 months. Pruritus, erythema, and papules emerged as the most prevalent symptoms, predominantly presenting as mild to moderate dAEs. The majority of patients with dAEs do not require additional systemic corticosteroids, and adjusting the apalutamide dosage seems to have little clinical significance. Elevated PSA levels were documented in patients with dAEs. However, no correlations were detected between other parameters, such as the Gleason score, BMI, age, or dAE occurrence.

Data availability statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

Ethics statement

The studies involving humans were approved by the Human Ethics Review Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital to Zhejiang University (IRB 2023-0395). The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The human samples used in this study were acquired from a by- product of routine care or industry. Written informed consent for participation was not required from the participants or the participants’ legal guardians/next of kin in accordance with the national legislation and institutional requirements.

Author contributions

QW: Writing – review & editing, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology. Z-TR: Investigation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft. H-FW: Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing. H-CG: Writing – review & editing. X-WL: Writing – review & editing. Z-LT: Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing.

Funding

The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by the Medical Health Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Provincial Health Commission (Grant NO.2021RC005); and Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation Public Welfare Projects of China (Grant NO.LTGC23H050001).

Acknowledgments

We thank the patients for giving us permission to publish this case series.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Generative AI statement

The author(s) declare that no Generative AI was used in the creation of this manuscript.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Supplementary material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1530919/full#supplementary-material

Supplementary Table 1 | The list of follow up items through telephone.

Abbreviations and acronyms

PCa, prostate cancer; dAEs, dermatological adverse events; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; BMI, body mass index.

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