Effects of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and toll like receptor 2 (TLR 2) gene polymorphisms on clinical outcomes in acute non-biliary pancreatitis patients

Introduction: In this retrospective study, it was aimed to evaluate effects of Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) and Toll Like Receptor 2 (TLR 2) gene polymorphisms on clinical outcomes in acute non-biliary pancreatitis patients.

Methods: A total of 108 acute non-biliary pancreatitis patients (ANBP) were retrospectively subjected to the study. Gender, age, number of attacks, hospitalization duration, amylase, lipase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), leukocyte, C-reactive protein (CRP), total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, Atlanta score, ultrasonography (USG), Computer Tomography (CT) and patient outcome differences between TLR 4 Rs4986790, TLR 4 Rs4986791 and TLR 2 groups were evaluated.

Results: According to TLR 4 Rs4986790 groups, females were significantly common in AA sequence (AA) group with statistically significant difference (p<0.05). Leukocyte mean of AG sequence (AG) group was significantly higher than of AA group (p<0.05). All parameter differences between TLR 4 Rs4986791 and TLR 2 groups were statistically insignificant (p>0.05). there was a statistically significant correlation between TLR 4 Rs4986790 and gender (r=0.265; p<0.01), Leukocyte (r=0.200; p<0.05) and Pseudocyst (r=0.203; p<0.05). TLR 4 Rs4986790 gene polymorphism had significant effect on leukocyte level in acute non-biliary pancreatitis patients (OR: -0.1.900; p<0.05). Predictive value of leukocyte for TLR 4 Rs4986790 was statistically significant (Area Under Curve: 0.624; p<0.05). For 7.65 leukocyte cut off value, sensitivity for AA gene polymorphism was 84.2% and specificity was 40.5%

Conclusion: Although the clinical and outcome parameters of ANBP patients in terms of TLR 4 Rs4986791 and TLR 2 do not show significant differences, research findings point to the diagnostic value of patients’ leukocyte parameters in determining TLR-4 Rs4986790 ploimorphism groups.

1 Introduction

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease of the exocrine pancreas that produces excruciating abdominal pain and numerous organ dysfunctions that can progress to pancreatic necrosis and chronic organ failure (1). Worldwide, the prevalence of AP has risen to about 34 instances per 100,000 people each year (2). Treatment consists of supportive care (e.g., fluid resuscitation, assessment of organ function, pain management), provision of interventional treatments (e.g., cholecystectomy, endoscopic sphincterotomy, necrosectomy in case of necrotizing pancreatitis), and provision of adequate nutrition (3). Alcohol consumption and gallstone blockage in the common bile duct are the most frequent causes of AP. Pancreatic divisum, hypercalcemia, idiocentric medication reactions, hypertriglyceridemia, trauma, infections, heredity, abdominal trauma, ischemia, autoimmune, and idiopathy are further categories of causative variables (4). Differentiating between biliary and non-biliary acute pancreatitis can be achieved by the use of imaging techniques, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) values (5).

As members of the larger family of pattern recognition receptors, toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type 1 transmembrane proteins that recognize a wide range of molecular signals, including those linked to endogenous damage and pathogens, damage-associated molecular patterns, and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (6). The pattern-recognizing receptor known as toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is expressed by acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells, many bone marrow stromal cells, and nonleukemic cells involved in inflammation. TLR4 can bind both endogenous and exogenous ligands (7). Depending on the use of the unique adaptor molecules toll-interleukin receptor-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), TLR4 signaling is roughly split into two separate pathways (8). With TLR1, TLR6, and occasionally TLR4, TLR2 is the only TLR that can create functional heterodimers with more than two other TLR types. TLR2 also interacts with several molecules that are not TLRs (9). A variety of TLRs plays a significant role in a number of signal transduction pathways, the most important of which are those that control body temperature, energy balance, and cardiac function (10).

It has been demonstrated that TLR4 signaling contributes significantly to the inflammation of acinar cells in acute pancreatitis. Within 24 hours of the beginning of acute pancreatitis, monocytes produce more TLR4, which decreases to normal levels after a week (11). TLR4 has the ability to mediate the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB through the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent pathway. This, in turn, induces the expression and release of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, creating a vicious cycle of positive feedback of inflammation (12). In pancreatitis, stimulation-activated TLR2 and TLR4 can lead to an overabundance of cytokine synthesis and release (13). Targeting TLR4, which identifies many damage-associated molecular patterns linked to AP, appears to be the primary option. Although TLR2 has also been connected to AP, very few research have focused solely on this relationship (14). Although there are limited studies on AP with TLR 4 and TLR 2, there are no sufficient studies on the clinical and outcomes of patients with TLR 4 and TLR 2 in non-biliary AP patients. In this research, it was aimed to evaluate effects of Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) and Toll Like Receptor 2 (TLR 2) gene polymorphisms on clinical outcomes in acute non-biliary pancreatitis patients.

2 Methods

The study was conducted retrospectively between January 2014 and January 2015 at Hospital. In Türkiye, public hospitals were merged into the Public Hospitals Union in 2011, and in 2017, they were closed again and reconnected to the central administration of public hospitals. For this reason, there were serious problems in the data management and compilation process in hospitals. For this reason, the researchers chose the most reliable and regular data collection date range of the institution they worked in between 2014 and 2015. The analyses related to the gene in question in the study were also an application financed by the hospital in question at that time, and were not continued afterwards. The research is also a pioneering study of the ongoing current investigation and longitudinal comparison of the same parameters. 108 patients diagnosed with ANBP as a result of abdominal with back pain, with higher amylase and lipase values higher than 3 times the normal interval, no image of gallstones in ultrasonography (US), and pancreatic findings in computed tomography (CT) were included in the study retrospectively after obtaining genetic consent for participation (15). Patients were examined as mild moderate and severe ANBP, using the Atlanta Classification to evaluate the differences in genetic polymorphism (16). The ANBP patient group with TLR 4 Rs 4986790 (Asp299Gly) and TLR 4 Rs 4986791 (Thr399Ile) and TLR 2 intron 2 microsatellite polymorphisms was checked against the control group. Patients in the polymorphism groups were also statistically compared according to their demographic data such as age and sex, and indicators of the disease severity such as the number of attacks, Atlanta criteria, and prerenal fascia thickness on CT. Inflammation markers such as CRP (mg/L) and WBC (10³/ml) and amylase (U/L) and lipase (U/L) values in the blood were compared statistically between the polymorphism groups. İdiopathic factors, alcohol use, drugs, and autoimmune disease, which were considered as etiology, were statistically evaluated in terms of polymorphism. The patients were informed about the study and their consent forms were obtained. The ethical standards of the respective committees on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and its later versions were provided. This study was approved by the University Human Experiments Ethics Committee with the decision number 2014-064 and 2014-065.

2.1 DNA isolation and examination of genetic polymorphism

In the study, blood samples were collected from 120 patients to investigate genetic polymorphisms of TLR2 and TLR4 genes. However, due to kit shortages in the laboratory, hemolysis and missing clinical data, genetic polymorphisms for TLR4 Rs 4986790 (Asp299Gly) and TLR4 Rs 4986791 (Thr399Ile) could be examined in 108 patients, and TLR2 microsatellite intron 2 gene polymorphism could be examined in 93 patients. Blood samples taken in EDTA tubes from the patient and control groups were stored at -20°C. Then, DNA isolation was performed from with the commercial kit, Bio Basic BS684-250 (Ontario Canada), according to the protocol suggested by the manufacturer. For the TRs0 polymorphism, the following primers were purchased for PCR: F: 5’- ATT-AGC-ATA-CTT-AGA-CTA-CTA-CCT-CCA, TG R: 5´-GAT-CAA-CTT-CTG-AAA AAG-CAT-TCC-CAC-3’ (Determination of the TLR4 Genotype Using Allele-Specific PCR BioTechniques 31::-: (July 2001). The resulting 249 bp amplicon was cut with Nco1 restriction enzyme and run on a 3% agarose gel. On the agarose gel, the heterozygous AG allele was expected to give 249 + 223 + 26 bp bands whereas the homozygous GG allele was expected to give 223 + 26 bp bands. For the TRs1 polymorphism, the following primers were purchased for PCR F: 5´-GGT-TGC-TGT-TCT-CAA AGT-GAT-TTT-GGG-AGA A-3’ and R: 5´- ACC-TGA-AGA-CTG-GAG-AGT-GAG-TTA-AAT GCT-3’ (Determination of the TLR4 Genotype Using Allele-Specific PCR BioTechniques 31::-: (July 2001)</i> and the PCR reaction was set. The obtained PCR products (407 bp) were cut with Hinf I (Thermo Scientific) restriction enzyme and the cut product was run on a 3% agarose gel. The heterozygous CT allele was expected to give 407 + 378 + 29 bp bands and the homozygous TT allele was expected to give 378 + 29 bp bands. Gel images with the resulting bands were photographed and analyzed. PCR was performed with primers involving this region, F: 5’-GCA TTG-CTG-AAT-GTA-TCA-GGG A and R: 5’-CTT-GAG-AAA-TGT-TTT-CTA-GGC, to reveal the GT repeats in the TLR2 gene intronic region. PCR products were run in gel electrophoresis with 10% polyacrylamide and the results were imaged and analyzed. Of these repeats, those with 16 or fewer were considered the S allele; those between 17-22 as the M allele; and those greater than 22 as the L allele.

2.2 Statistical methods

Nominal and ordinal parameter descriptions were given by frequency analysis, whereas scale parameters were described by means, standard deviations, median and ranges. Kolmogorov Smirnov test was used for normality test of scale variables. Since distributions were non-normal, Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests were used. Chi-Square, Fischer’s Exact and Likelihood ratios were used for differences between nominal and ordinal parameters. Spearman’s rho correlation analysis and Generalized Linear Model (Logit) were used for relationship analysis due to linearization deviations (17, 18). SPSS 25.0 for windows was used for analysis at 95% Confidence Interval and 0.05 significance level.

3 Results

According to TLR 4 Rs4986790 groups, females were significantly common in AA group with statistically significant difference (p<0.05). Leukocyte mean of AG group was significantly higher than of AA group (p<0.05). Age, number of attacks, hospitalization duration, amylase, lipase, AST, ALT, CRP, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, Atlanta score, USG, CT and patient outcome differences between TLR 4 Rs4986790 groups were statistically insignificant (p>0.05) (Table 1).

Table 1

Table 1. Baseline characteristics, clinical outcomes and difference analysis results between TRL4 Rs4986790 groups.

Gender, age, number of attacks, hospitalization duration, amylase, lipase, AST, ALT, leukocyte, CRP, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, Atlanta score, USG, CT and patient outcome differences between TLR 4 Rs4986791 groups were statistically insignificant (p>0.05) (Table 2).

Table 2

Table 2. Baseline characteristics, clinical outcomes and difference analysis results between TRL4 RS4986791 groups.

According to difference analysis results; gender, age, number of attacks, hospitalization duration, amylase, lipase, AST, ALT, leukocyte, CRP, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, Atlanta score, USG, CT and patient outcome differences between TLR 2 groups were statistically insignificant (p>0.05) (Table 3).

Table 3

Table 3. Baseline characteristics, clinical outcomes and difference analysis results between TRL2 groups.

Spearman’s rho correlation analysis results showed that there was a statistically significant correlation between TLR 4 Rs4986790 and gender (r=0.265; p<0.01), Leukocyte (r=0.200; p<0.05) and Pseudocyst (r=0.203; p<0.05) (Table 4). However, correlations between patient outcomes and TRL 4 Rs4986791 and TLR 2 were statistically insignificant (p>0.05) (Table 4).

Table 4

Table 4. Spearman’s rho correlation analysis results between clinical parameters, TLR 4 Rs4986790, TLR 4 Rs4986791 and TLR 2 groups.

Generalized Linear Model (Logit) analysis results showed that TLR 4 Rs4986790 gene polymorphism had significant effect on leukocyte level in acute non-biliary pancreatitis patients (OR: -0.1.900; p<0.05) (Table 5).

Table 5

Table 5. Generalized Linear Model (Logit) for effect of TLR 4 Rs4986790 on Leukocyte.

Leukocyte mean of AA group was significantly lower than AG group, and leukocyte change range was also lower in the AA group (Figure 1).

Figure 1

Figure 1. Leukocyte means and rage differences between TLR 4 Rs4986790 groups.

ROC analysis results showed that predictive value of leukocyte for TLR 4 Rs4986790 was statistically significant (Area Under Curve: 0.624; p<0.05). For 7.65 leukocyte cut off value, sensitivity for AA gene polymorphism was 84.2% and specificity was 40.5% (Figure 2).

Figure 2

Figure 2. ROC Curve for leukocyte and TLR 4 Rs4986790.

4 Discussion

In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of TLR 2 and TLR 4 polymorphism levels on the clinical and outcomes of patients in ANBP patients, and in this context, through the files of 108 patients, the effect of two members of the TLR group on ANBP, which are most associated with AP, but not enough studies have been conducted on non-biliary AP. was evaluated.

Studies on TLR 4 in AP patients are limited, and in general, in these studies, TLR 4 has been associated with overabundance of cytokine synthesis and release (19–21). In our study, only gender and leukocyte showed statistically significant differences between Rs4986790 groups of TLR 4. Age, number of attacks, hospitalization duration, amylase, lipase, AST, ALT, CRP, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, Atlanta score, USG, CT and patient outcome differences between TLR 4 Rs4986790 groups were statistically insignificant. Although limited in the literature, studies on AP have reported that TLR 4 may be associated with both the clinical features and prognosis of the disease and its outcomes. However, in our study, the fact that it was significant only for one type of TLR 4 and only for one parameter indicates that it would be useful to focus more on the difference between AP and ANBP.

Similar to TLR 4, there are studies associating TLR 2 with clinical and outcomes, especially inflammation, in AP patients. Although the sample and data are limited in these studies, further studies are pointed out for the use of TLR 2 from the TLR family as a clinical prognosis in AP patients (22–25). In our study, clinical values ​​and patient outcomes did not show a statistically significant difference in both TLR 2 groups in ANBP patients. Although there may be many reasons for this, it is possible to state that when ANBP is included, disease prognoses do not change according to TLR 2 groups and this has an effect. In addition, it is possible to say that the fact that the study was conducted in a single center and the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients were close to each other had an impact. It is possible to obtain more expanded results in larger sample and multicenter studies.

4.1 Limitations of the study

Although the study provides some interesting insight to leukocyte correlation with a specific TLR4 polymorphism, it has limitations in terms of the patient population, information on samples, depth and scope of the disease. Although there are significant developments in both literature and medical field regarding gene mutation, gene determination and polymorphism, these technologies are limited in public hospitals and public health units in general due to high cost and low follow-up. In this context, the research can be shown as a source for further studies.

The most important limitation of the research is that clinical applications related to polymorphism are costly, so it is difficult to obtain this data without a specific research period or a specific sponsor. Therefore, there are not enough multicenter studies focusing on a large number of patients. Although the study was taken retrospectively, the data are limited to the date of these analyses.

Another important limitation of the research is that the studies on ANBP are limited and the definition of ANBP extends to a very wide range. Although BP patients are relatively easily diagnosed and their characteristics are defined in AP, this is not the case for ANBP. For this reason, there are not enough studies in the literature to compare the research results. This also brings the research to the fore as a pioneer in the field.

In the relational screening model of the study, correlation analysis results revealed a significant relationship only between TLR 4 Rs4986790 groups and gender, leukocyte and Pseudocyst. There was no statistically significant relationship for TLR 4 Rs4986791 and TLR 2. In the regression analysis (Logit model), only leukocyte had a significant effect among the TLR 4 Rs4986791 groups. It was found by ROC analysis that the leukocyte and TLR 4 Rs4986791 groups had diagnostic value.

4.2 Contribution to literature

AP is a pancreatic disease that reduces the quality of life, is associated with many diseases, and is important for public health. However, studies on ANBP within AP are quite limited. However, a good understanding of the ANBP mechanism may make positive contributions to AP-related disease and prognosis factors. In addition, revealing the effect of genetic morphism in ANBP disease may provide an important basis for further genetic studies. In this respect, the research conducted is important in that it focuses on genetic morphism and ANBP.

Another important contribution of the research is that it may be possible to predict clinically the diagnosis and determination of TLR 4 Rs4986790 groups with leukocyte detection. If further studies are conducted between gene mutation and polymorphism and leukocytes and the relationship between them has a strong diagnostic value, clinical predictions can be made based on leukocytes in the future. However, sensitivity and specificity studies are needed. In this regard, this research may be a source for this benefit. Leukocyte infiltration and blood counts are highly variable among individuals with acute pancreatitis across a wide range of etiologies. For this reason, multi centered and variable researches are needed. In further studies, when the importance of the differences between TLR 4 Rs4986790 groups in the disease-related process is revealed in AP patients or other diseases in general, the research results can be considered as a basic study as it allows TLR 4 Rs4986790 group determination to be easy, practical and low-cost.

5 Conclusion

The clinical and outcome parameters of ANBP patients in terms of TLR 4 Rs4986791 and TLR 2 do not show significant differences. However, research findings showed that the diagnostic value of patients’ leukocyte parameters in determining TLR-4 Rs4986790 ploimorphism groups was statistically significant. Leukocyte can be used as an effective indicator for ANBP patients in the detection of gene polymorphism and TLR 4 Rs4986791 groups and the clinical use of features for these groups.

Data availability statement

The datasets presented in this article are not readily available because the data is not public in accordance with the ethical approval for this study. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to corresponding author: Ender Anılır, dr.enderanilir@gmail.com.

Ethics statement

The studies involving humans were approved by Ministry of Health Istanbul Medeniyet University Göztepe Training and Research Hospital Clinical Research Ethics Committee. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

Author contributions

EA: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft. FÖ: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft. İY: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft.

Funding

The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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