- 1Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Post-graduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- 2Centro de Investigação em Desporto e Atividade Física (CIDAF), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- 3Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Immunometabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
- 4School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Editorial on the Research Topic
Immunometabolism applied to exercise, nutrition and pharmacology treatment
Introduction
Examining the energetic metabolism of immune cells is not a recent development (1) but the field of ‘immunometabolism’ has rapidly expanded over the past decade (2). A growing area within immunometabolism examines the influence nutrients and energetic substrates have in regulating the functions of immune cells, often in the context of metabolic disruption and systemic inflammation. Ageing and several chronic conditions, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia and auto-immune inflammatory diseases require further investigation to examine how immunometabolism influences pathophysiology and the molecular mechanisms governing cell metabolism. Exercise and nutrition interventions are commonly employed to improve metabolic and inflammatory profiles and to counter the pathophysiology of chronic disease, but interaction with immunometabolism is understudied. The present Research Topic, includes immunometabolism studies undertaken in the context of exercise, nutrition and pharmacological treatment of chronic inflammatory disease.
Studies have shown that eating an olive oil-containing Mediterranean diet – comprising high levels of mono-unsaturated fatty acids – is associated with a variety of health benefits. In this Research Topic, Döding et al. compared the impact of a mono-unsaturated fatty acid enriched diet to a saturated fatty acid enriched diet on bone metabolism, bone microarchitecture and inflammation in the context of experimental P. gingivalis infection in mice. A saturated fatty acid enriched diet reduced systemic bone microarchitecture and increased lipotoxic metabolites but these changes could be reversed by a mono-unsaturated fatty acid enriched diet.
In the setting of pharmacological treatment of chronic inflammatory disease, Peng et al. demonstrated using single-cell sequencing that upregulation of ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, as well as fatty acid degradation, enhances the immunosuppressive capacity of regulatory T cells in patients with psoriatic arthritis and limits the pro-inflammatory action of central memory and effector memory T cells. The authors suggest that ascorbic acid and fatty acid metabolic pathways may be an adjunctive reprogramming strategy with adalimumab and etanercept –biological therapies targeting tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).
It is known that both redox responses to exercise bouts and metabolic responses to glucose ingestion exhibit individual variation. Thomas et al. combine this knowledge to examine whether responses to acute high glucose ingestion are influenced by a bout of exercise performed 3 or 24 hours before. Several oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant measurements increased immediately after exercise, returning towards pre-exercise values within 3 hours. Redox responses to glucose ingestion depended on the biomarker and timepoint examined. The magnitude and direction of change was variable between individuals and the pattern of change was partly influenced by the timing of exercise before glucose ingestion. Thus, this study highlights the importance of presenting individual data and controlling for exercise in the hours or days prior to redox and metabolic measurements.
Finally, Silva et al. explored the potential influence of physical activity levels on systemic and cellular immunometabolic measurements in young adults after mild-to-moderate COVID-19. Higher physical activity was partially associated with better metabolic and inflammatory profiles in the serum of post-COVID-19 patients. In addition, higher physical activity was associated lower expression of PD-1 in CD8+ T cells and lower TNF-α and IL-6 production by LPS- and PMA-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. As shown in Figure 1, the yellow face represents exhausted immune cells, which might be related to hyperactivation during COVID-19, leading to dysregulated cytokine production. The cyclones next to the image of PBMCs and tube of blood represent higher/lower cytokine production by PBMCs or higher/lower cytokines in serum. These changes were partially protected by Physical Activity Level.
Figure 1 Young people post-infected with SARS-CoV-2 exhibited an exhaustive profile and anaerobic metabolism in PBMCs, and Physical Activity Level protects intracellular changes partially. IL-6, Interleukin 6; IL-10, Interleukin 10; TNFRS, Soluble TNF-α receptor; PGE2, Prostaglandin E2; TG, Triglyceride; PBMC, Peripheral blood mononuclear cell; T Cells, T lymphocytes; PD-1, Programmed death protein-1; Leak, Complex I respiration mitochondrial; CI OXPHOS; Complex I Oxidative phosphorylation respiration mitochondrial; LPS, Lipopolysaccharide; PMA, Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; ⊕, Increased; ⊖, Decreased. Red text indicates a protective effect of physical activity.
Taken together, this Research Topic highlights important interaction between nutrients, physical activity, exercise and pharmacological treatment of inflammatory disease with systemic and cellular immunometabolic profiles.
Author contributions
FL: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. JR-N: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. JT: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.
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References
1. Carrel A, Ebeling AH. THE FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF THE FIBROBLAST AND THE MACROPHAGE: I. THE FIBROBLAST. J Exp Med (1926) 44(2):261–84. doi: 10.1084/jem.44.2.261
Keywords: immunometabolism, exercise, nutrition, immune cells, pharmacology
Citation: Lira FS, Rosa-Neto JC and Turner JE (2024) Editorial: Immunometabolism applied to exercise, nutrition and pharmacology treatment. Front. Immunol. 14:1360040. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1360040
Received: 22 December 2023; Accepted: 29 December 2023;
Published: 12 January 2024.
Edited and Reviewed by:
Willem Van Eden, Utrecht University, NetherlandsCopyright © 2024 Lira, Rosa-Neto and Turner. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Fábio Santos Lira, ZmFiaW8ubGlyYUB1bmVzcC5icg==; José Cesar Rosa-Neto, anJvc2FuZXRvQHVzcC5icg==; James Edward Turner, ai5lLnR1cm5lci4yQGJoYW0uYWMudWs=