Assessment of Renal Risk Score and Histopathological Classification for Prediction of End-Stage Kidney Disease and Factors Associated With Change in eGFR After ANCA-Glomerulonephritis Diagnosis

Introduction: The “Renal Risk Score” (RRS) and the histopathological classification have been proposed to predict the risk of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis (ANCA-GN). Besides, factors associated with kidney function recovery after ANCA-GN onset remain to be more extensively studied. In the present study, we analyzed the value of the RRS and of the histopathological classification for ESKD prediction. Next, we analyzed factors associated with eGFR change within the first 2 years following ANCA-GN diagnosis.

Materials and Methods: We included patients from the Maine–Anjou ANCA-associated vasculitis registry with at least 6 months of follow-up. The values of ANCA-GN, histopathological classification, and RRS, and the factors associated with eGFR variations between ANCA-GN diagnosis and 2 years of follow-up were assessed.

Results: The predictive values of the histopathological classification and RRS were analyzed in 123 patients. After a median follow-up of 42 months, 33.3% patients developed ESKD. The predictive value of RRS for ESKD was greater than that of the histopathological classification. Determinants of eGFR variation were assessed in 80/123 patients with complete eGFR measurement. The median eGFR increased from ANCA-GN diagnosis to month 6 and stabilized thereafter. The only factor associated with eGFR variation in our study was eGFR at ANCA-GN diagnosis, with higher eGFR at diagnosis being associated with eGFR loss (p<0.001).

Conclusion: The RRS has a better predictive value for ESKD than the histopathological classification. The main determinant of eGFR variation at 2 years was eGFR at ANCA-GN diagnosis. Thus, this study suggests that eGFR recovery is poorly predicted by histological damage at ANCA-GN diagnosis.

Introduction

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV) are autoimmune systemic diseases characterized by necrotizing inflammation of small- to medium-sized vessels. Two entities commonly affect kidneys: microscopic polyangiitis, which is associated with myeloperoxidase-ANCA (MPO-ANCA), and granulomatosis with polyangiitis, which is associated with proteinase-3 ANCA (PR3-ANCA) (1–4). Kidney involvement in AAV typically results in crescentic necrotizing glomerulonephritis whose treatment, in addition to steroids, relies on cyclophosphamide or rituximab administration. Despite prompt immunosuppressive treatment, 20%–35% of patients will develop end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) by 5 years following AAV diagnosis, a condition more frequently observed in patients with renal-limited disease and micropolyangeitis as compared to granulomatosis with polyangiitis (5, 6). Meantime, the mortality of AAV patients is driven by infectious complications, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers, all of these complications being promoted by immunosuppressants (7). Thus, it is not surprising that crescentic necrotizing glomerulonephritis, which requires heavy immunosuppressive regimens, has been associated with greater morbidity and mortality in AAV patients (8, 9). The deleterious effects of immunosuppressive drugs are particularly frequent when administered to patients with low glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at presentation and to elderly patients (10). Whether immunosuppressive treatment minimization or avoidance may represent an option in some subgroups of patients remains an open debate. In this view, patients not recovering after initial dialysis dependence or who develop ESKD early in the course of the disease could be potential candidates.

The identification of patients with ANCA-GN at higher risk of ESKD has been the matter of numerous studies, most of them analyzing the relationship between kidney histology and ESKD risk. In 2010, Berden et al. proposed the histopathological classification dividing patients into four categories based on the proportion of normal, crescentic, and sclerotic glomeruli at kidney biopsy (focal, crescentic, mixed, and sclerotic) (11). This simple classification allowed identifying patient subgroups with different ESKD risk. The focal category has the best prognosis, while the sclerotic one has the worst. However, the crescentic and the mixed categories, representing most ANCA-GN patients, have intermediate and similar prognosis, underlining the need to find new factors that would improve the ESKD classification (12). More recently, Brix et al. proposed a new ESKD risk classification based on the percentage of normal glomeruli, the amount of interstitial fibrosis + tubular atrophy (IFTA), and eGFR at ANCA-GN diagnosis (13). Based on these parameters, a Renal Risk Score (RRS) between 0 and 11 points allows to classify patients in low (0 points), medium (2–7 points), or high (8–11 points) risk categories with respect to risk of ESKD. Using the RRS, the risk of ESKD was 0%, 16%, and 68% in low, medium, and high RRS categories, respectively, in the original cohort (11). However, a substantial fraction of patients classified in the worse subgroups of both ESKD classifications did not evolve towards ESKD, while also patients classified in intermediate risk subgroups reached ESKD (11, 13).

In this context, the identification of factors associated with eGFR increase or decline after ANCA-GN diagnosis could help in improving ESKD prediction. Indeed, it is commonly thought that patients with “active lesions” such as cellular crescents, fibrinoid necrosis, or acute tubular necrosis (ATN) are those with the greatest potential of eGFR gain after ANCA-GN diagnosis (14, 15). However, this question has been only marginally investigated and merits further studies.

Thus, the main objectives of the present study were (1) to analyze the value of the ANCA-GN histopathological classification and RRS categories in our cohort and (2) to analyze factors associated with eGFR variation between ANCA-GN diagnosis and 2 years of follow-up.

Methods

Maine–Anjou Registry

The Maine–Anjou registry is a multicenter database that began on January 1, 2018. It includes data from all patients over 18 years old with ANCA-GN diagnosed since January 1, 2000 in the nephrology units of four hospitals (Angers University Hospital and the Regional Hospitals of Le Mans, Cholet, and Laval). Patients included in the registry are at least 18 years old, fulfill the Chapel Hill Consensus Conference criteria for AAV (16), and have presumed or confirmed renal involvement of AAV. The registry collects data concerning presentation at ANCA-GN diagnosis (clinical and biological data), treatment, and outcomes. Data were collected retrospectively at the registry start in 2018 and then updated every 6 months.

The registry has been authorized by the “Commission National Informatique et Liberté” (CNIL, agreement number 2018-MR03-02). In accordance with French law, participants gave their non-opposition to be included in the registry and for the use of their data anonymously. The present study was approved by the local ethic committee of Angers University Hospital (CE 2020/84).

Study Design

We considered for inclusion all patients of the registry with new-onset or relapsing ANCA-GN demonstrated by kidney biopsy between January 1, 2000 and January 1, 2020. Patients that were lost to follow-up before 6 months were excluded. Patients with non-contributive biopsy, with less than seven glomeruli, without crescentic pauci-immune glomerulonephritis, and with <6 months of follow-up were also excluded. According to these criteria, 123 patients (“ESKD risk cohort”) were included for the analysis of predictive values of ANCA-GN histopathological classification and of RRS. The analysis of factors associated with eGFR variation between ANCA-GN onset and month 24 was performed in 80 out of these 123 patients from the ESKD cohort with full available eGFR data at ANCA-GN diagnosis at months 3, 6, 12, and 24. This cohort derived from the ESKD cohort was named “eGFR cohort.” Patients with <24 months of follow-up (including patients who died in this period) were excluded from the eGFR cohort (Figure 1).

FIGURE 1

Figure 1 Flowchart of the study.

Data Collection and Definitions

For the present study, the following data were retrieved: age, gender, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities (hypertension and diabetes mellitus), and organ involvement at AAV diagnosis. The AAV activity was determined using the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) 2003 (17). Medications and biological parameters at AAV diagnosis were retrieved. Patients were followed from ANCA-GN diagnosis until last clinical follow-up or death. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the four-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation (18). Patients on dialysis were considered to have an eGFR of 5 ml/min/1.73 m². Estimated GFR variation between ANCA-GN onset and month 24 was calculated as follows: (eGFR at 24 months − eGFR at diagnosis). ESKD was defined as the need for renal replacement therapy for more than 3 months or kidney transplantation.

Renal Histopathology and Calculation of the Renal Risk Score

All kidney biopsies from the four centers are routinely analyzed in a centralized manner in the Pathology Department of the University Hospital of Angers by one of the three renal pathologists (JPSA, AC, or MCC). Kidney biopsy specimens are routinely analyzed using both light microscopy and immunofluorescence. The pathology data are provided in a standardized report, detailing the number and percentage of normal, crescentic, and sclerotic glomeruli. Lesions of fibrinoid necrosis and ATN are also reported qualitatively (presence or absence). All kidney biopsies were specifically analyzed for IFTA quantification by MCC blinded to the patient identification for the purpose of the present study (11). Biopsies with less than seven glomeruli were excluded.

The histopathological classification was determined as described by Berden et al. (11) according to the percentage of sclerotic glomeruli, normal glomeruli, and cellular crescents, in that order. The RRS was calculated as described by Brix et al. (13). Briefly, for each patient, the total RRS was calculated according to the percentage of normal glomeruli (>25%: 0; 10%–25%, 4; and <10%, 6 points), the percentage of IFTA (≤25%, 0 or >25%, 2 points) and the level of eGFR at ANCA-GN diagnosis (>15 ml/min, 0 or ≤15 ml/min, 3 points). According to the total RRS, patients were then classified with low (0 point), medium (2–7 points), and high (8–11 points) risk of ESKD.

Statistical Analysis

Continuous variables are presented as median and interquartile range. Categorical variables are presented as numbers and percentage. Differences between groups are analyzed using the χ² test (or Fisher’s exact test when applicable) for categorical variables and the Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate renal survivals. A log-rank test was used to compare the survival curves. To analyze the discrimination capacity of ANCA-GN histopathological classification and RRS for ESKD prediction in the “ESKD risk cohort,” areas under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) were assessed and further compared using the Delong test (19). Cox analysis was performed to examine factors associated with ESKD in the ESKD cohort. Results are presented as hazard ratio (HR) with 95% CIs. Uni- and multivariable linear regressions were used to analyze factors associated with initial eGFR and eGFR variation between ANCA-GN diagnosis and month 24 in the “eGFR cohort.” Factors with p < 0.1 in the univariable analysis were entered in the multivariable model. All the statistical tests were performed to the two-sided 0.05 level of significance. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software^® 23.0 and GraphPad Prism^®.

Results

Baseline Data

Among the 180 patients included in the Maine–Anjou AAV registry, 30 were excluded because kidney biopsy was not performed or was not contributive. Five patients had lesions other than ANCA-GN, and eight were excluded because the light microscopy specimen contained less than seven glomeruli. Among the remaining 137 patients, 14 were lost from follow-up before month 6. Thus, the analysis included 123 patients for the renal prognosis analysis (ESKD risk cohort). Among these 123 patients, 80 had complete kidney function data between ANCA-GN onset and month 24 and were considered for the eGFR analysis study (eGFR cohort). The flowchart of the study is presented in Figure 1.

Characteristics of the patients in each cohort (“ESKD risk cohort” and “eGFR cohort”) are detailed in Table 1. In the ESKD risk cohort, median age at presentation was 69.0 [56.0–74.0] years with a predominance of male sex (61.8%). MPO-ANCAs were detected in 82 (66.7%) patients and PR3-ANCAs in 37 (30.1%), and 4 patients were MPO/PR3 ANCA negative. Median BVAS at ANCA-GN diagnosis was 16.0 [12.0–20.0], and median eGFR at presentation was 17.9 ml/min/1.73 m². Cyclophosphamide was administered to 87.0% of patients as remission–induction regimen. Steroid pulses were used in 102 patients (82.1%) and plasma exchange (PE) in 31 (25.2%). The median follow-up of the cohort was 42.0 [19.2–84.3] months. During follow-up, 41 (33.3%) patients developed ESKD and 36 (29.3%) died. Baseline characteristics of patients included in the eGFR cohort were comparable to those of the ESKD risk cohort (Table 1).

TABLE 1

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the population and main outcomes.

Pathological Assessment in the ESKD Risk Cohort

Supplementary Figure S1 reports the renal biopsy findings in the ESKD risk cohort (n=123). The light microscopy specimen contained a median of 20 (13–26) glomeruli and a median proportion of normal, crescentic, and sclerotic glomeruli of 29% [13–47], 43% [29–61], and 12% [5–34], respectively. IFTA involving more than 25% of the biopsy; ATN and fibrinoid necrosis were observed in 42 (34.1%), 88 (71%), and 90 (72.6%) biopsies, respectively. According to Berden histopathological classification, the mixed class was the most represented (n=50, 40.7%) followed by focal (n=29, 23.6%), crescentic (n=25, 20.3%), and sclerotic classes (n=19, 15.4%).

Renal Risk Score Assessment in the ESKD Risk Cohort

We analyzed patient characteristics according to the RRS as proposed by Brix et al. (13). As expected, kidney involvement (baseline eGFR, proteinuria, and frequency of renal replacement therapy at ANCA-GN diagnosis) was less severe in low as compared to higher risk categories. As also expected, ESKD and death rate were significantly higher in medium and high RRS groups as compared to low RRS group. These data are reported in Supplementary Table S1. As for the distribution of each component of the RRS in our cohort, high RRS was associated with a higher proportion of patients with low percentage of normal glomeruli, higher IFTA, and lower eGFR as compared to low RRS. These data are presented in Supplementary Figure S2.

Prognostic Value of the Histopathological Classification and of the Renal Risk Score for ESKD in the ESKD Risk Cohort

We next analyzed renal survival according to histopathological classification and RRS categories (Figure 2). As shown in Figure 2, the focal class was associated with the best renal survival, while sclerotic class had the worse prognosis (Figure 2A). The estimated renal survival at 5 years of the focal, crescentic, mixed, and sclerotic classes was 93.8%, 63.2%, 65.5%, and 51.3%, respectively. Using RRS, as expected, low-risk patients had the better prognosis and high-risk category the worse one (Figure 2B). The estimated renal survival at 3 years in the low, medium, and high-risk categories was 92.2%, 84.6%, and 42.3%, respectively. The area under the curve for ESKD prediction at the end of follow-up of histopathological classification and RRS were 0.644 (p=0.009) and 0.770 (p<0.001), respectively (Figure 2D). The predictive value of RRS for ESKD was not statistically different than those of the histopathological classification at 3 years of follow-up (p=0.083, Figure 2C) but was significantly higher when considering the end of follow-up (p=0.013, Figure 2D).

FIGURE 2

Figure 2 Renal survival in the ESKD cohort according to Berden classification and Renal risk score. (A) Survival free of ESKD according to Berden classification and (B) Renal Risk Score. (C, D) Area under the curve of Renal Risk Score (red line) and Berden classification (green line) for ESKD prediction at 3 years (C) and at the end of follow-up (D). Survival curves were performed using Kaplan–Meir method, and comparisons between curves were done using the log-rank test. Black p-values indicate AUC comparisons of Berden classification and RRS. AUC, area under the curve; RRS, renal risk score.

According to RRS, we observed an increased risk of ESKD in patients classified in the medium- and high-risk categories with respect to the low-risk category (Supplementary Figure S3). When components of the RRS were separately analyzed, the percentages of normal glomeruli and eGFR at baseline were significantly associated with ESKD risk. However, we did not observe any significant association between IFTA and ESKD risk. Using ROC curve analysis, we did not observe any significant difference in ESKD prediction at 3 years and at end of follow-up between RRS score and a modified RRS excluding IFTA (Supplementary Figure S4).

Supplementary Figure S5 reports the incidence of ESKD according to RRS score at 3 years and at the end of follow-up in the cohort. Interestingly, among the eight patients with the highest RRS, seven required renal replacement therapy at ANCA-GN diagnosis. Two of them recovered renal function early after ANCA-GN diagnosis but then reached ESKD at 3 months for the first one and 2.5 years for the second one. One patient was still free from renal replacement therapy at 3.5 years from ANCA-GN diagnosis.

Analysis of Factors Associated With eGFR Variation Between ANCA-GN Diagnosis and Month 24

We first analyzed factors associated with eGFR at ANCA-GN diagnosis in the eGFR cohort (n=80). Estimated GFR was associated with age, percentage of normal and crescentic glomeruli, and IFTA (Supplementary Table S2).

We next analyzed the eGFR variation over the 2 years following ANCA-GN diagnosis. For this analysis, we used the “eGFR cohort” including patients with exhaustive initial and follow-up eGFR data. As shown in Figure 3, the eGFR increased significantly between ANCA-GN diagnosis and month 24 (median eGFR, 16.8 ml/min/1.73 m² at diagnosis and 37.7 ml/min/1.73 m² at 2 years of follow-up).

FIGURE 3

Figure 3 Estimated GFR variation between ANCA-GN diagnosis and month 24 in the eGFR cohort. Statistical analysis was done using a matched one-way ANOVA test.

The univariable analysis of factors associated with eGFR variation between ANCA-GN diagnosis and month 24 is reported in Table 2. We did not observe any significant association between baseline characteristics and eGFR variation, even if older age and female gender tended to be associated with greater eGFR gain. Furthermore, we did not observe any association between histopathological classification and eGFR variation. Similarly, the percentage of normal, crescentic, or sclerotic glomeruli and of IFTA at renal biopsy were not associated with eGFR variation; the same holds true for RRS value or categories. The only factor significantly associated with eGFR variation was eGFR at kidney biopsy. Each addition of 10 ml/min/1.73m² eGFR at ANCA-GN diagnosis was associated with a net variation of −3.6 ± 0.8 ml/min/1.73m² eGFR at 24 months (p<0.001). In the multivariable analysis including age, gender, and eGFR at ANCA-GN diagnosis, the only significant factor was eGFR at ANCA-GN diagnosis (ß, −4.11 ± 0.7; CI −5.8, −2.4, p<0.001).

TABLE 2

Table 2 Univariable analysis of factors associated with eGFR variation between ANCA-GN diagnosis and month 24 in the eGFR cohort.

When the analysis was performed after exclusion of patients that reached ESKD before month 24, female gender and older age were significantly associated with eGFR gain (Supplementary Table S3) and initial eGFR. Moreover, RRS tended to be associated with eGFR variation, with each 1-point increase associated with 1.7 ml/min/1.73m² eGFR gain. Use of PE, steroid pulses, and cyclophosphamide as induction–remission regimen were also significantly associated with eGFR gain in the subgroup of patients that did not reach ESKD at 2 years of follow-up.

Discussion

In the present study, we evaluated the performance of both the histopathological classification of ANCA-GN and of the RRS for ESKD prediction in a large and well-characterized cohort of ANCA-GN patients (20, 21) and studied the factors associated with eGFR at ANCA-GN diagnosis and with eGFR variation at 2 years.

First, we confirmed the value of the RRS for the prediction of ESKD in our cohort, which performed better than the histopathological classification at the end of follow-up. Second, we observed that glomerular lesions and IFTA were associated with eGFR at ANCA-GN diagnosis. Third, we found that eGFR variation at 2 years was mainly dependent on eGFR at ANCA-GN diagnosis in our study. Indeed, we observed that each +10 ml/min/1.73 m² of eGFR at ANCA-GN diagnosis was associated with a net variation of −3.6 ml/min/1.73m² eGFR at 2 years. Interestingly, we were not able to find any association between renal histological lesions at ANCA-GN diagnosis and eGFR variation at 2 years in our study. Moreover, ESKD risk classifications (histopathological classification or RSS) were not associated with eGFR variation at 2 years. Thus, a higher risk of ESKD as predicted at ANCA-GN diagnosis using the histopathological classification or the RRS does not determine the potential of eGFR change at 2 years.

Few studies have compared the prognostic value of the histopathological classification and RRS (22, 23). Using the histopathological classification or RRS, we observed in our cohort survivals similar to those reported in the original studies and subsequent confirmation cohorts (12, 13, 22–34). As some previous studies did, we observed similar prognosis of the mixed and crescentic classes (12, 35). The sclerotic class had an estimated 5-year survival of 51.3%, in line with the original study of Berden et al. and with most subsequent studies (11, 12). In the original study of Brix et al., the renal survival at 3 years was 100%, 84%, and 32% in the low, medium, and high RRS categories (13). In our study, the 3-year survival was in the same ranges (92.2%, 84.6, and 42.3% in low, medium, and high ESKD risk categories, respectively). In addition, in line with previous studies, in the univariable Cox analysis, we observed that medium- and high-risk categories had about a three- and a ninefold increased risk of ESKD, respectively, as compared to low-risk category. In line with other studies, we observed that initial eGFR and percentage of normal glomeruli were significantly associated with ESKD (Supplementary Figure S3). However, in contrast to Brix et al. (13), we did not find any association between IFTA and ESKD risk, using the cutoff of 25%.

In line with previous studies, we found that eGFR at diagnosis was negatively correlated with age and percentage of sclerotic glomeruli and positively correlated with percentage of normal glomeruli (14, 15, 36). Initial eGFR was correlated, as expected, with histological classification and RRS. Patients with ATN had lower eGFR at diagnosis than patients without, but the difference was not statistically significant. Interestingly, we observed a significant correlation between the amount of IFTA and initial eGFR. However, the cutoff of 25% was not significantly associated with eGFR at ANCA-GN onset in our cohort.

In the last part of the study, we analyzed the predictors of eGFR variation over 2 years following ANCA-GN diagnosis. Similarly to previous studies, we observed eGFR recovery mainly between diagnosis and month 6 (15, 36). Interestingly, we found that older and female patients tended to gain eGFR, while past studies rather found an inverse correlation with age (14, 15). While we do not have any definite explanation for this observation, we suppose that it may be related to cohort characteristics and/or to the therapeutic management of elderly patients in our centers. Finally, in the multivariable analysis, the eGFR at ANCA-GN diagnosis was the only significant predictor of eGFR variation in our cohort. Interestingly, each +10 ml/min/1.73 m² eGFR at ANCA-GN diagnosis was associated with a net variation of −4.1 ml at 2 years. In other words, and as already observed in previous studies (14, 15), patients with lower eGFR at presentation are also those with greater chances to gain eGFR after ANCA-GN onset.

Interestingly, histological class, glomerular lesions, or IFTA, while being associated with initial eGFR, were not significantly associated with eGFR change. Moreover, a recent study also did not find any association between IFTA and ESKD in ANCA-GN patients using the threshold of 25% for IFTA (27). We suggest that interobserver variations in IFTA quantification may account for these differences. In support, some past studies have shown correlation between IFTA and ESKD, but with higher cutoff of IFTA (14, 37, 38). Given the low interobserver agreement in IFTA quantification in clinical practice (39), we suggest that a simplified RRS limited to eGFR and percentage of normal glomeruli should be considered for ESK prediction. In our study, removing IFTA from the model did not significantly modify ESKD prediction. Finally, the lack of association between histological lesions and eGFR variation may suggest more complex interplay between several histological lesions and non-histological factors.

Our cohort study is limited by its retrospective design and by the fact that therapeutic management has changed over years. Moreover, the nature and duration of treatment in selected subgroups of patients, such as elderly patients, may have been influenced by differences in local clinical practice. Despite these limitations, we observed rates of ESKD consistent with those of other cohorts using the histopathological classification and the RRS. Major strengths of our study are that kidney pathology analysis was centralized and that the cohort is well characterized, allowing to analyze a large number of variables.

In conclusion, this study shows that the RRS predicts ESKD more accurately than the histopathological classification during long-term follow-up, while prediction was not significantly improved at 3 years of follow-up. We also found that eGFR at ANCA-GN onset is associated with glomerular lesions and severity of IFTA, but in our study, these lesions are not major determinants of eGFR change at 2 years. The only determinant of eGFR variation was eGFR at ANCA-GN diagnosis. Interestingly, RRS value was not associated with eGFR change at 2 years, underlining that even patients with a severe disease have a potential for eGFR gain under treatment. Therefore, we suggest cautious interpretation of the RRS in relation to treatment decisions.

Data Availability Statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

Ethics Statement

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Comité d’Etique du CHU d’Angers. Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.

Author Contributions

BB, JFA, and JFS contributed to conception and design of the study. BB, CB, and PJ organized the database. JFA and JR performed the statistical analysis. BB and PJ wrote the first draft of the manuscript. MCC, CB, JPSA, and AC performed the pathological analysis. JFA and GBP revised the manuscript. NH, SW, AD, CS, JPC, and MC contributed in patient’s care. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.834878/full#supplementary-material

Supplementary Figure 1 | Kidney biopsy assessment in the ESKD risk cohort (n=123). Diagrams show the percentage of patients according to the number of glomeruli per biopsy (A), or percentage of normal (B), crescentic (C), sclerotic (D) glomeruli per biopsy or interstitial fibrosis + tubular atrophy (%). (F), percentage of patients according to the Berden classification.

Supplementary Figure 2 | Renal Risk Score components according to RRS categories. The diagrams show the percentage of patients according to proportion of normal glomeruli (A), of IFTA (B) and of eGFR (C) value (<15 mL/min). Comparisons were done using Khi2 test. RRS, renal risk score; IFTA, interstitial fibrosis + tubular atrophy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Supplementary Figure 3 | Forest plot of clinicopathologic parameters associated with ESKD in the ESKD risk cohort. Hazard ratios with their 95% CI and p-values were calculated using univariable cox analysis to predict ESKD. *Renal risk score value between a minimum score of 0 points to a maximum score of 11 points, HR is given for each one point increase; **, per 10% increase in normal glomeruli proportion; ***, per each 10% increase in IFTA; ****, for each 10 ml/min/1.73 m² eGFR increase.

Supplementary Figure 4 | ROC curve analysis of ESKD risk at 3-years and end of follow-up using RRS and modified RSS. Area under curve of Renal risk score (red line) and modified RRS (blue line) for ESKD prediction at 3-years (left panel) and at the end of follow-up (right panel). p-values indicate AUC comparisons of RRS score and modified RRS. AUC, Area under curve; RRS, renal risk score. Modified RRS was calculated by removing the IFTA score (maximum score of 9). Black p-values indicate AUC comparisons of RRS and modified RRS.

Supplementary Figure 5 | Rate of ESKD according to RRS, (A) at 3-years and (B) at the end of follow-up. RRS categories are indicated with different colours (green, low risk; blue, medium risk; red, high risk).

Supplementary Table 1 | Patients characteristics according to Renal Risk Score categories in the ESKD prognosis cohort (n=123).

Supplementary Table 2 | Univariable analysis of factors associated with eGFR at ANCA-GN onset in the eGFR cohort. Results are presented as median eGFR or median eGFR variation with 25-75 percentiles. IFTA, interstitial fibrosis + tubular atrophy; ATN, acute tubular necrosis; GN, glomerulonephritis.

Supplementary Table 3 | Univariable analysis of factors associated with eGFR variation between ANCA-GN onset and month 24 in the eGFR cohort after exclusion of patients that reached ESKD before month 24 (n=62). Results are presented as median eGFR variation with 25-75 percentiles, with + meaning eGFR gain and – meaning eGFR loss. IFTA, interstitial fibrosis + tubular atrophy; ATN, acute tubular necrosis; GN, glomerulonephritis.

References

1. Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Hu P, Xiao H. Pathogenesis of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibody-Associated Small-Vessel Vasculitis. Annu Rev Pathol (2013) 8:139–60. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011811-132453

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

2. Beauvillain C, Delneste Y, Renier G, Jeannin P, Subra JF, Chevailler A. Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibodies: How Should the Biologist Manage Them? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol (2008) 35(1-2):47–58. doi: 10.1007/s12016-007-8071-9

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

3. Sayegh J, Poli C, Chevailler A, Subra JF, Beloncle F, Deguigne PA, et al. Emergency Testing for Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies Combined With a Dialog-Based Policy Between Clinician and Biologist: Effectiveness for the Diagnosis of ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. Intern Emerg Med (2015) 10(3):315–9. doi: 10.1007/s11739-014-1141-0

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

4. Binda V, Moroni G, Messa P. ANCA-Associated Vasculitis With Renal Involvement. J Nephrol (2018) 31(2):197–208. doi: 10.1007/s40620-017-0412-z

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

5. Moiseev S, Novikov P, Jayne D, Mukhin N. End-Stage Renal Disease in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant (2017) 32(2):248–53. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfw046

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

6. Jennette JC, Nachman PH. ANCA Glomerulonephritis and Vasculitis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol (2017) 12(10):1680–91. doi: 10.2215/CJN.02500317

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

7. Smith R. Complications of Therapy for ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. Rheumatol (Oxford) (2020) 59(Supplement_3):iii74–8. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez618

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

8. Mukhtyar C, Flossmann O, Hellmich B, Bacon P, Cid M, Cohen-Tervaert JW, et al. Outcomes From Studies of Antineutrophil Cytoplasm Antibody Associated Vasculitis: A Systematic Review by the European League Against Rheumatism Systemic Vasculitis Task Force. Ann Rheum Dis (2008) 67(7):1004–10. doi: 10.1136/ard.2007.071936

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

9. Jourdain P, Brilland B, Medhioub O, Caron J, Samoreau C, Djema A, et al. Incidence and Temporal Trend in Risk Factors of Severe Infections in ANCA-Glomerulonephritis Patients. Kidney Int Rep (2021) 6(4):1161–5. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.12.037

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

10. Jayne DR, Gaskin G, Rasmussen N, Abramowicz D, Ferrario F, Guillevin L, et al. Randomized Trial of Plasma Exchange or High-Dosage Methylprednisolone as Adjunctive Therapy for Severe Renal Vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol (2007) 18(7):2180–8. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2007010090

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

11. Berden AE, Ferrario F, Hagen EC, Jayne DR, Jennette JC, Joh K, et al. Histopathologic Classification of ANCA-Associated Glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol (2010) 21(10):1628–36. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2010050477

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

12. van Daalen EE, Wester Trejo MAC, Goceroglu A, Ferrario F, Joh K, Noel LH, et al. Developments in the Histopathological Classification of ANCA-Associated Glomerulonephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol (2020) 15(8):1103–11. doi: 10.2215/CJN.14561119

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

13. Brix SR, Noriega M, Tennstedt P, Vettorazzi E, Busch M, Nitschke M, et al. Development and Validation of a Renal Risk Score in ANCA-Associated Glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int (2018) 94(6):1177–88. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.07.020

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

14. Hauer HA, Bajema IM, Van Houwelingen HC, Ferrario F, Noel LH, Waldherr R, et al. Determinants of Outcome in ANCA-Associated Glomerulonephritis: A Prospective Clinico-Histopathological Analysis of 96 Patients. Kidney Int (2002) 62(5):1732–42. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00605.x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

15. Lepeytre F, Royal V, Lavoie PL, Bollee G, Gougeon F, Beauchemin S, et al. Estimating the Change in Renal Function During the First Year of Therapy in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. Kidney Int Rep (2019) 4(4):594–602. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2019.02.005

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

16. Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, Basu N, Cid MC, Ferrario F, et al. 2012 Revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum (2013) 65(1):1–11. doi: 10.1002/art.37715

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

17. Luqmani RA, Bacon PA, Moots RJ, Janssen BA, Pall A, Emery P, et al. Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) in Systemic Necrotizing Vasculitis. QJM (1994) 87(11):671–8.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

18. Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D. A More Accurate Method to Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate From Serum Creatinine: A New Prediction Equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med (1999) 130(6):461–70. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-130-6-199903160-00002

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

19. DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL. Comparing the Areas Under Two or More Correlated Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves: A Nonparametric Approach. Biometrics (1988) 44(3):837–45. doi: 10.2307/2531595

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

20. Guibert F, Garnier AS, Wacrenier S, Piccoli G, Djema A, Gansey R, et al. Patients With ANCA-Associated Glomerulonephritis and Connective Tissue Diseases: A Comparative Study From the Maine-Anjou AAV Registry. J Clin Med (2019) 8(8). doi: 10.3390/jcm8081218

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

21. Henry N, Brilland B, Wacrenier S, Djema A, Garnier AS, Gansey R, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors of Venous Thromboembolic Events in Patients With ANCA-Glomerulonephritis: A Cohort Study From the Maine-Anjou Registry. J Clin Med (2020) 9(10). doi: 10.3390/jcm9103177

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

22. An XN, Wei ZN, Yao XY, Xu J, Qian WT, Pan XX, et al. Evaluating Renal Outcome of ANCA-Associated Renal Vasculitis: Comparative Study of Two Histopathological Scoring Systems. Clin Exp Rheumatol (2021) 39 Suppl 129(2):39–45.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

23. Boudhabhay I, Delestre F, Coutance G, Gnemmi V, Quemeneur T, Vandenbussche C, et al. Reappraisal of Renal Arteritis in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: Clinical Characteristics, Pathology, and Outcome. J Am Soc Nephrol (2021) 32(9):2362–74. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2020071074

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

24. Gercik O, Bilgin E, Solmaz D, Cakalagaoglu F, Saglam A, Aybi O, et al. Histopathological Subgrouping Versus Renal Risk Score for the Prediction of End-Stage Renal Disease in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis (2020) 79(5):675–6. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216742

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

25. Mejia-Vilet JM, Martin-Nares E, Cano-Verduzco ML, Perez-Arias AA, Sedano-Montoya MA, Hinojosa-Azaola A. Validation of a Renal Risk Score in a Cohort of ANCA-Associated Vasculitis Patients With Severe Kidney Damage. Clin Rheumatol (2020) 39(6):1935–43. doi: 10.1007/s10067-020-04936-5

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

26. Jebali H, Khadhar M, Mami I, Beji S, Sellami M, Hassen M, et al. Predictors of Renal Outcomes in Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody Glomerulonephritis. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl (2020) 31(1):182–90. doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.279939

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

27. Villacorta J, Diaz-Crespo F, Guerrero C, Acevedo M, Cavero T, Fernandez-Juarez G. Long-Term Validation of the Renal Risk Score for Vasculitis in a Southern European Population. Clin Kidney J (2021) 14(1):220–5. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfaa073

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

28. Tan PG, O'Brien J, Pusey CD, McAdoo SP. Validation of the ANCA Renal Risk Score in a London Cohort: Potential Impact of Treatment on Prediction Outcome. Kidney Int (2021) 99(2):488–9. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.04.061

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

29. Bai X, Guo Q, Lou Y, Nie P, Zhu Y, Li B, et al. Validation of the Renal Risk Score for Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Glomerulonephritis in a Chinese Population. Clin Rheumatol (2021) 40:5009–17. doi: 10.1007/s10067-021-05862-w

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

30. Kant S, Costigliolo F, Brix SR, Fenaroli P, Rosenberg A, Geetha D. Application of the ANCA Renal Risk Score in the United States: A Single-Center Experience. Kidney Med (2021) 3(4):686–8. doi: 10.1016/j.xkme.2021.04.005

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

31. Chang DY, Wu LH, Liu G, Chen M, Kallenberg CG, Zhao MH. Re-Evaluation of the Histopathologic Classification of ANCA-Associated Glomerulonephritis: A Study of 121 Patients in a Single Center. Nephrol Dial Transplant (2012) 27(6):2343–9. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfr643

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

32. Hilhorst M, Wilde B, van Breda Vriesman P, van Paassen P, Cohen Tervaert JW, Limburg Renal R. Estimating Renal Survival Using the ANCA-Associated GN Classification. J Am Soc Nephrol (2013) 24(9):1371–5. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2012090912

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

33. Quintana LF, Perez NS, De Sousa E, Rodas LM, Griffiths MH, Sole LM, et al. ANCA Serotype and Histopathological Classification for the Prediction of Renal Outcome in ANCA-Associated Glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant (2014) 29(9):1764–9. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfu084

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

34. Bjorneklett R, Sriskandarajah S, Bostad L. Prognostic Value of Histologic Classification of ANCA-Associated Glomerulonephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol (2016) 11(12):2159–67. doi: 10.2215/CJN.04800516

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

35. Ge Y, Yang G, Yu X, Sun B, Zhang B, Yuan Y, et al. Outcome Predictors of Biopsy-Proven Myeloperoxidase-Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Glomerulonephritis. Front Immunol (2020) 11:607261. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607261

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

36. Vergunst CE, van Gurp E, Hagen EC, van Houwelingen HC, Hauer HA, Noel LH, et al. An Index for Renal Outcome in ANCA-Associated Glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis (2003) 41(3):532–8. doi: 10.1053/ajkd.2003.50115

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

37. Ford SL, Polkinghorne KR, Longano A, Dowling J, Dayan S, Kerr PG, et al. Histopathologic and Clinical Predictors of Kidney Outcomes in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. Am J Kidney Dis (2014) 63(2):227–35. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.08.025

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

38. Menez S, Hruskova Z, Scott J, Cormican S, Chen M, Salama AD, et al. Predictors of Renal Outcomes in Sclerotic Class Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody Glomerulonephritis. Am J Nephrol (2018) 48(6):465–71. doi: 10.1159/000494840

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

39. Wester Trejo MAC, van Daalen EE, Berden AE, Wolterbeek R, van Es LA, Bos WJW, et al. A Renal Risk Score for ANCA-Associated Glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int (2019) 96(1):245. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.01.046

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar