Feifei Yu
Yishan Lu
Zhiming Zhong1
Xiangyong Yu- 1Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- 2Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- 3Ocean College, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is an important transcription factor that plays a key role in melanogenesis, cell proliferation, survival and immune defense in vertebrate. However, its function and function mechanism in bivalve are still rarely known. In this research, first, a Mitf gene was characterized from Pteria penguin (P. penguin). The PpMitf contained an open reading frame of 1,350 bp, encoding a peptide of 449 deduced amino acids with a highly conserved basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper (bHLH-LZ) domain. The PpMITF shared 55.7% identity with amino acid sequence of Crassostrea gigas (C. gigas). Tissue distribution analysis revealed that PpMitf was highly expressed in mantle and hemocytes, which were important tissues for color formation and innate immunity. Second, the functions of PpMitf in melanin synthesis and innate immunity were identified. The PpMitf silencing significantly decreased the tyrosinase activity and melanin content, indicating PpMitf involved in melanin synthesis of P. penguin. Meanwhile, the PpMitf silencing clearly down-regulated the expression of PpBcl2 (B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 gene) and antibacterial activity of hemolymph supernatant, indicating that PpMitf involved in innate immunity of P. penguin. Third, the function mechanism of PpMitf in immunity was analyzed. The promoter sequence analysis of tyrosinase (Tyr) revealed two highly conserved E-box elements, which were specifically recognized by HLH-LZ of MITF. The luciferase activities analysis showed that Mitf could activate the E-box in Tyr promoter through highly conserved bHLH-LZ domain, and demonstrated that PpMitf involved in melanin synthesis and innate immunity by regulating tyrosinase expression. Finally, melanin from P. penguin, the final production of Mitf-Tyr-melanin pathway, was confirmed to have direct antibacterial activity. The results collectively demonstrated that PpMitf played a key role in innate immunity through activating tyrosinase-mediated melanin synthesis in P. penguin.
Introduction
Invertebrates lack highly evolved adaptive immunity system, and completely rely on innate immunity mediated by both cellular and humoral components to protect the host from microbial challenge (1, 2). Most invertebrates have several innate immune responses, of which melanization is an important humoral immune response (3, 4). By melanization, the melanin is largely synthesized and deposited in infected site for wound healing, phagocytosis, parasite entrapment and microbe killing (1, 5). Although there is no typical melanization observed in bivalve, the melanin and the enzymes involved in melanin synthesis are speculated to be important for innate immunity of bivalve (1, 6).
The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a member of microphthalmia-associated transcriptional factor (MiT) family of transcription factors (7, 8). MITF acts as a central transcription factor to regulate the expression of tyrosinase (Tyr), an initial and rate-limiting enzyme of melanin synthesis, and controls the melanin production (9, 10). MITF also participates in immune defense by regulating lots of target genes in innate immune signaling pathway, such as tyrosinase, pthnoloxidase (PO), cathepsin K (CTSK) and B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (BCL2) (7, 11, 12). Although Mitf genes have been widely reported in vertebrates, the reports in bivalve are quite meager, only two Mitf genes have been identified from Patinopecten yessoensis and Meretrix petechialis so far (13, 14). It is not known whether Mitf performs a similar function in melanin synthesis and innate immunity of bivalve.
The winged pearl oyster Pteria penguin (P. penguin) is an important commercial bivalve cultivated in South Sea, and is used to produce high-quality sea pearls (15). P. penguin has pure black shell, suggesting the existence of abundant melanin. Our previous researches have confirmed that melanin determines the color formation of nacre of P. penguin (16, 17). It is worth studying whether melanin involves in innate immunity, and how melanin-synthesis related genes regulate the innate immune response of bivalve.
In this research, we characterized the new Mitf gene from P. penguin, and confirmed it played a crucial role in both melanin synthesis and innate immunity. Moreover, mechanism studies showed that PpMitf was involved in innate immunity by activating tyrosinase and motivating the biosynthesis of melanin. Mitf–Tyr–melanin pathway is an essential pathway in innate immunity of P. penguin
Materials and Methods
Experimental Animals and Arbutin Treatment
The P. penguin used in this research were cultivated in Weizhou Island in Beihai, Guangxi Province, China. Their shell length is 14 ± 1 cm, weighing 400 ± 50 g. They were held in circulating seawater at 25 ± 0.5°C for 5 days in lab prior to experiments. If necessary, the experimental individuals were immersed in 10 mM arbutin diluted with seawater for 7 days to inhibit tyrosinase activity.
RNA Interference Experiment and Samples Collection
RNA interference was performed to identify the function of PpMitf gene. The PpMitf-siRNA1 was synthesized to silence the N-terminal conserved region, and PpMitf-siRNA2 was synthesized to silence the highly conserved HLH-LZ domain. The GFP-siRNA was synthesized from pEGFP-N3 plasmid as a negative control (NC) (primers as Table 1). In blank group, the experimental animals were cultivated with the recirculating seawater without any treatment. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was synthesized with T7 High Efficiency Transcription Kit (TransGen, China) and purified with EasyPure RNA Purification Kit (TransGen, China). 100 μl of 1 μg/μl dsRNA were gently injected into adductor muscle of experimental individuals, and were injected again at the 5th day with the same dose to enhance the silencing effect. At the 8th day, the mantle was collected for RNA extraction, tyrosinase activity assay and melanin analysis. The hemolymph was collected from adductor muscle and immediately centrifuged at 800g, 4°C for 10 min to separate the hemocytes and supernatant. The hemocytes were harvested for tissue distribution analysis, and the supernatant was filter-sterilized (0.22 μm) for antibacterial activity. Each of the experimental groups contained five individuals.
Table 1 Primers used in the study.
RNA Isolation and cDNA Synthesis
Total RNA were isolated from about 2 g of mantle, gill, adductor muscle, digestive diverticulum, foot, gonad and hemocytes of P. penguin using RNeasyMini Kit (Qiagen, USA). The single strand cDNA was synthesized from total RNA using a Superscript II polymerase kit (TransGen, China) and used as templates of Real-Time PCR. The random primers was employed for cDNA synthesis.
The cDNA Cloning and Sequence Analysis
The full-length cDNA of Mitf was obtained with SMART RACE cDNA Amplification Kit (Clontech, USA) and Advantage 2 cDNA Polymerase Mix (Clontech, USA). The specific primers (PpMitf-outer-F and PpMitf-outer-R) were designed based on the partial sequence from the transcriptome, and were used to amplify the 3’ and 5’ sequences. The nested-PCR was performed to enrich the specific DNA band using PpMitf-inner-F and PpMitf-inner-R. The nested-PCR program was conducted as follows: 94°C for 4 min, 35 cycles (94°C for 30 s, 57°C for 30 s and 72°C for 1 min 20 s in each cycle) and 72°C for 10 min. The test-PCR was employed to certify the nucleotide sequence using PpMitf-test-F and PpMitf-test-R. All primers were showed in Table 1.
The Mitf cDNA was analyzed using the BLAST program, and the open reading fragment (ORF) was identified using ORF Finder. The signal peptide was predicted by SignalP. Multiple sequences were aligned using Clustal W, and phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 6. The protein molecular weight and theoretical pI were analyzed by programs online (http://web.expasy.org/cgibin/protparam/protparam).
Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) Analysis
The Real-Time PCR was performed by the Applied Biosystems 7500/7500 Fast Real-time System (ABI, USA) following the manufacturer’s protocol of DyNAmo Flash SYBR Green qPCR Kit (Thermo scientific, USA). The reaction was run in a 10 μl volume containing 20 ng of cDNA, 0.3 μM of each primer and 5 μl SYBR green Master Mix. The PCR parameters were 95°C for 2 min, followed by 38 cycles of 95°C for 5 s, 58°C for 20 s and 72°C for 20 s. The specific primers were listed in Table 1, and β-actin was used as internal control. The 2−ΔΔCT method was applied to calculate the relative expression levels of genes. Each reaction was repeated in triplicate.
Tyrosinase Activity Assay
Tyrosinase activity assays were performed following the previous reports with minor modification (17–19). 1 g mantle tissue was homogenized in 3 ml of 0.1 mol/L Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS, pH 6.8), and was centrifuged at 12,000g for 10 min to obtain the supernatant (about 1 ml). Then, 0.5 ml of 5 mmol/L 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) was mixed with all the supernatant, and incubated at 37°C for 30 min. The absorbance of the mixture was recorded at 475 nm. The tryosinase activity was defined as increased or decreased absorbance in 30 min at 475 nm.
Isolation and Oxidation of Total Melanin
The melanin was isolated from mantle of P. penguin and oxidized as follows (15). 1 g mantle sample was finely homogenized on ice, mixed with 15 ml PBS (pH 7.4) with 2% (m/V) papain (J&K, China), and incubated at 55°C for 20 h. The precipitate was obtained by centrifuging at 12,000g for 10 min, and then was successively washed with 2 ml mineral ether, ethanol and water. After that, the obtained black precipitate was raw melanin production.
8.6 ml of 1 mol/L K2CO3 and 0.8 ml of 30% H2O2 were used to dissolve and oxidize the raw melanin. The mixture was heated at 100°C for 20 min and cooled down to room temperature. The residual H2O2 was decomposed by 0.4 ml of 10% Na2SO3, and 6 mol/L HCl was then added to adjust pH to 1.0. The mixture was centrifuged at 8,000g for 10 min to get the supernatant, which then was extracted using 70 ml of ether and dried to crystalline residue. Finally, crystalline residues were redissolved in mobile phase or water, and were filtered through 0.45 μm nylon membrane (Millipore, USA) before using.
LC-MS/MS Assay of Melanin
The liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) was employed to detect the content and component of melanin (16, 20). The chromatographic separation was performed using an Acquity ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system (Waters, USA) with a Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 μm particle size). The mobile phase A was 0.1% of formic acid/deionized water (v/v), and mobile phase B was 0.1% of formic acid/methanol (v/v). The ratio of mobile phases A and B was 9:1 in the first 3 min, and 1:9 in the last 3 min. It kept 6 min in one cycle. Analyses were performed at 40°C at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min. As the MS/MS detection, a Xevo TQ triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was operated in positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode. The Mass spectrometer parameters were as follows: The source temperature was 150°C, and desolvation temperature was 550°C. The cone gas flow, desolvation gas flow and collision gas flow were 50 L/h, 1.100 L/h and 0.14 ml/min (argon), respectively. The analytes were monitored in multireaction monitoring mode (MRM).
Genome Walking
The promoter region of PpTyr was cloned using the Universal Genome Walker 2.0 Kit (Clontech, USA). The Genome Walker libraries were constructed using the genomic DNA, which was extracted from P. penguin by E.Z.N.A. Tissue DNA Kit (Omega, America). Three primers (Tyr-SP1, Tyr-SP2 and Tyr-SP3) were designed to amplify the single DNA fragments of Tyr. The PCR program was conducted as follow: 94°C for 1 min, 98°C for 1 min, five cycles (94°C for 30 s, 62°C for 1 min and 72°C for 3 min in each cycle), 15 cycles (94°C for 30 s, 25°C for 3 min, 72°C for 3 min; 94°C for 30 s, 62°C for 1 min, 72°C for 3 min; 94°C for 30 s, 44°C for 1 min, 72°C for 3 min) and 72°C for 10 min. Then the Tyr-pro-F and Tyr-pro-R were used to verify the amplified sequence (Table 1).
Plasmids Construction
The Mitf-pcDNA3.1 plasmid was made by inserting the Mitf ORF sequence into pcDNA 3.1 vector with NheI and XbaI. The primers PpMitf-pcDNA3.1-F and PpMitf-pcDNA3.1-R were used to amplify the Mitf ORF (Table 1). The Mitf-△HLHLZ sequence, which was HLHLZ-deleted-Mitf ORF sequence (deletion from 854 to 1,022), was synthesized and inserted into the pcDNA3.1 vector with NheI and XbaI to construct the Mitf-△HLHLZ-pcDNA3.1 plasmid.
The Tyr promoter-driven luciferase reporter construct (Tyr-promoter-Luc) was made by inserting the whole Tyr promoter region (from −1,943 to −1) in front of the luciferase reporter gene in pGL3-Basic vector. The primers Tyr-pro-luc-F and Tyr-pro-luc-R were used to amplify the Tyr promoter fragment (Table 1). The Ebox-deleted-promoters were synthesized and inserted into the pGL3-Basic vector to construct the Tyr-△Ebox1-promoter-Luc (deletion from −1,767 to −1,761), Tyr-△Ebox2-promoter-Luc (deletion from −1,613 to −1,607) and Tyr-△Eboxes-promoter-Luc plasmids (deletion from −1,767 to −1,607). The NheI and HindIII were employed to digest the DNA fragment and pGL3-Basic vector.
Luciferase Activity Assay
To analyze the Tyr promoter activity, 293T cells were grown in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) at 37°C in incubator with CO2. 0.4 μg of Tyr-promoter-Luc vector and 0.04 μg pRL-cmv vector were diluted in 50 μl DMEM and mixed with 1 μl of Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, USA) in 50 μl DMEM. After incubation for 5min at room temperature, the 100 μl of mixture was transfected into cells in 24-well plate. 0.4 μg of pGL3-Basic vector and 0.04 μg pRL-cmv vector were transfected as control. After 48h, the cells were collected and lysed using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega, America). The fluorescence intensity was measured by Junior LB9509 Luminometer. Luciferase activities were presented by relative light units (RLU) of firefly fluorescence to Renilla fluorescence. Each independent experiment was repeated five times.
To analyze the regulation of Mitf on Tyr promoter, the transfected 293T cells were cotransfected with 0.4 μg Mitf-pcDNA3.1, 0.4 μg of Tyr-promoter-Luc vector and 0.04 μg pRL-cmv vector, 0.4 μg pcDNA3.1 plasmid was used as control. To confirm the function of conserved HLH-LZ domain in MITF, Mitf-△HLHLZ-pcDNA3.1, Tyr-promoter-Luc and pRL-cmv plasmids were cotransfected into 293T cells. To elaborate the role of E-box in Tyr promoter, the Mitf-pcDNA3.1, Tyr-△Ebox-promoter-Luc plasmid and pRL-cmv vector were cotransfected.
Western Blot
The equal amounts of transfected 293T cells were collected and used for proteins extraction with TRIZOL reagent (Invitrogen, USA) according to the previous report (21). The protein extracts were separated on the 12% SDS-PAGE gel and electrophoretically transferred to a PVDF membrane (Millipore, USA). The membrane was blocked with 3% BSA (Bovine serum albumin)/PBS (phosphate buffer saline) for whole night, and then was washed for three times by PBST, each for 10 min. The membrane was incubated with primary antibody in 1% BSA/PBS for 1.5 h, washed three times and then incubated with secondary antibody for 1 h at room temperature. After another three 10-min washes with PBST, the membrane was stained with NBT/BCIP staining system (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and by detected in dark. The anti-Flag antibody (Yeasen, China) was used as primary antibody with dilution ratio of 1:1,000. The anti-actin antibody (Yeasen, China) was used as an internal control with dilution ratio of 1:4,000. The HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was used as secondary antibody at 1:4,000.
Antibacterial Activity Assay of Hemolymph Supernatant
The antibacterial activity of the hemolymph supernatant was assayed using the method described previously (22, 23). The protein concentrations in haemolymph supernate from NC, siRNA1 and siRNA2 groups were adjusted to 1.0 mg/ml using Nanodrop spectrophotometers (Thermo scientific, USA). The 50 μl of sterile hemolymph supernatant was mixed with 50 μl of E. coli containing pMD-18T vector (TaKaRa, Japan) at a density of 1 × 106 colony forming units (CFU)/ml, and incubated at 37°C for 30 min with shaking. Then, 50 μl of mixture was diluted with 250 μl LB medium, and pipetted into a sterile 96-well plate. The plate was incubated at 37°C for 12 h, and the absorbance at 600 nm was measured at intervals of 30min. The time when OD600 absorbance of NC group reached the maximum was recorded, and half of the time was defined as T50. The OD600 value at T50 was used to represent the anti-bacterial activity of hemolymph supernatant. Five individuals were used in each treatment group.
Antibacterial Activity Assay of Melanin Oxidation Products
The E. coli with pMD-18T vector (TaKaRa, Japan) was cultured to a density of 1 × 106 CFU/ml (24). The melanin of 1 g mantle from NC, siRNA1 and siRNA2 groups was extracted, oxidized, filtered and resolved in 50 μl sterilized water. Then, 50 μl melanin oxidation production was mixed with 150 μl E. coli with ampicillin resistance, and shaken for 0.5 h at 37°C. In melanin-addition groups, 0.1 g melanin (J&K, China) was oxidized, filtered, resolved and added into the mixture. Then, 100 μl mixture was evenly spread on plates with LB medium and 50 μg/ml ampicillin. After incubation at 37°C for 24 h, the number of visible colonies was counted.
Statistical Analysis
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the significant differences in different samples (n = six replicates) by SPSS (Version 17.0, Chicago, IL, USA). Data were shown as mean± SD. *(P <0.05) meant significant difference, and **(P <0.01) meant highly significant difference.
Results
Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Mitf cDNA in P. penguin
The complete coding sequence of Mitf in P. penguin was cloned from mantle by RACE-PCR and named as PpMitf (Genbank accession no. MN296415). The complete nucleotide sequence of PpMitf was 1,774 bp in length, containing a 1350-bp open reading frame (69–1,418), a 68-bp 5′-untranslated region (UTR) and a 356-bp 3’-UTR with a typical signal sequence (AATAA) located upstream of poly (A) tail (Figure 1). The ORF encoded 449 deduced amino acids without a signal peptide. The predicted polypeptide sequence contained a basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper (bHLH-LZ) domain, which recognized with E-box or M-box of downstream genes. The deduced molecular mass of PpMitf protein was 50.5 kDa with a theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 5.34.
Figure 1 The full-length nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of PpMitf. The ORF sequence was displayed in uppercase, the 5’ UTR and 3’ UTR sequences were displayed in lowercase. The initiation codon (ATG) and termination codon (TGA) were boxed. The putative bHLH-LZ domains were boxed in gray. The signal peptide (aataa) was marked in boldface. * meant no amino acid was coded.
Multiple Sequence Alignment and Phylogenetic Analyses
The DNAMAN6 software (Lynnon Biosoft, Canada) was used to determine the homology among Mitf gene from different species. The PpMitf shared the highest sequence similarity (55.7%) with Mitf gene of Crassostrea gigas, and 53.7, 51.6 and 51.3% sequence similarity with Mitf-like genes of Crassostrea virginica, Pecten maximus and Mizuhopecten yessoensis, respectively. The amino acid sequence comparison showed a highly conserved basic HLH-LZ domain among mollusks, fish, amphibians, birds and mammals. Another relatively conserved region was in the N-terminal, and named as N-terminal conserved domain. (Figures 1 and 2A)
Figure 2 Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis. (A) Multiple sequence comparison of Mitf amino acid sequences in various species, including Pteria penguin (PpMitf, MN296415), Crassostrea gigas (CgMitf, XP_011447560.2), Crassostrea virginica (CvMitf-like, XP_022298291.1), Mizuhopecten yessoensis (MyMitf-like, XP_021364176.1), Pecten maximus (PmMitf-like, XP_033745263.1), Mytilus coruscus (McMitf, CAC5409749.1), Hyriopsis cumingii (HcMitf, QBG58751.1), Pomacea canaliculata (PcMitf, XP_025106304.1), Octopus vulgaris (OvMitf-like, XP_029634800.1), Danio rerio (DrMitf, NP_571922.2), Xenopus laevis (XlMitf, NP_001165646.1), Gallus gallus (GgMitf, BAA25648.1), Mus musculus (MsMitf, AAF81266.2). The black background showed highly conserved amino acids, the green and pink background showed similar amino acids. HLH-LZ domain was boxed in red, and N-terminal conserved domain was boxed in blue. (B) Phylogenetic tree of Mitf genes. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using neighbor-joining method. Numbers at the nodes represented the bootstrap values determined by bootstrap analysis of 1,000 replicates. The scale bar indicated the number of amino acid substitutions per site.
To understand the evolutionary relationships among PpMitf and that of other species, the phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA7 (Figure 2B).The PpMitf was located in one clade with Mitf protein of C. gigas and Mitf-like protein of C. virginica, indicating that they were the most closely related homologs. Moreover, seven Mitf genes of bivalves, including P. penguin, C. gigas, C. virginica, M. yessoensis, Hyriopsis cumingii, P. maximus and Mytilus coruscus, were contained in a close cluster. The Mitf genes of Pomacea canaliculata and Octopus vulgaris showed high homology with bivalves. On the other hand, all Mitf genes of vertebrates referred, including Danio rerio, Xenopus laevis, Gallus gallus and Mus musculus, were grouped into a big clade, and showed low homology with PpMitf gene.
PpMitf Expression Profile in Different Tissues
Using the qRT-PCR, the PpMitf mRNA levels from various tissues were investigated (Figure 3). PpMitf gene showed the highest expression levels in mantle and hemocytes, higher levels in gill and digestive diverticulum, and the lowest levels in adductor muscle, foot and gonad. Since PpMitf was mainly expressed in the mantle, which was responsible for melanin synthesis, nacre formation and innate immune response, the mantle was then used for gene expression, tyrosinase activity and melanin content analysis.
Figure 3 The expression of PpMitf in different tissues was validated by qRT-PCR. The abundance of PpMitf mRNA was normalized to that of β-actin of P. penguin. The data were represented as mean ± SD (N = 5). Different letters (a, b, bc and d) meant significant difference among these columns (P <0.05).
PpMitf Silencing Inhibited Tyrosinase Activity
RNA interference was conducted to examine the role of Mitf in melanin synthesis of P. penguin. The PpMitf-siRNA1 and PpMitf-siRNA2 were used to specifically silence the N-terminal conserved region and the HLH-LZ domain (Figure 4A). The PpMitf mRNA levels were measured by qRT-PCR after RNAi. Figure 4B showed that the PpMitf transcripts were down-regulated by 42.1% (P <0.05) and 65.9% (P <0.01) in siRNA1 and siRNA2 groups compared with the negative control (NC) group, indicating RNA interference produced a good silencing effect of PpMitf mRNA.
Figure 4 The effect of Mitf silencing on Tyr expression and tyrosinase activity. (A) The position and length of siRNA1 and siRNA2 (B) The PpMitf expression and tyrosinase activity analysis. The samples were from blank group, NC group (GFP-siRNA), PpMitf-siRNA1 and PpMitf-siRNA2 group. The β-actin of P. penguin was used as an internal control in qRT-PCR. The arbutin group was used as positive control in tyrosinase activity analysis. The data were represented as mean ± SD (N = 5). *P <0.05; **P <0.01; No signal means no difference.
Tyrosinase activity is regarded as a marker of melanin biosynthesis because of its role as a key rate-limiting enzyme. The tyrosinase activity was represented by change in absorbance owing to the conversion of dopaquinone to dopachrome. The tyrosinase activity was significantly decreased by 30.2% through silencing N-terminal conserved domain (siRNA1 group) (P <0.05) and by 49.6% through silencing bHLH-LZ domain (siRNA2 group) (P <0.01) compared to NC group (Figure 4B). In positive control group, the experimental individuals were immersed in 10 mM arbutin, a typical tyrosinase activity inhibitor, and their tyrosinase activities were analyzed. The tyrosinase activity was significantly inhibited by 68.8% after arbutin treatment compared to blank group (P <0.01). This results indicated that the PpMitf silencing could inhibit tyrosinase activity in P. penguin.
PpMitf Silencing Reduced Melanin Content
After RNA interference, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of melanin were performed by LC-MS/MS. The mass spectrometry analysis verified that the main alkaline oxidation products of melanin from P. Penguin were pyrrole-2, 3-dicarboxylic acid (PDCA) and pyrrole-2, 3, 5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA), with molecular weight at 156 and 199 g/mol. The quantitative analysis was measured based on the peak area of PDCA and PTCA, which appeared at 2.42 and 3.62 min (Figure 5A). The PDCA content was reduced by 35.9% through N-terminal conserved domain knockdown (siRNA1 group), and 48.5% through bHLH-LZ domain knockdown (siRNA2 group) (P <0.05). Similarly, the PTCA content was reduced by 29.1% by siRNA1 (P <0.05) and 42.8% by siRNA2 (P <0.01). The total content of PDCA and PTCA was clearly decreased by 30.2% through N-terminal conserved domain knockdown (P <0.05), by 45.2% through HLH-LZ domain knockdown (P <0.01), and by 65.9% through arbutin treatment (P <0.01) (Figure 5B). The data indicated that PpMitf regulated melanin synthesis in P. penguin.
Figure 5 The content of melanin from samples in blank, NC, RNAi groups and arbutin group using LC-MS/MS analysis. (A) HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) chromatograms. (B) The content of PDCA and PTCA. The data were represented as the mean ± SD (N = 5). *P <0.05; **P <0.01.
Mitf Silencing Inhibited the Transcription of Tyr, Cdk2 and Bcl2 in P. penguin
Since PpMitf silencing significantly reduced the tyrosinase activity and melanin content, we speculated that PpMitf silencing might inhibit the expression of tyrosinase gene in P. penguin. To prove this point, qRT-PCR was employed to detect the transcript level of PpTyr. As expected, the PpTyr mRNA was significantly down-regulated by 37.9% (P <0.05) by Mitf-siRNA1 and 61.0% (P <0.01) by Mitf-siRNA2 (Figure 6). This suggested that PpMitf took part in melanin synthesis by regulating the expression of Tyr in P. penguin.
Figure 6 Transcriptional levels of PpTyr, PpCdk2 and PpBcl2 after PpMitf RNAi. The qRT-PCR was performed using samples from blank, NC, siRNA1 and siRNA2 group. The abundance of mRNA was normalized to that of β-actin of P. penguin. The data were represented as the mean ± SD (N = 5). *P <0.05; **P <0.01.
In vertebrate, PpMitf, as a central transcriptional factor, controls the differentiation, growth and survival of melanocyte via Tyr, Cdk2 (cyclin-dependent kinase 2) and Bcl2, respectively (25). So the PpCdk2 and PpBcl2 transcripts were analyzed after PpMitf silencing. The siRNA1 inhibited PpCdk2 mRNA by 24.2% (P <0.05), and the siRNA2 inhibited PpCdk2 by 40.3% (P <0.05). The PpBcl2 mRNA was suppressed by 31.7% (P <0.05) and 51.6% (P <0.01) by siRNA1 and siRNA2 (Figure 6). These data suggested that PpMitf was capable of regulating the expression of Cdk2 and Bcl2 in P. penguin, similar to that of vertebrate.
Sequence Characterization of Tyr promoter
To analyze the expression regulation of PpTyr, the upstream promoter sequence of PpTyr was amplified by standard PCR and genome walking. As shown in Figure 7, a 1,959-bp genomic sequence upstream of initiation codon (ATG) was amplified by special primers. The transcriptional start site of Tyr gene, located 16 bp upstream from the ATG, was designated as position +1. The 1,943-bp sequence upstream of the transcriptional start site was considered as a putative promoter. Sequence analysis of the promoter revealed two typical E-box (CATGTG) elements, recognized by bHLH-LZ transcription factors, were located at positions from −1,767 to −1,761 and from −1,613 to −1,607. In addition, the tyrosinase promoter contained six putative cAMP response element (CRE) and three putative activating protein 2 (AP-2) binding sites, both of which were thought to response to intracellular Camp (26).
Figure 7 Sequence of the Tyr promoter. The putative transcriptional start site was indicated with box, and the initiation codon was bolded. The two conserved E-box, six CRE sites, two AP-2 sites were shaded in gray. The putative CAAT box and TATA box were underlined.
PpMitf Activated the Expression of PpTyr
The activity of PpTyr promoter was measured by dual-luciferase reporter assays. The Tyr-promoter-Luc (from −1,943 to -1) was constructed and transfected into the 293T cells. The pGL3-Basic vector was transfected as control. As shown in Figure 8A, cells transfected with pGL3-Basic vector showed a low level of luciferase activity, while the Tyr-promoter-Luc construct induced a high luciferase activity, indicating that this is a strong promoter.
Figure 8 The PpTyr promoter activity was induced by PpMitf. (A) PpTyr promoter activity analysis. The 293T cells in 24-well plates were transfected with 0.4 μg of Tyr-promoter-Luc (pGL3-Basic in control) and 0.04 μg pRL-cmv vector. 48 h post transfection, cells were collected for luciferase activity assays. (B) The construction of Mitf-pcDNA3.1, Mitf-△HLHLZ-pcDNA3.1, Tyr-△Eboxes-promoter-Luc, Tyr-△Ebox1-promoter-Luc and Tyr-△Ebox2-promoter-Luc plasmids. (C) The function analysis of HLHLZ domain in MITF and E-box in Tyr promoter by luciferase activity analysis and western blot. Column and lane 1, the 293T cells were cotransfected with pcDNA3.1 and Tyr-promoter-Luc vector; Column and lane 2, Mitf-pcDNA3.1 and Tyr-promoter-Luc; Column and lane 3, Mitf-△HLHLZ-pcDNA3.1 and Tyr-promoter-Luc; Column and lane 4, Mitf-pcDNA3.1 and △Eboxes-promoter-Luc; Column and lane 5, Mitf-pcDNA3.1 and △Ebox1-promoter-Luc; Column and lane 6, Mitf-pcDNA3.1 and △Ebox2-promoter-Luc. The data were represented as the mean ± SD (N = 5). *P <0.05; **P <0.01; No signal means no difference.
To investigate whether PpMitf regulated the expression of PpTyr, the 293T cells were cotransfected with Tyr-promoter-Luc plasmid and Mitf-pcDNA3.1 plasmid, or empty plasmid pcDNA 3.1 as control. The luciferase activities analysis showed that overexpression of Mitf yielded an increasing luciferase activity, being 3.02 fold of pcDNA 3.1 control cells (P <0.05). The Mitf-△HLHLZ-pcDNA3.1 plasmid was constructed and used to analyze the function of HLH-LZ domain. The overexpression of Mitf without HLH-LZ domain only yielded 23.3% increase (P >0.05) in luciferase activities compared to pcDNA 3.1 control, but yielded 63.2% decrease (P <0.05) compared to Mitf-pcDNA3.1 group (Figures 8B, C). The data indicated that Mitf was able to activate the expression of Tyr, and the HLH-LZ was the key functional domain of MITF.
To elaborate the important role of E-box in Tyr promoter, the Tyr-△Ebox1-promoter-Luc, Tyr-△Ebox2-promoter-Luc and Tyr-△Eboxes-promoter-Luc plasmids were constructed for luciferase activity assay. The deletion from E-box1 to E-box2 yield 30.2% decrease in luciferase activity compared to Tyr promoter group (P <0.05), but single E-box1 or E-box2 deletion failed to change luciferase activity (Figures 8B, C). These data indicated that the regions from −1,767 to −1,607, where two E-box domains were located, were important for Tyr promoter activity and Mitf regulation.
To confirm the successful overexpression of MITF protein in 293 cells, these transfected cells were collected for western blot detection. Because there was no endogenous expression of Mitf in 293 cells, The MITF protein level in pcDNA3.1 group was close to 0. All cells transfected with Mitf-pcDNA3.1 plasmid had high levels of MITF protein, whose molecular weight was about 53 kDa, including the Flag-tag. Cells transfected with Mitf-△HLHLZ-pcDNA3.1 plasmid also had a high expression level of MITF-△HLHLZ protein, whose molecular weight was about 47 kDa (Figure 8C).
PpMitf Silencing Inhibited Antibacterial Activity of Hemolymph Supernatant in P. penguin
Since Mitf activated the expression of Tyr, which was known to play crucial roles in innate immunity of vertebrate (27), we speculated that PpMitf participated in innate immunity of P. penguin. After PpMitf silencing, the antimicrobial activity of hemolymph supernatant was measured and represented by its inhibition effect on E. coli growth. Because the OD600 absorbance of NC group reached the maximum at 8h, 4h was defined as T50 (Figure 9A). As shown in Figure 9B, in siRNA1 group, the values of OD600 was 0.71 at 4 h, significantly up-regulated by 20.6% compared to that of NC group (P <0.05), which was 0.55. The OD600 value was 0.75 in siRNA2 group, significantly increased by 38.2% than NC group (P <0.05). This indicated that the antibacterial activity of hemolymph supernatants were inhibited by Mitf silencing.
Figure 9 Antibacterial activity of haemolymph supernatant from samples after PpMitf RNAi. (A) Growth curves of E. coli exposed to haemolymph supernatants of NC, siRNA1 and siRNA2 groups. (B) OD600 value of E. coli at T50 in different groups. Each value was shown as mean ± SD (N = 5). *P <0.05; **P <0.01.
The Antibacterial Activity Was Inhibited by Decreasing Melanin Content Resulted from PpMitf Silencing
To detect whether the decrease of antibacterial activity was directly related with the melanin, we investigated the anti-bacteria effect of melanin oxidation products from P. penguin samples. Figures 10A, B showed that the numbers of bacteria were sharply increased by 135.3% (P <0.01) and 240.7% (P <0.001) in siRNA1 and siRNA2 groups compared to the NC group. In contrast, by adding exogenetic melanin oxidation production, the number of bacteria was decreased by 84.5% (P <0.01) in NC group, 91.9% (P <0.001) in siRNA1 group and 90.5% (P <0.001) in siRNA2 group. The data demonstrated melanin oxidation production from mantle of P. penguin had the antibacterial activity, and the decrease of melanin content resulted from PpMitf silencing was a direct reason for decline of antibacterial activity.
Figure 10 Antibacterial activity of melanin oxidation products from P. penguin samples. (A) Photographs showed the number of E. coli after Mitf silencing and adding melanin oxidation products. (B) Histogram showed the number of E. coli after Mitf silencing and adding melanin oxidation products. Each value was shown as mean ± SD (N = 5; *P <0.05; **P <0.01).
Dicussion
The global pearl culture industry faces two main problems, how to make the pearl colorful and how to resist the serious disease caused by pathogenic infections. The study on mechanism of color formation and immune response will be very helpful for solving the two main problems. Melanin widely exists in vertebrate and plays many role including pigmentation, anti-ultraviolet radiation and would healing (28). Therefore, we speculated melanin, which had been verified to have decisive role in color formation (15, 17), also participated in innate immunity in bivalves. The melanin synthesis pathway and innate immunity pathway might be interactive and interdependent, and some genes might involve in innate immune response by regulating the production of melanin.
MITF is responsible for the normal development of several cell lineages (29, 30). In vertebrates, MITF is a key regulator in melanin synthesis pathway, and controls the differentiation, proliferation, migration and survival of melanocytes (31–33). Meanwhile, MITF involves in immune defense by regulating a series of immune-related genes (7, 11, 12). In this study, a novel Mitf gene from P. penguin was identified, and its functions were deliberated by RNA interference. The PpMitf knockdown significantly reduced tyrosinase activity and melanin content, indicating that PpMitf participated the melanin synthesis of P. penguin. Meanwhile, the PpMitf knockdown also apparently decreased the antibacterial activity of hemolymph supernatant, indicating that it played a crucial role in innate immune defense of P. penguin. The Mitf was considered to be a bifunctional regulator in both melanin synthesis pathway and innate immunity pathway of P. penguin.
MITF contains a basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper (bHLH-LZ) domain that binds DNA as dimers (34). In this research, multiple sequence alignments showed the Mitf of P. penguin was conserved with Mitf genes from other species, and the highest homology was found in bHLH-LZ domain as expected. Moreover, a relatively conserved region presented in the N-terminal of PpMitf and was named as “N-terminal conserved domain”. Because N-terminal conserved domain widely existed in all MiT-TFE family members, including transcription factor EB (TFEB), transcription factor EC (TFEC), transcription factor E3(TFE3) and MITF (35), we speculated it was important for transcription factor to play the role of transcription regulation. So we respectively silenced the bHLH-LZ and N-terminal conserved domain by RNA interference to investigate their roles. Silencing of each domain apparently inhibited tyrosinase activity, melanin content, related-genes’ expression and antibacterial activity, indicating both bHLH-LZ domain and N-terminal conserved domain were important for the function of Mitf gene. Furthermore, the bHLH-LZ domain silencing had more significant inhibition effect on melanin synthesis and innate immunity of P. penguin, which indicated bHLH-LZ domain was the key domain for Mitf gene.
Tyrosinase is a monophenol monooxygenase, which can catalyze the hydroxylation of phenols to catechols and the oxidation of catechols to quinones (23, 36, 37), and is considered as the initial and rate-limiting enzyme for melanin production in both vertebrate (9, 10) and invertebrate (38, 39). Meanwhile, tyrosinase also is known for its role in would healing, radiation protection, primary immune responses due to its phenoloxidase activity (40, 41). In vertebrate, by eletromobility shift assays (EMSA), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and reporter assays, many studies showed MITF directly regulated the expression of tyrosinase gene (42). In this study, the promoter sequence of tyrosinase was amplified and a Tyr promoter-driven luciferase reporter construct was made for luciferase activity analysis. The overexpression of Mitf significantly increased luciferase activities of Tyr-promoter, indicating that Mitf functioned by activating the expression of Tyr in P. penguin. However, the bHLH-LZ deleted MITF failed to activate the Tyr promoter, indicating that the bHLH-LZ domain was a critical functional domain of MITF protein. The results was consistent with bHLH-LZ RNA interference data, which showed a significant inhibition effect on melanin synthesis and immunity capability by bHLH-LZ domain silencing in P. penguin.
Moreover, two typical E-box (CATGTG) were found to locate at positions from −1,767 to −1,761 and from −1,613 to −1,607 in PpTyr-promoter. Previous studies reported that the basic region of bHLH-LZ of MITF bound to E-box (CAC/TGTG) or M-box (a core CATGTG with additional flanking residues) in the promoter of targeted genes as a homodimer or heterodimer in vertebrate (34). So the functions of E-box were analyzed in P. penguin. The data showed that single knockdown of E-box1 or E-box2 could not significantly inhibit the luciferase activity of Tyr promoter. This result was inconsistent with previous study, which reported that each of 3 E-box in tyrosinase promoter could specially bind to the MITF in mouse (43). A possible reason was that the E-box was too far from transcription start site (TSS), and weakened its role in Tyr promoter of P. penguin. Fortunately, both E-box deletions significantly inhibited Tyr promoter activity, indicating the critical role of region including E-box1 and E-box2. A synergistic effect was speculated to exist between E-box1 and E-box2, which enhanced the role of single E-box and strengthened the activating of Mitf to Tyr promoter (44).
Since Mitf was considered to involve in immune response by tyrosinase-mediated melanin pathway in P. penguin, we wondered whether melanin itself took part in immune response. In this study, the antibacterial activity of melanin oxidation products from different groups were detected. By PpMitf silencing, the melanin content was significantly decreased, and the number of bacteria was significantly increased. Oppositely, by adding melanin oxidation products, the inhibition effect on bacteria growth of different groups was apparently recovered. Our data was supported by these reports, which demonstrated that PDCA was a good antibacterial compound (45), and PTCA had anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation properties (46). The results indicated that melanin itself directly involved in innate immunity, and the Mitf-tyrosinase-melanin pathway played an important role in innate immune system of P. penguin.
After Mitf silencing, the expression of three downstream genes were analyzed, including Tyr, Cdk2 and Bcl2. Tyr is a key rate-limiting enzyme of melanogenesis by catalyzing three important reactions, and controls the speed of melanin synthesis (16). Cdk2 is known for its function in cell cycle, and plays an important role in controlling melanoma growth (24). Bcl2 is an anti-apoptotic gene, and takes part in controlling melanoma survival (47). Mitf was reported to regulate the transcriptional activity of Tyr, Cdk2 and Bcl2 by binding to their promoters in vertebrate (16, 24, 45). Our data showed that the Mitf silencing significantly inhibited the Tyr, Cdk2 and Bcl2 transcripts, and suggested that Mitf might involve in melanin synthesis, melanocyte growth and melanocyte survival in P. penguin. Moreover, Cdk2 and Bcl2 themselves also play an important part in immune response. Cdk2 controlled peripheral immune tolerance, promoted T cell differentiation and restricted Treg function in immune responses (48). Bcl2 was named B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 gene, whose mutation leaded to serious apoptosis (49, 50). The reduction of Cdk2 and Bcl2 transcripts after Mitf silencing in P. penguin suggested that Mitf might participate in innate immunity by regulating the expression of Bcl2 and Cdk2 genes in another immune response pathway, in addition to the melanin synthesis pathway.
In conclusion, a novel Mitf gene was characterized from P. penguin. The polypeptide sequence alignment showed a highly conserved bHLH-LZ domain. Tissue distribution analysis revealed that PpMitf was highly expressed in mantle and heamocytes, tissues responsible for color formation and innate immunity. PpMitf silencing significantly decreased the tyrosinase activity, melanin content, immune-related genes’ expression and antibacterial activity, indicating that PpMitf involved in both melanin synthesis and innate immunity of P. penguin. The promoter analysis and luciferase activity analysis showed that MITF regulated melanin synthesis by activating the E-box in Tyr promoter through highly conserved bHLH-LZ domain in MITF. The antibacterial activity analysis revealed that melanin, which was regulated by Mitf, had direct antibacterial effect. The study demonstrated that PpMitf played a key role in innate immunity through activating tyrosinase-mediated melanin synthesis in P. penguin. Our findings have offered important insights for molecular mechanism of innate immunity in pearl shell.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/supplementary material.
Author Contributions
XY and FY designed the experiments. FY performed experiments and wrote the manuscript. YL and BQ analyzed data. ZZ and JC contributed to the graphing. MW offered the experimental animals. XY and YL revised the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
This work was supported by National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFD0900800), Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2021A1515011052), Guangdong Innovative and Strong School Project (230419094), and Guangdong Marine Fishery Development Foundation (B201601-Z08).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Keywords: Mitf, melanin, tyrosinase, innate immunity, Pteria penguin
Citation: Yu F, Lu Y, Zhong Z, Qu B, Wang M, Yu X and Chen J (2021) Mitf Involved in Innate Immunity by Activating Tyrosinase-Mediated Melanin Synthesis in Pteria penguin. Front. Immunol. 12:626493. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.626493
Received: 27 January 2021; Accepted: 04 May 2021;
Published: 20 May 2021.
Edited by:
Brian Dixon, University of Waterloo, CanadaCopyright © 2021 Yu, Lu, Zhong, Qu, Wang, Yu and Chen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Xiangyong Yu, eXh5aGh5eHlAc2NhdS5lZHUuY24=