Xiaoping Lai1†Xia Li1†Lihong Chang1†
Xiaohong Chen1Zizhen Huang1Hongwei Bao1Jiancong Huang1Luoying Yang1Xifu Wu1Zhiyuan Wang1
Joseph A. Bellanti2
Song Guo Zheng3*Gehua Zhang1*- 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- 2Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology-Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- 3Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
The mucin gene, MUC5AC, is highly expressed both in chronic respiratory inflammatory diseases and inflammatory bowel disease where mucin secretion is regulated by members of the interleukin IL-20 subfamily. This study was conducted to determine the roles and mechanisms of IL-19, a member of the IL-20 subfamily, in regulating MUC5AC production in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). We analyzed the expression of mucin and MUC5AC in the nasal mucosa of patients with CRS through periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining and immunohistochemical examination. Real-time quantitative PCR, ELISA, confocal microscopy and western blotting were used to measure MUC5AC expression in primary human nasal epithelium cells (PHNECs) stimulated with recombinant human IL-19 (rhIL-19), IL-19 receptor siRNA transfection or a control. The involvement of the STAT3 signaling pathway was examined using cryptotanshinone (CRY, an inhibitor of STAT3). Mucin and MUC5AC were significantly increased in mucosa of CRS patients with/without nasal polyps compared to mucosa isolated from controls who had no CRS, but there were no significant differences between these two groups. Pretreatment with rhIL-19 up-regulated the expression of MUC5AC levels in PHNECs. Knockdown of IL-20R2 and pretreatment with CRY attenuated MUC5AC production induced by rhIL-19. We propose that IL-19 up-regulates MUC5AC-induced mucin production via the STAT3 pathway in CRS, highlighting the important role IL-19 may play in mucin production in chronic respiratory diseases.
Introduction
Mucus over-production is an important pathophysiological manifestation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, and other chronic airway inflammatory diseases (1). Mucus is mainly produced by goblet cells following stimulation by a wide range of stimuli that have been shown to cause up-regulation in the number of mucus-producing goblet cells (2). The major macromolecular constituents of mucus are mucins, proteins encoded by mucin (MUC) genes (3). To date, more than 20 mucin genes have been identified (4). Among the proteins encoded by these genes, MUC5AC is the predominant mucin expressed in goblet cells in human airways (5, 6).
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disorder of the paranasal sinuses characterized by local inflammation which persists for more than 12 weeks. According to the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2012 (EP3OS2012), CRS can be divided into two groups, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) (7). One of the remarkable features of CRS is mucus over-production, which manifests as nasal discharge. It has been suggested that MUC5AC was significantly increased in epithelial goblet cells in CRS (8, 9). Although many studies showed that MUC5AC was closely related to airway inflammation and goblet cells metaplasia, the molecular mechanism of MUC5AC production in CRS remains unclear.
A recent study by Andhou et al. (10) suggests that IL-24, a member of the IL-20 subfamily, not only participates in tissue remodeling but also plays an important role in mucin deposition in the epithelial cells in inflammatory bowel disease (10). We also found that IL-19, another member of the IL-20 subfamily, and its receptors, IL-20R1 and IL-20R2, were highly expressed in CRSwNP (Supplementary Figure 3). However, whether IL-19 is involved in mucus production in CRS and its mechanism remains unknown.
The aim of this study is to investigate the expressions of mucin and MUC5AC in CRS mucosa and to determine whether and how IL-19 regulates MUC5AC production in CRS.
Materials and Methods
Study Subjects
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (No. [2016]2-26). All enrolled subjects provided prior written informed consent. Human nasal tissues were obtained during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) from 40 patients with CRS (30 CRSwNP and 10 CRSsNP) diagnosed according to EP3OS2012 and 15 control subjects undergoing ESS without CRS, in the period between August 2016 to April 2017. More detailed descriptions of patient characteristics are shown in Table 1. Nasal polyps and ostiomeatal complex (OMC) mucosal tissues were obtained from the CRS patients and inferior turbinate mucosal tissues were obtained from the control subjects. Exclusion criteria included patients with autoimmune diseases, aspirin intolerance triad, primary ciliary dyskinesia and cystic fibrosis as well as patients who had received antibiotics or glucocorticoids for a period of at least 1 month prior to surgery.
Table 1. Patient characteristics.
Nasal polyps obtained from patients in the CRSwNP group were stored in PBS supplemented by penicillin, streptomycin and amphotericin B and prepared for cell culture. OMC mucosal tissues from the CRSwNP and CRSsNP groups as well as the inferior turbinate mucosal specimens from the control subjects were immediately fresh frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C until analyzed.
Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) Staining
All tissues were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, cut into 4 μm thick sections and then stained with PAS following routine staining procedures. The quantity of mucin production was assessed by measuring the percentage of PAS-positive cells per total epithelial cells. Each section had five randomly selected regions evaluated. The average PAS-positive percentage was calculated for each section.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) Staining for MUC5AC
All tissues were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, cut into 4 μm thick sections and then stained for MUC5AC following routine staining procedures. Sections were incubated overnight at 4°C with MUC5AC antibody (mouse monoclonal, 1:200, MA5-12178, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Results were expressed as the intensity of staining and the percentage of IHC-positive cells to total epithelial area. Sections were scored 0, 1, 2, 3 points for colorless, light yellow, brown yellow and brown, respectively. Sections were them scored 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 points for 0, 1–25%, 26–50%, 51–75%, 76–100% of IHC-positive cells to total epithelial area, respectively. The final score was defined as the sum of the previous two scores. Each section had five randomly selected regions evaluated, after which the scores of the five regions were then averaged.
Culture of Primary Human Nasal Epithelium Cells (PHNECs)
The cell culture was performed according to methods already published (11). Nasal polyps from the CRSwNP group were washed thoroughly and incubated in type XIV protease (p5147, Sigma, Burlington, MO, USA) in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM, Thermo Scientific Inc., New York, USA) overnight at 4°C. The protease was neutralized with 5% bovine serum, and the epithelial cells were released from the tissues through vigorous shaking. After centrifugation and resuspension, the cells were plated on a plastic dish at 37°C for 1 h to eliminate fibroblasts. The cells were then cultured in bronchial epithelial growth medium (BEGM) at a density of 5 ×105 cells/cm2 at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% relative humidity.
Real-Time Quantitative PCR
Total RNAs were isolated by phenol and guanidine isothiocyanate method using RNAiso Plus according to the manufacturer's instructions (TaKaRa, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan). For amplification, MUC5AC sense (5′-GGA ACT GTG GGG ACA GCT CTT-3′), anti-sense (5′-GTC ACA TTC CTC AGC GAG GTC-3′), β2 microglobulin (β2M) sense (5′-GGA ACT GTG GGG ACA GCT CTT-3′) and anti-sense (5′-GTC ACA TTC CTC AGC GAG GTC-3′) primers were used. PCR was performed using the following mixture: 1 μl cDNA, 0.2 μl of each PCR primer, 0.2 μl ROX Reference DyeII (TaKaRa), 5 μl 5 × SYBR Premix Ex Taq (TaKaRa), 3 μl deionized water. Amplification of cDNA was performed using 45 cycles at 95°C 30 s, 95°C 15 s, 60°C 30 s and 72°C 1min. Data were normalized to the expression of GAPDH.
Confocal Microscopy
PHNECs were plated on 6-well cell culture plates and allowed to adhere overnight, and then treated with and without recombinant human IL-19 (rhIL-19) (300 ng/ml, 1035-IL-025, R&D System, Minneapolis, MN,USA) for 24 h. All plates were washed three times with PBS and fixed for 10 min in 4% paraformaldehyde. Cells were washed three times with PBS and blocked for 30 min in 5% normal goat serum, and then incubated by MUC5AC antibody (mouse monoclonal, 1:50, MA5-12178, Thermo Fisher Scientific) at 4°C overnight. After washing with PBS, cells were incubated with Cy3-labeled goat anti-mouse IgG antibody (1:400, BS10006, Bioworld, St. Louis Park, MN, USA) for 1 h and DAPI (300 nm) for 5 min at room temperature. Immunofluorescence staining was imaged using confocal microscope at ×630 magnification.
siRNA Transfection and STAT3 Inhibition
Human IL-20R2 siRNA (5′-GAUGGCUUCCACCUGGUUATT-3′) was purchased from TaKaTa. Briefly, a total of 5 ×105 cells were plated in 24-well plates in triplicate and grown to ~30–50% confluency. Human IL-20R2 siRNA was transfected for 48 h using Lipofectamine™ 3000 Reagent (L3000015, Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the protocol. Cells were then incubated with 300 ng/ml rhIL-19 or without for 24 h. Ten micrometer cryptotanshinone (CRY, HY-N0174, MedChemExpress, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA), the inhibitor of STAT3 was added 1 h before rhIL-19 stimulation. The supernatants and cells were harvested for further analyses. Control groups without the addition of transfection reagents were also analyzed. All experiments were performed in triplicate.
Western Blot
Total proteins were extracted from PHNECs and electrophoresis and transmembrane steps were run, respectively. The blotted membranes were incubated overnight at 40C with antibodies targeting MUC5AC (1:100, ab24070, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), STAT3 (1:2000, 12640, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), P-STAT3 (1:1000, 9131, Cell Signaling Technology) and GAPDH (1:3000, 10494-1-AP, Proteintech Group, Rosemont, IL, USA), and then developed using the ECL reagents. The relative intensity of each band, respectively, was normalized to GAPDH.
MUC5AC ELISA
Supernatants were collected and subjected to ELISA. All protocols were carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions (E01M0350, BlueGene, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China).
Statistical analyses
Statistics were performed using SPSS 20.0 software. All data are expressed as Means ±SEM. All data consisted of three or more independent tests or experiments. The Student t-test was performed to calculate differences between two groups. One-way ANOVA was used to determine statistically significant differences between three groups. P-values < 0.05 were considered significant.
Results
The Increased Expressions of Mucin and MUC5AC in Mucosa From Patients With CRS
Although PAS staining demonstrated that mucin was more highly expressed in the epithelia and submucosal glands of the CRSwNP and CRSsNP patients in comparison with mucosa isolated from the control subjects without CRS, respectively (P < 0.05), the expression levels were not statistically significant between the groups (Figure 1). Mucin was mainly expressed on the apical side of the mucosal epithelia and submucosal glands.
Figure 1. The expression of mucin and MUC5AC in the nasal tissues of the CRSsNP and CRSwNP patients and the normal controls. PAS staining shows that mucin is highly expressed in the epithelial cells of CRS patients (arrowhead); IHC staining shows that MUC5AC is highly expressed in the epithelial cells of CRS patients (arrows). Both mucin and MUC5AC are mildly expressed in the normal controls. No significant difference in mucin or MUC5AC immunoreactivity was observed between the CRSsNP and CRSwNP patients. Statistical significance was calculated according to the one-way ANOVA. *P < 0.05 compared with the control group. Scale bars: 50 μm.
Immunohistochemical staining showed strong staining of MUC5AC proteins in the mucosa tissues in patients with CRS, irrespective of nasal polyp presence, compared with the control group (Figure 1). MUC5AC was mainly expressed on the apical side of the mucosa epithelia. Since MUC5AC is a marker of goblet cell metaplasia, these results suggest metaplasia and hyperplasia of the nasal epithelial cells in CRS, resulting in MUC5AC over-production.
The Co-expressions of IL-19 and MUC5AC in CRS
Since we have previously found that IL-19 and its receptors, IL-20R1 and IL-20R2, were more highly expressed in CRSwNP (Supplementary Figure 3), immunofluorescence was performed next to assess the relationship between IL-19 and MUC5AC. IL-19 was found to be co-expressed with MUC5AC in CRS mucosa (Figure 2). Both biomarkers were mainly co-localized in the epithelial cells in CRS tissues. These results suggest functional relevance of IL-19 to MUC5AC in mucosa tissue of patients with CRS.
Figure 2. The co-expression of IL-19 and MUC5AC in the nasal tissues from the control and CRSwNP patients. Immunohistochemistry (Frozen Sections) shows that IL-19 (green) and MUC5AC (red) are highly expressed in the epithelial cells of control and CRSwNP patients. Nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 50 μm.
IL-19 Promoted the Expressions of MUC5AC
In order to determine whether IL-19 could promote MUC5AC expression in CRS, PHNECs were separated and cultured, then pretreated with rhIL-19. The optimal concentration of rhIL-19 is 300 ng/ml (Supplementary Figure 1). Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to measure mRNA while ELISA and confocal microscopy were performed to measure protein concentrations. Both mRNA and protein levels of MUC5AC were significantly higher in PHNECs incubated with rhIL-19 300 ng/ml for 24 h than in those incubated without rhIL-19 (Figures 3A–C), suggesting that IL-19 can up-regulate MUC5AC expression. To further determine specificity, we transfected the siRNA of IL-20R2, a receptor of IL-19, into PHNECs to interfere with IL-19 activity. As expected, MUC5AC expression was significantly decreased in siRNA transfected cells (Figures 3D,E). This observation indicates that IL-19 may promote goblet cell metaplasia, leading to the overproduction of MUC5AC and tissue remodeling in CRS.
Figure 3. IL-19 up-regulated MUC5AC mRNA and protein expression in PHNECs. PHNECs were incubated with or without rhIL-19 (300 ng/ml) for 24 h. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to measure the expression of MUC5AC transcript levels (A). ELISA (B) and immunofluorescence (C) were performed to measure the expression of MUC5AC protein levels. Knockdown of IL-20R2 reduced MUC5AC expression induced by rhIL-19 in primary human nasal epithelial cells (D,E). Western blotting was performed to measure the expression of MUC5AC protein levels. Statistical significance was calculated according to the Student t-test. *P < 0.05 compared with the control group. #P < 0.05 compared with the rhIL-19-treated group. Scale bars: 20 μm.
IL-19 Up-Regulated MUC5AC Production via STAT3 Pathway
We next examined how IL-19 up-regulates MUC5AC. Similar to IL-6 (12–14), IL-19 binds its receptors and then activates STAT3 (15). Western Blot was performed to measure the expression and phosphorylation levels of STAT3 proteins in PHNECs after being pretreated by rhIL-19. The elevation of the phosphorylation levels of STAT3 was observed in PHNECs in rhIL-19 treated cells (Figures 4A,B). In order to determine whether IL-19 upregulated MUC5AC via activating STAT3, PHNECs were pretreated with CRY. As expected, the production of MUC5AC induced by rhIL-19 was suppressed significantly by CRY addition (Figures 4C–F), suggesting that IL-19 could activate the STAT3 pathway to promote MUC5AC expression.
Figure 4. IL-19 up-regulated MUC5AC production in PHNECs via STAT3 pathway. rhIL-19 activated STAT3 pathway in PHNECs (A,B). PHNECs were incubated with/out 300 ng/ml rhIL-19 for 24 h. Western blotting was performed to analyze the expression of P-STAT3 and STAT3 protein levels. The mRNA and protein expression of MUC5AC in PHNECs was decreased by the STAT3 inhibitor CRY. PHNECs were incubated with/out rhIL-19 (300 ng/ml) +CRY (10 μm) for 24 h. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to measure the expression of MUC5AC transcript levels (C). ELISA (D) and Western Blot (E,F) was performed to measure the expression of MUC5AC protein levels. Statistical significance was calculated according to the Student t-test or one-way ANOVA. *P < 0.05 compared with the control group. #P < 0.05 compared with the rhIL-19-treated group.
Discussion
Mucus is a critical component of the respiratory airway innate immune system, produced by goblet cells and submucosal glands, and normally coats the epithelial surfaces of the respiratory airways (2). Normal mucus secretion provides a beneficial barrier on airway surfaces both by retaining moisture and inhibiting noxious stimuli from the airway epithelium by normal ciliary clearance (16–18). However, in chronic respiratory inflammatory diseases, airway tissue remodeling occurs and the number of goblet cells increase, resulting in mucus over-production and airway obstruction (3, 18). Excessive mucus, therefore, disrupts ciliary clearance and obstructs airways, leading to the morbidity and mortality seen in chronic respiratory inflammatory diseases (19, 20). As a representative disease of chronic airway inflammation, CRS is also characterized by mucus over-production, manifesting as nasal discharge.
The major constituents of mucus are mucins (3), encoded by genes called MUCs. Up to now, although more than 20 mucin genes have been identified, MUC5AC is the most predominant mucin expressed in nasal epithelial cells. In murine airways, MUC5AC is regarded as a biomarker of goblet cell metaplasia (21, 22). It plays a vital role in the metaplasia of goblet cells after antigen challenge (23). Therefore, our study focuses on MUC5AC and hypothesizes that it is a target of mucus over-production in CRS.
In the present study, although we demonstrated that mucin was more highly expressed in the epithelia and submucosal glands of CRS patients in comparison with normal tissues, the expression levels were not significantly different between CRSwNP and CRSsNP. Concomitantly, immunohistochemical staining showed that MUC5AC proteins were strongly stained in CRS patients, irrespective of nasal polyp presence, compared with the control group. This resemblance between CRSwNP and CRSsNP patients can be attributed to the effects of chronic inflammation, ciliary impairment, and tissue edema. CRSwNP and CRSsNP patients are known to undergo long-term inflammatory challenges, tissue remodeling and increased mucus production (4), responsible for their clinical manifestations.
We report the precise location of MUC5AC to be mainly expressed on the apical side of the mucosal epithelia of CRS patients associated with nasal epithelial cell metaplasia and hyperplasia, appearing with chronic inflammation stimulation and resulting in MUC5AC over-production, as previously reported (7, 8, 23).
Recent studies have shown that the IL-20 subfamily participates in tissue remodeling and plays an important role in mucin deposition on epithelial cells in inflammatory bowel disease (10). IL-19, a crucial member of the IL-20 subfamily, is associated with several inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases, participating in the Th2 type immunological response (24–26). It was recognized to be highly expressed in airway epithelia of asthmatic patients (27). In our previous study, we presented that IL-19 and its receptors, IL-20R1 and IL-20R2, were more expressed in CRSwNP (Supplementary Figure 3). Therefore, we suppose that IL-19 is involved in mucus production in the epithelial cells in CRS.
In the present study, we observed that the expressions of IL-19 and MUC5AC increased in CRS mucosa. Both of them were mainly expressed in the epithelial cells in CRS tissues. In order to determine whether IL-19 contributes to the increased MUC5AC expression in CRS, we separated and cultured the PHNECs and confirmed that rhIL-19 stimulated the MUC5AC expression while this promotion was eliminated by IL-19 receptor knock-down using siRNA transfection method. To the best of our knowledge, this is first study showing that IL-19 is involved in the pathogenesis of patients with CRS. As this is a human study, future studies on the specific role of IL-19 in the production of MUC5AC and pathogenesis of CRS in animal models, using IL-19 knock-out or IL-19 transgenic mice, is warranted.
Several signaling pathways have been reported to be involved in mucus overproduction. However, little information is available on the exact mechanism of mucus regulation. To date, the most frequently reported pathways include STAT6 (23, 28–30), ERK1/2 (31, 32) and NF–κB (33–35). STAT proteins are critical mediators of cytokine signaling among which STAT3 has been identified to be linked to tumorigenesis and inflammation (12, 36–38). Previous studies proposed that STAT3 and its phosphorylated form, P-STAT3, were mainly located in the superficial layer of the epithelium of CRSwNP patients, while hardly expressed in normal tissues (39, 40), similar to the expressions of IL-19 and MUC5AC observed in the present study. We wonder if the effect of STAT3 in IL-19, induced MUC5AC production. Recent studies have connected STAT3 with the production and secretion of MUC5AC (41–43). Furthermore, the STAT3 pathway was activated by IL-19 and its subfamily members in the keratinocyte cell line (15) and human keratinocytes in previous observations (44–46). In the present study, we provide a new line of evidence that IL-19 activates the STAT3 pathway in airway epithelial cells. Our results also further validate our proposal that IL-19 up-regulates MUC5AC production in chronic rhinosinusitis via the STAT3 pathway. CRY, the main active component of saliva, was supposed to inhibit the STAT3 pathway (47). When PHNECs were pretreated with CRY and IL-19, the gene and protein expressions of MUC5AC were suppressed. Although the role of other signal pathways cannot be excluded, our study proposes that STAT3 is mainly involved in MUC5AC gene and protein expressions induced by IL-19 in CRS.
In summary, we propose that IL-19 up-regulates MUC5AC production via the STAT3 pathway. This is the first demonstration that IL-19 is involved in mucus production in airway epithelium and determines the exact mechanism, suggesting that IL-19 plays an important role in mucin production in chronic respiratory diseases and target IL-19 and its downstream signal pathway could have a therapeutic potential in patients with CRS.
Data Availability
All datasets generated for this study are included in the manuscript/Supplementary Files.
Ethics Statement
This study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the ethics committee for clinical medical research at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (No.[2016]2-26). All enrolled subjects provided written informed consent.
Author Contributions
GZ and SZ designed the research and was in charge of correspondence. XLa, XLi, and LC performed the experiments. XC, ZH, HB, and JH helped with carrying out the experiments. XLa, LY, XW, and ZW analyzed the data. XLa, LC, GZ, and SZ wrote the manuscript. JB revised the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81371073, No. 81670913, No. 81500769, No. 81671611 and No. 81871224) and the Guangdong Introducing Innovative and Entrepreneurial Teams (2016ZT06S252).
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01682/full#supplementary-material
References
1. Fahy JV, Dickey BF. Airway mucus function and dysfunction. N Engl J Med. (2010) 363:2233–47. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0910061
2. Xu W, Lan Q, Chen M, Chen H, Zhu N, Zhou X, et al. Adoptive transfer of induced-Treg cells effectively attenuates murine airway allergic inflammation. PLoS ONE. (2012) 7:e40314. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040314
3. Thornton DJ, Rousseau K, McGuckin MA. Structure and function of the polymeric mucins in airways mucus. Annu Rev Physiol. (2008) 70:459–86. doi: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100702
4. Rose MC, Voynow JA. Respiratory tract mucin genes and mucin glycoproteins in health and disease. Physiol Rev. (2006) 86:245–278. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00010.2005
5. Hovenberg HW, Davies JR, Herrmann A, Linden CJ, Carlstedt I. MUC5AC, but not MUC2, is a prominent mucin in respiratory secretions. Glycoconj J. (1996) 13:839–47. doi: 10.1007/BF00702348
6. Kirkham S, Sheehan JK, Knight D, Richardson PS, Thornton DJ. Heterogeneity of airways mucus: variations in the amounts and glycoforms of the major oligomeric mucins MUC5AC and MUC5. Biochem J B. (2002) 361:537–46. doi: 10.1042/bj3610537
7. Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Mullol J, Bachert C, Alobid I, Baroody F, et al. European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2012. Rhinology. (2012) 50:1–298 doi: 10.4193/Rhino50E2
8. Kim DH, Chu HS, Lee JY, Hwang SJ, Lee SH, Lee HM. Up-regulation of MUC5AC and MUC5B mucin genes in chronic rhinosinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. (2004) 130:747–52. doi: 10.1001/archotol.130.6.747
9. Ding GQ, Zheng CQ. The expression of MUC5AC and MUC5B mucin genes in the mucosa of chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis. Am J Rhinol. (2007) 21:359–66. doi: 10.2500/ajr.2007.21.3037
10. Andoh, Shioya M, Nishida A, Bamba S, Tsujikawa T, Kim-Mitsuyama S, Fujiyama Y. Expression of IL-24, an activator of the JAK1/STAT3/SOCS3 cascade, is enhanced in inflammatory bowel disease. J Immunol. (2009) 183:687–95. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804169
11. Chen X, Chang L, Li X, Huang J, Yang L, Lai X, et al. Tc17/IL-17A up-regulated the expression of MMP-9 via NF-kappaB pathway in nasal epithelial cells of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Front Immunol. (2018) 9:2121. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02121
12. Luo Y, Zheng SG. Hall of fame among pro-inflammatory cytokines: interleukin-6 gene and its transcriptional regulation mechanisms. Front Immunol. 7:604 (2016). doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00604
13. Lu L, Lan Q, Li Z, Zhou X, Gu J, Li Q, et al. Critical role of all-trans retinoic acid in stabilizing human natural regulatory T cells under inflammatory conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. (2014) 111:E3432–40. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1408780111
14. Besnard G, Togbe D, Couillin I, Tan Z, Zheng SG, Erard F, et al. Inflammasome-IL-1-Th17 response in allergic lung inflammation. J Mol Cell Biol. (2012) 4:3–10. doi: 10.1093/jmcb/mjr042
15. Kunz S, Wolk K, Witte E, Witte K, Doecke WD, Volk HD, et al. Interleukin (IL)-19, IL-20 and IL-24 are produced by and act on keratinocytes and are distinct from classical ILs. Exp Dermatol. (2006) 15:991–1004. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00516.x
16. Ha EV, Rogers DF. Novel therapies to inhibit mucus synthesis and secretion in airway hypersecretory diseases. Pharmacology. (2016) 97:84–100. doi: 10.1159/000442794
18. Foster WM. Mucociliary transport and cough in humans. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. (2002) 15:277–82. doi: 10.1006/pupt.2002.0351
19. Beule A. Epidemiology of chronic rhinosinusitis, selected risk factors, comorbidities, and economic burden. GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. (2015) 94(Suppl. 1):S1–23. doi: 10.3205/cto000126
20. Rudmik L. Economics of chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. (2017) 17:20. doi: 10.1007/s11882-017-0690-5
21. Zuhdi M, Piazza FM, Selby DM, Letwin N, Huang L, Rose MC. Muc-5/5ac mucin messenger RNA and protein expression is a marker of goblet cell metaplasia in murine airways. Am J Res Cell Mol Biol. (2000) 22:253–60. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.22.3.3768
22. Lee HM, Takeyama K, Dabbagh K, Lausier JA, Ueki IF, Nadel JA. Agarose plug instillation causes goblet cell metaplasia by activating EGF receptors in rat airways. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. (2000) 278:L185–92. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.2000.278.1.L185
23. Wang X, Li Y, Luo D, Wang X, Zhang Y, Liu Z, et al. Lyn regulates mucus secretion and MUC5AC via the STAT6 signaling pathway during allergic airway inflammation. Sci Rep. (2017) 7:42675. doi: 10.1038/srep42675
24. Gallagher G. Interleukin-19: multiple roles in immune regulation and disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. (2010) 21:345–52. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.08.005
25. Azuma YT, Nakajima H, Takeuchi T. IL-19 as a potential therapeutic in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Curr Pharm Des. (2011) 17:3776–80. doi: 10.2174/138161211798357845
26. Liao SC, Cheng YC, Wang YC, Wang CW, Yang SM, Yu CK, et al. IL-19 induced Th2 cytokines and was up-regulated in asthma patients. J. Immunoly. (2004) 173:6712–8. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.11.6712
27. Huang F, Wachi S, Thai P, Loukoianov A, Tan KH, Forteza RM, et al. Potentiation of IL-19 expression in airway epithelia by IL-17A and IL-4/IL-13: important implications in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. (2008) 121:1415–21:1421e1–3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.04.016
28. Kuperman DA, Huang X, Koth LL, Chang GH, Dolganov GM, Zhu Z, et al. Direct effects of interleukin-13 on epithelial cells cause airway hyperreactivity and mucus overproduction in asthma. Nat Med. (2002) 8:885–9. doi: 10.1038/nm734
29. Suzaki I, Kawano S, Komiya K, Tanabe T, Akaba T, Asano K, et al. Inhibition of IL-13-induced periostin in airway epithelium attenuates cellular protein expression of MUC5AC. Respirology. (2016) 22:93–100. doi: 10.1111/resp.12873
30. Yu H, Li Q, Kolosov VP, Perelman JM, Zhou X. Interleukin-13 induces mucin 5AC production involving STAT6/SPDEF in human airway epithelial cells. Cell Commun Adhes. (2010) 17:83–92. doi: 10.3109/15419061.2010.551682
31. Song S, Cho KS, Yoon HK, Moon HS, Park SH. Neutrophil elastase causes MUC5AC mucin synthesis via EGF receptor, ERK and NF-kB pathways in A549 cells. Korean J Int Med. (2005) 20:275–83. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2005.20.4.275
32. Hewson CA, Edbrooke MR, Johnston SL. PMA induces the MUC5AC respiratory mucin in human bronchial epithelial cells, via PKC, EGF/TGF-alpha, Ras/Raf, MEK, ERK and Sp1-dependent mechanisms. J Mol Biol. (2004) 344:683–95. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.09.059
33. Kraft M, Adler KB, Ingram JL, Crews AL, Atkinson TP, Cairns CB, et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae induces airway epithelial cell expression of MUC5AC in asthma. Eur Respir J. (2008) 31:43–6. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00103307
34. Lin J, Jiang Y, Li L, Liu Y, Tang H, Jiang D. TMEM16A mediates the hypersecretion of mucus induced by Interleukin-13. Exp Cell Res. (2015) 334:260–9. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.02.026
35. Wang X, Yang X, Li Y, Wang X, Zhang Y, Dai X, et al. Lyn kinase represses mucus hypersecretion by regulating IL-13-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in asthma. EBioMedicine. (2017) 15:137–49. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.12.010
36. Li Y, Du H, Qin Y, Roberts J, Cummings OW, Yan C. Activation of the signal transducers and activators of the transcription 3 pathway in alveolar epithelial cells induces inflammation and adenocarcinomas in mouse lung. Cancer Res. (2007) 67:8494–503. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0647
37. Yu H, Pardoll D, Jove R. STATs in cancer inflammation and immunity: a leading role for STAT3. Nat Rev Cancer. (2009) 9:798–809. doi: 10.1038/nrc2734
38. Yang S, Wang J, Brand DD, Zheng SG. Role of TNF-TNF receptor 2 signal in regulatory T cells and its therapeutic implications. Front Immunol. (2018) 9:784. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00784
39. Linke R, Pries R, Konnecke M, Bruchhage KL, Boscke R, Gebhard M, et al. Increased activation and differentiated localization of native and phosphorylated STAT3 in nasal polyps. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. (2013) 162:290–8. doi: 10.1159/000353893
40. Cao Q, Zhang T, Zhang J. Correlation analysis of STAT3 and VEGF expression and eosinophil infiltration in nasal polyps. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. (2015) 272:1955–60. doi: 10.1007/s00405-014-3290-1
41. Hao Y, Kuang Z, Jing J, Miao J, Mei LY, Lee RJ, et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae modulates STAT3-STAT6/EGFR-FOXA2 signaling to induce overexpression of airway mucins. Infect Immun. (2014) 82:5246–55. doi: 10.1128/IAI.01989-14
42. Hao W, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Sun L, Han W. Leptin positively regulates MUC5AC production and secretion induced by interleukin-13 in human bronchial epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2017) 493:979–84. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.106
43. Chang S, Byeon SJ, Yoon SO, Kim BH, Lee HS, Kang GH, et al. Leptin, MUC2 and mTOR in appendiceal mucinous neoplasms. Pathobiology. (2012) 79:45–53. doi: 10.1159/000332739
44. Wolk K, Kunz S, Witte E, Friedrich M, Asadullah K, Sabat R. IL-22 increases the innate immunity of tissues. Immunity. (2004) 21:241–54. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.07.007
45. Boniface K, Bernard FX, Garcia M, Gurney AL, Lecron JC, Morel F. IL-22 inhibits epidermal differentiation and induces proinflammatory gene expression and migration of human keratinocytes. J Immunol. (2005) 174:3695–702. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.6.3695
46. Sa SM, Valdez PA, Wu J, Jung K, Zhong F, Hall L, et al. The effects of IL-20 subfamily cytokines on reconstituted human epidermis suggest potential roles in cutaneous innate defense and pathogenic adaptive immunity in psoriasis. J Immunol. (2007) 178:2229–40. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2229
Keywords: IL-19, MUC5AC, chronic rhinosinusitis, STAT3, nasal epithelium cells
Citation: Lai X, Li X, Chang L, Chen X, Huang Z, Bao H, Huang J, Yang L, Wu X, Wang Z, Bellanti JA, Zheng SG and Zhang G (2019) IL-19 Up-Regulates Mucin 5AC Production in Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis via STAT3 Pathway. Front. Immunol. 10:1682. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01682
Received: 08 May 2019; Accepted: 04 July 2019;
Published: 17 July 2019.
Edited by:
Jixin Zhong, Case Western Reserve University, United StatesReviewed by:
Deling Yin, East Tennessee State University, United StatesLi Huabin, Fudan University, China
Copyright © 2019 Lai, Li, Chang, Chen, Huang, Bao, Huang, Yang, Wu, Wang, Bellanti, Zheng and Zhang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Song Guo Zheng, SongGuo.Zheng@osumc.edu; Gehua Zhang, zhanggeh@mail.sysu.edu.cn
†These authors have contributed equally to this work as co-first authors