Huajin Li1,2
Wenting Xu1,2
Sijia Xiang1,2
Leiting Tao1,2
Wen Fu1,2
Jinhui Liu1,2Wenbin Liu1,2
Yamei Xiao1,2
Liangyue Peng1,2*- 1State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- 2School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
Pluripotency is a transient state in early embryos, which is regulated by an interconnected network of pluripotency-related genes. The pluripotent state itself seems to be highly dynamic, which leads to significant differences in the description of induced pluripotent stem cells from different species at the molecular level. With the application of cell reprogramming technology in fish, the establishment of a set of molecular standards for defining pluripotency will be important for the research and potential application of induced pluripotent stem cells in fish. In this study, by BLAST search and expression pattern analysis, we screen out four pluripotent genes (Oct4, Nanog, Tdgf1, and Gdf3) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and crucian carp (Carassius). These genes were highly expressed in the short period of early embryonic development, but significantly down-regulated after differentiation. Moreover, three genes (Oct4, Nanog and Tdgf1) have been verified that are suitable for identifying the pluripotency of induced pluripotent stem cells in zebrafish and crucian carp. Our study expands the understanding of the pluripotent markers of induced pluripotent stem cells in fish.
Introduction
Pluripotency is defined as the potential of specific cells which can differentiate to cells from three germ layers under certain inducing conditions (Hanna et al., 2010). The embryonic stem (ES) cells are originated from early embryos, and possess the capabilities to differentiate into various cell and tissue types desired (Hoffman and Merrill, 2007; Yi et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2011). In mammals, traditional ES cells are derived from the blastocyst inner cell mass (Evans and Kaufman, 1981; Notarianni et al., 1990; Thomson et al., 1995; Thomson et al., 1998). The state of pluripotency is controlled by highly interconnected pluripotent gene regulatory networks (Ng and Surani, 2011; Li and Belmonte, 2017). Series of pluripotent markers have been reported in mammalian, most of which are transcription factors (Surani et al., 2007; Li and Belmonte, 2017). These transcription factors are generally expressed in the early stages of embryonic development, but significantly decreased in most differentiated tissues (Thiagarajan et al., 2014; Li et al., 2020). They interact with a variety of protein complexes to regulate the expression of multiple genes and maintain the pluripotency and self-renewal ability of ES cells (Paranjpe and Veenstra, 2015). However, studies showed that there were differences in the types of genes involved in maintaining cellular pluripotency for different species (Ralston and Rossant, 2010; Robles et al., 2011). The stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA1) was regarded as a pluripotency marker in mouse cells, but in humans, it was a differentiation cell marker (Shamblott et al., 1998; Brambrink et al., 2008).
The research on fish pluripotent stem cells begins with the culture of ES cells (Hong et al., 1996, 1998; Barnes et al., 2008; Yi et al., 2010; Li et al., 2011; Robles et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011; Ho et al., 2014; Hong et al., 2014; Fan et al., 2017). Xiao and his team have shown that zebrafish embryonic cells experienced a very short pluripotent state from zygotic genome activation to the oblong stage (Xiao et al., 2016). The blastocyst stage of embryos is also considered to be the most suitable period for the culture of fish ES cells (Christen et al., 2010). Up to now, some multiple pluripotent factors and related coregulators have been reported in fish species (Robles et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011; Kumar et al., 2020). There found some differences in pluripotent markers between fish and mammals. Likewise, sox2 was one of the key mammalian pluripotency genes (Surani et al., 2007), but in zebrafish, sox2 was not involved in maintaining the pluripotency of stem cells, while played an important role in neuronal differentiation (Gou et al., 2018). With the advent of adult cell reprogramming techniques, the evaluation of pluripotency of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) has become particularly important (Stadtfeld and Hochedlinger, 2010; Feng et al., 2013). In the past decade, the research of iPSCs has mainly focused on mammals, but few attempts have been made in non-mammals (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006; Liao et al., 2009; Wu et al., 2009; Ben-Nun et al., 2011; Fuet and Pain, 2017; Pei et al., 2017; Pessoa et al., 2019). One of the challenges is the lack of suitable molecular markers to monitor the hypothetical pluripotency of iPS cells in non-mammalian (Pessoa et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2020).
In this study, we conducted a literature search on the list of genes which were reported relating to pluripotency, and screened out candidate genes. By examining their expression patterns in early fish embryos and the pluripotency of induced pluripotent stem cells in fish, we determined that three genes are suitable for identifying the pluripotency of induced pluripotent stem cells in fish. Our study is a step in the understanding of pluripotent markers of induced pluripotent stem cells in fish, and these genes are important tools for promoting research on the induction of fish pluripotent stem cells.
Materials and Methods
Fish
All the experiments were performed in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Advisory Committee for Laboratory Animal Research in China, and were approved by the Animal Care Committee of Hunan Normal University.
Zebrafish and crucian carp were maintained at the State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University. The embryos of zebrafish and crucian carp were collected at the stages of 256-cell, High, Oblong, Sphere, Dome, 30% epiboly, 50% epiboly, 75% epiboly, 3-somite, hatching, respectively. Under aseptic conditions, tissues (included liver, kidney, gut, skin, brain, heart, ovary, testis, etc.) were dissected from zebrafish (ZF) and crucian carp (CC), respectively.
Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
The induction of pluripotent stem cell from zebrafish fibroblasts was as previously described (Peng et al., 2019). For crucian carp, refered to our previous study (Zhou et al., 2016), the primary cells were isolated and prepared from caudal fin of 3 month old crucian carp and cultured in 3.5 cm culture dish. Then, trypsinized the fibroblasts (passage 5) and seeded at a density of 30,000–50,000 cells per well of a six well plate or 300,000 cells per 100 mm dish. We generated iPS-like cells from caudal fin fibroblasts of crucian carp with pure chemical reprogramming method (data unpublished). The iPS-like cells were cultured in fish stem cells culture medium, which was composed of DMEM supplemented with 7.5% FBS, 2.5% common carp serum, 0.1 ml of common carp fish embryo extract (100 embryos/mL), 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 0.1% 2-ME, 1 mM nonessential amino acids, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, 10 ng/ml bFGF, 0.5 μM ALK5 inhibitor, 0.5 μM MEK inhibitor, 3 μM GSK3β inhibitor, and 1000 U/mL leukemia inhibitory factor (For details, see Peng et al., 2019).
Reverse Transcription PCR and Quantitative Real-Time PCR
Total RNAs were isolated from embryos and tissues using the Trizol Reagent (Takara, No.108-95-2) following the manufacturer’s protocol. And cDNAs were synthesized (Complementary Deoxyribonucleic acid) using Prime Script RT reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (Takara Cat: RR047A). Reverse transcription PCR(RT-PCR) analysis was carried out with Taq DNA polymerase (TIANGEN). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was conducted with SYBR Premix Ex Taq (bimake Cat: B21702) on an Applied Biosystems® 7,500 Real-Time PCRSystem.The2-ΔΔCt method was used to analyze data. The primers were as follow Supplementary Material. For each sample, qRT-PCR analysis was conducted three times.
Histological Sample Preparation
Tissues were surgically excised from fish under aseptic conditions, and fixed in 4% formaldehyde. After dehydrated with alcohol, the tissues were embedded in paraffin. Sections were cut at 5,6 μm, and some of them were stained with haematoxyl in and eosin, according to procedures described in previous study (Zhou et al., 2016).
In Situ Hybridization
Perform experimental operations on prepared paraffin sections (Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope® 2.0 HD Detection Kit) following the manufacturer’s protocol. Single-molecule in situ hybridization was performed using Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope® 2.0 HD Detection Kit. Briefly, with 4% formalin-fixed and parafin-embedded, gonads tissues were sectioned at 5 µm. Tissues were deparafinized, dehydrated and treated with peroxidase block for 10 min at room temperature, then boiled in a pretreatment solution for 15 min and proteinase K treatment for 30 min at 40°C. Probes were hybridized for 2 h at 40°C, followed by a series of signal amplification (Amp) and washing steps. For RNA detection, incubation with the different amplifier solutions was performed in a water bath at 40°C. The pre-amplifier (2 nmol/L) was in hybridization buffer 2 (20% formamide, 5× SSC, 0.3% lithium dodecyl sulfate, 10% dextran sulfate, blocking reagents). The amplifier (2 nmol/L) was in hybridization buffer 2. The label probe (2 nmol/L) was in hybridization buffer 3 (5× SSC, 0.3% lithium dodecyl sulfate, blocking reagents) (Wang et al., 2012). After each hybridization step, the embryos were washed three times with 0.2× SSCT for 15 min (Wang et al., 2012). The sections were then incubated with DAPI ready-to-use solution (Advanced Cell Diagnostics) O/N at 24°C with slow agitation. Prior to imaging, embryos were rinsed in 0.01% PBT, mounted in 1% low melting point agarose (LMP) and imaged in 1× PBS solution (Gross-Thebing et al., 2014). After visualizing the fluorescent label, mount the slide and observe under a laser confocal scanning microscope (Olympus, FV10, Japan).
Immunofluorescence
Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min at 25°C and blocked with 2% BSA for 1 h. Primary antibodies of the following markers were used: Oct4 antibody (1:500; GeneTex Cat: GTX54240 United States), Nanog antibody (1:500; Cat. No. H0217; Santa Cruz, United States), Tdgf1 antibody (1:500; Cat. No. ab108391; abcam, United States). The fluorescently labeled secondary antibodies were anti-rabbit IgG for the antibodies of anti-Oct4 and anti-Tdgf1 (1:1000, invitrogen Cat: A11035, United States). The immunofluorescence images were observed and recorded under laser confocal scanning microscope (Olympus, FV10, Japan).
Results
Screening of Candidate Genes for Pluripotency Markers
We collected the reported pluripotency gene data in mammals and identified 16 homologous genes in zebrafish through BLAST search in the public database (Table 1). We selected embryos from 10 critical development stages from cleavage to hatching and detected the expression pattern of pluripotent markers. RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression patterns of these 16 genes could be divided into three types in zebrafish. The first group maintained high expression throughout the embryonic stage, such as Lin28, Hsp60 and Klf4. The expression of the second type was higher in the early stage of embryonic development, but it was significantly down-regulated after entering the somatic differentiation, such as Oct4, Nanog, Gdf3, Klf17, and Tdgf1. The third group included Zic3, Sox2, Stat3, SALL4, Rex1, Tert, Tcf3, and C-myc, whose expression levels were low throughout the embryonic stage, or only in the late embryonic stage (Figure 1A).
TABLE 1. Listed of candidate pluripotency genes.
FIGURE 1. RT-PCR and qRT-PCR analysis of candidate pluripotency genes in 10 stages of em[bryonic development of Zebrafish (ZF) and Crucian carp (CC). (A) RT-PCR analysis of 16 pluripotency-related genes in 10 stages of embryonic development of zebrafish. (B) RT-PCR analysis of eight pluripotency-related genes in 10 stages of embryonic development of crucian carp. (C) qRT-PCR analysis for candidate pluripotency genes (Nanog, Oct4, Tdgf1, Gdf3 and Klf17) through the 10 stages of ZF and CC embryos. It was clearly showed that these four genes were seemed to be mainly expressed in the pluripotent cells of undifferentiated embryos, but the expression was significantly decreased or even lost after embryonic cell differentiation. For each gene detected, the △CT value was calculated from the average CT value of the independent housekeeping gene β-actin. For each sample, At least three independent experiments were done for these results.
The metaphase of fish blastocysts is a critical stage of pluripotency, which allows ES cells to be derived from embryos (Li et al., 2011; Ho et al., 2014; Hong et al., 2014). In crucian carp, the five genes of the second type expression pattern (Oct4, Nanog, Gdf3, Tdgf1 and KLf17) was similar to that of zebrafish (Figure 1B). Therefore, we further verified the expression trend of these genes in embryonic development by qRT-PCR. As shown in Figure 1C, expression pattern of these five genes was similar in zebrafish and crucian carp. The expression of these genes was significantly up-regulated at the blastocyst stage, decreased gradually after entering the gastrula stage, reached the lowest point at the stage of somite differentiation. Klf17 was shown some different expression patterns, such as non-maternal expression, and the RNA level of zebrafish enhanced after somite formation stage (Figure 1C). The results showed that Oct4, Nanog, Gdf3, and Tdgf1 were seemed to be mainly expressed in the pluripotent cells of undifferentiated embryos, but the expression was significantly decreased or even lost after embryonic cell differentiation.
Expression Pattern of Candidate Pluripotent Genes in Adult Tissues
The expression patterns of above five genes in eight adult tissues of zebrafish and crucian carp (liver, kidney, intestine, skin, brain, heart, ovary and testis) were detected by RT-PCR (Figures 2A,B). The results showed that all of these genes were no expressed in skin tissue, but mainly expressed in ovary and testis, and some genes such as Klf17 were widely expressed in the most of tissues. QRT-PCR results showed that the expression patterns of these genes in different tissues of zebrafish and crucian carp were similar. Oct4, Nanog and Gdf3 were mainly expressed in ovary, testis and gut, and Gdf3 was also expressed in kidney. Klf17 was expressed in all eight tissues. Tdgf1 was mainly expressed in ovary, testis and heart (Figures 2C,D).
FIGURE 2. Expression pattern of candidate pluripotent genes in adult tissues. (A,B) RT-PCR analysis of the expression of five pluripotent genes in eight tissues of zebrafish (A) and crucian carp (B). It was clearly showed that all of these genes were no expressed in skin tissue, but mainly expressed in ovary and testis, and some genes such as Klf17 were widely expressed in the most of tissues. (C,D) qRT-PCR analysis of the expression of five pluripotent genes in eight tissues of zebrafish (C) and crucian carp (D). The results showed that the expression patterns of these genes in different tissues of zebrafish and crucian carp were similar. Oct4, Nanog and Gdf3 were mainly expressed in ovary, testis and gut, and Gdf3 was also expressed in kidney. Klf17 was expressed in all eight tissues. Tdgf1 was mainly expressed in ovary, testis and heart. (E) Analysis of mRNA levels in the ovaries and testis of zebrafish and crucian carp after fluorescence in situ hybridization with Oct4, Nanog and Gdf3 probes. It was clearly showed that these three genes were strongly expressed in early oocytes and the outermost spermatogonia of the seminal lobules. The gonads were co-stained with DAPI. At least three independent experiments were done for these results. The scale bars in ovary were equal to 200 μm, while 50 μm in testis.
We further selected Oct4, Nanog and Gdf3 as representatives of pluripotent markers for fluorescence in situ hybridization of adult ovaries and testis. As shown in Figure 2E, these three genes were strongly expressed in early oocytes. In the testis, the three genes were expressed in the outermost spermatogonia of the seminal lobules, but not in the differentiated spermatogenic cells inside.
Expression Pattern of Pluripotent Candidate Genes in iPS-Like Cells
The iPS-like cells from zebrafish and crucian carp were generated by chemical small molecules (Supplementary Material). The qRT-PCR results showed that the mRNA levels of Oct4, Nanog, and Tdgf1 were higher in the iPS-like cells of zebrafish and crucian carp, while the expression level of Gdf3 was lower (Figure 3A). Therefore, we chose Oct4, Nanog and Tdgf1 as representatives, and detected the protein levels in the two kinds of iPS-like cells by immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that it was positive in the iPS-like cells, but not in the fibroblasts as the control group (Figure3B). Our results showed that Oct4, Nanog and Tdgf1 could be used to label fish iPS-like cells.
FIGURE 3. Expression pattern of pluripotent candidate genes in iPS-like cells from zebrafish and crucian carp. (A) qRT-PCR analyse of pluripotent candidate genes in iPS-like cells from zebrafish (left) and crucian carp (right). The fibroblasts from zebrafish and crucian as control, respectively. It was showed that the mRNA levels of Oct4, Nanog, and Tdgf1 were higher in the iPS-like cells of zebrafish and crucian carp, while the expression level of Gdf3 was lower. (B) Immunofluorescence staining of Oct4, Nanog, and Tdgf1 iPS-like cells (passage 15) from crucian carp (Scale bars represent 20 μm). It was showed that the expression was positive in iPS-like cells, but not in fibroblasts. Data are shown as mean ± SD of values obtained from three independent experiments, and significant differences were evaluated using Student’s t test (*p < .005; **p < .001). The scale bars are equal to 20 μm.
Discussion
In this study, we reported Oct4, Nanog, Gdf3, and Tdgf1 were highly expressed in the short period of early embryonic development, but significantly down-regulated after differentiation. Moreover, three genes (Oct4, Nanog, and Tdgf1) have been verified in the detection of induced pluripotent stem cells in fish. Among them, Oct4 and Nanog were commonly used marker genes in mammalian iPS cells (Ralston and Rossant, 2010), while Tdgf1 seems to be a characteristic gene to identify the pluripotency status of fish iPS-like cells.
The gene Oct4 was one of the important markers of cellular pluripotency in mammals and fish (Kellner and Kikyo, 2010; Onichtchouk, 2012; Liu et al., 2015; Onichtchouk, 2016). It plays a central role in maintaining the self-renewal and differentiation of embryonic stem cells into specific cell lines. In zebrafish, Oct4 was continuously expressed from egg to late gastrula (Sanchez-Sanchez et al., 2011), and the expression level in blastocyst stage was higher than that in adult cells, which indicated that Oct4 could maintain pluripotency (Robles et al., 2011). Nanog was a highly specifically expressed gene, mainly expressed in mammalian embryonic stem cells (Mitsui et al., 2003; Robles et al., 2011). Unlike mammals, Nanog could be expressed in the gonads of fish (Marandel et al., 2012). However, iPS cells could be produced when the Nanog gene in mice was replaced by the Nanog gene in zebrafish (Theunissen et al., 2011). The embryonic stem cells of herring with Nanog deletion had a tendency to differentiate, and their self-renewal ability would be destroyed to a great extent (Chambers et al., 2007). In mammals, Tgdf1 (Cripto-1) is the downstream target gene of Oct4 and Nanog, and is a potential pluripotent marker gene (Niemeyer et al., 1998; Watanabe et al., 2010). It was heterologous expressed in human embryonic stem cells and co-expressed with Nanog (Loh et al., 2006). It plays an important role in the early embryonic development and the regeneration and differentiation of stem cells (Chambers et al., 2007; Bianco et al., 2009). There were few studies on Tgdf1 gene in fish, especially those related to pluripotency (Garland et al., 2019; Hoover et al., 2019). Our data showed that Oct4, Nanog, and Tgdf1 were characteristic genes to identify the pluripotency status of fish iPS-like cells. As maternal factors, transcripts of these genes were uniformly distributed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of early oocytes, which were similar to the distribution of mRNA/protein of pluripotency-specific transcriptional factors in the early ovary of medaka (Liu et al., 2015). Gdf3 is highly expressed in mammalian embryonic stem cells and control the differentiation of mouse and human embryonic stem cells. Gdf3 plays a role in the formation of mesoderm and endoderm in the pre-development stage of gastrula (Levine and Brivanlou, 2006). In zebrafish, Gdf3 is an essential cofactor of Nodal signaling during establishment of the embryonic axis (Bisgrove et al., 2017). Our data show that Gdf3 is continuously expressed during the embryonic development of zebrafish and crucian carp, but its expression is low in iPS-like cells, so it is not suitable to be used as a marker of iPS-like cells.
Previous studies have shown that there are differences among iPS cell lines of different cell types and species (Martins-Taylor and Xu, 2010; Sanchez-Sanchez et al., 2011). In mammals, there are many established characteristics based on the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells, and iPS cells must meet these characteristics in order to be considered pluripotent (Smith et al., 2009). In addition to colony morphology, the characteristics of iPS cells was determined by the positive alkaline phosphatase (AKP) staining, the expression of pluripotent marker genes, formation of embryoid bodies and teratoma, and the potential to differentiate into germ cell-like cells in vitro (Smith et al., 2009; Marti et al., 2013). Fish species have been proved to be of great value in the study of development, evolution, environment and human diseases. Although, there are still many difficulties in establish a standard for pluripotency in reprogrammed fish cells. However, the induced pluripotent stem cell line in fish provides a useful model for the study of pluripotency in fish cell. And a better understanding of pluripotent marker genes in fish pluripotent stem cells also can promote the application of cell reprogramming in fish species.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Materials, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics Statement
The animal study was reviewed and approved by the Approved by the National Advisory Committee for Laboratory Animal Research in China and the Animal Care Committee of Hunan Normal University. Written informed consent was obtained from the owners for the participation of their animals in this study.
Author Contributions
“LP and YX contributed to conception and design of the study. HL and LP organized the database and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. WX, SX, LT, WF, JL, and WL wrote sections of the manuscript. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version”.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32072959).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2022.819682/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: fish, pluripotency, marker gene, stem cell, IPS (induced pluripotent stem) cell
Citation: Li H, Xu W, Xiang S, Tao L, Fu W, Liu J, Liu W, Xiao Y and Peng L (2022) Defining the Pluripotent Marker Genes for Identification of Teleost Fish Cell Pluripotency During Reprogramming. Front. Genet. 13:819682. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.819682
Received: 22 November 2021; Accepted: 19 January 2022;
Published: 11 February 2022.
Edited by:
Christoph Schaniel, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United StatesReviewed by:
Olga Gordeeva, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology (RAS), RussiaJun Li, Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Copyright © 2022 Li, Xu, Xiang, Tao, Fu, Liu, Liu, Xiao and Peng. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Liangyue Peng, ply@hunnu.edu.cn