Identification of Six Novel Variants of ACAD8 in Isobutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency With Increased C4 Carnitine Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry and NGS Sequencing

Isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (IBDHD, MIM: #611283) is a rare autosomal recessive hereditary disease, which is caused by genetic mutations of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACAD) 8 and associated with valine catabolism. Here, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was applied to screen 302,993 neonates for inherited metabolic diseases (IMD) in Ningbo of China from 2017 to 2020. The results suggest that 198 newborns (0.7‰) were initially screened positive for IBDHD with C4-Carnitine, and 27 cases (0.1‰) were re-screened positive. Genetic diagnosis was performed on 21 of the 27 cases. Seven compound heterozygous variations, three biallelic variations, and one heterozygous variation of ACAD8 were found with a pathogenicity rate of 33.3% (7/21). In addition, seven biallelic variations, one heterozygous variation of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase short chain (ACADS), and one biallelic variation of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase short/branched chain (ACADSB) was detected. Further research showed that ACAD8 mutations of 11 IBDHD cases distributed in six different exons with total 14 mutation sites. Five of which were known suspected pathogenic sites (c.286G > A, c.553C > T, c.1000C > T, c.409G > A, c.500del) and six were novel mutation sites: c.911A > T, c.904C > T, c.826G > A, c.995T > C, c.1166G > A, c.1165C > T. This finding enriched the mutation spectrum of ACAD8 in IBDHD.

1 Introduction

IBD (isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the conversion from isobutyryl-CoA to methacryloyl-CoA in valine catabolism (Roe et al., 1998a; Battaile et al., 2004; Lin et al., 2018). IBD is encoded by ACAD8 (MIM 604773) located on chromosome 11q25 (Nguyen et al., 2002). The ACAD8 gene is composed of 11 exons, encoding 415 amino acids, consisting of the NH2 terminal a-helix domain, the inner b-chain domain and the C-terminal a-helix domain (Nguyen et al., 2002; Yoo et al., 2007). The amino acid sequence and overall structure of the ACAD8 protein are similar to other members of the ACD family (Telford et al., 1999). So far, most of the published ACAD8 gene variants occur in exons 4 and 9 (Lin et al., 2018). Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the ACAD8 gene often cause IBDD, which is a rare autosomal recessive genetic metabolic disease. Since it was first reported in 1998 (Roe et al., 1998b), the prevalence and clinical significance of the disease have remained unclear, and the natural course of the disease is still unclear, and most patients are asymptomatic.

Symptoms of IBDD generally appear in late infancy or childhood, and symptoms include poor feeding, developmental delay, dilated cardiomyopathy, epilepsy, and anemia (Lin et al., 2018). The latest study found that a case of IBDD with obvious clinical symptoms in adulthood suggests that asymptomatic children with IBDD are at risk of clinical manifestations in adulthood (Nygaard et al., 2016a). In addition, another study found that alternative splicing of ACAD8 caused mitochondrial defects and progressive liver steatosis in mice, suggesting a correlation between IBDHD and fatty liver (Sabbagha et al., 2011). Therefore, the clinical importance of IBDHD is unclear. The systematic evaluation of this disease is particularly urgent, and patients with IBDHD should be carefully monitored.

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is a technology developed in recent years for screening inherited metabolic disorders (Chace et al., 1993). It can perform a single test on dry filter paper blood specimens within 2–3 min now. More than 30 genetic metabolic diseases with dozens of small molecule metabolites including amino acid, organic acid and oxidative fatty acid can be detected at one time (Pedersen et al., 2006; Santra et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2018). Now, A variety of inherited metabolic diseases of neonatus can be screened using tandem mass spectrometry in a single injection (Roe et al., 1998a; Battaile et al., 2004; Lin et al., 2018). Due to cross-over metabolic pathways, acylcarnitine analysis allowed the identification of many metabolic diseases. By detection of C4-butyrylcarnitine or isobutyrylcarnitine, short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SCADD [MIM 606885]) (Koeberl et al., 2003), isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (IBDHD [(MIM 611283]) (Lin et al., 2018), and ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE [MIM 201470]) (Forni et al., 2010) can be assessed. In addition, acylcarnitine is also a valuable marker for diagnosis of glutaric acidemia type II (GA2 [MIM 213680]) (Forni et al., 2010; Sadat et al., 2020).

This study summarized the results of neonatal genetic and metabolic disease screening in Ningbo from 2017 to 2020. Tandem mass spectrometry technology combining with urine gas chromatography mass spectrometry and sequencing technology were used to analyze the clinical and genetic characteristics of IBDD. Through NBS program and DNA analysis, we demonstrated the pathogenicity of ACAD8 gene mutations and identified seven novel possible pathogenic sites.

2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Patient Cohort

In 2017–2020, 302,993 newborns were screened for genetic and metabolic diseases at the Center for Birth Defects Prevention and Control laboratory in Ningbo. Informed consents were signed prior to the screening. Inclusion criteria were: i. Neonates born within 28 days in Ningbo; ii. The parents of the Neonates voluntarily consented to tandem mass spectrometry screening; iii. Follow up to the end of the project. Exclusion criteria were: i. Those who do not meet the entry criteria; ii. No dry blood points larger than 8 mm in diameter can be provided; iii. Because the assisted reproduction (third-generation test tube) through preimplantation genetic screening, they are already selective embryos, and the statistical rate or incidence of regional diagnosis is not accurate, so the pregnancy (including IVF-ET, ICSI pregnancy) patients who assisted preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) is excluded.

2.2 Sample Requirements

Prospective samples require two or more dried blood spots with a diameter of 8 mm for all incoming samples. At least 2 ml ofperipheral blood (EDTA anti-coagulation) was collected from the recovered sample. Withdrawal situation during the implementation of the project were: i. The subject guardian (either of the parents) voluntarily requested withdraw; ii. Parents did not cooperate with blood sampling when the screening indexes of the subject tandem mass spectrometry were abnormal.

2.3 Newborn Screening

Blood drops from the heel of 3–5 days old neonates were collected and dried on SS903 filter paper (Whatman) for examination. The amino acids and acylcarnitine in dried blood filter paper were determined by TQD tandem mass spectrometry (Waters) and the non-derivatized multiple amino acid, carnitine and succinylacetone determination kit (PerkinElmer).

Newborns with C4 screening index >0.51 μmol/L were recalled for MS/MS testing and urine gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

2.4 Genetic Testing

With informed consent, peripheral blood was collected from parents and newborns using the OMEGA Genomic DNA Extraction Kit (OMEGA Biotech, United States). The genomic DNA of the sample is extracted as the test material. Targeted sequencing was performed by the basic edition panel of inherited metabolic diseases (Genuine Diagnostic Laboratory, Hangzhou, China) to detect 94 genes, including ACAD8, PAH, ACADS, ACADSB MUT and other genes. The sequences of target regions were enriched by multiple probe hybridizations using Agilent SureSelect Human Exon Sequence Capture Kit. The capture products were then purified using Agencourt AMPure XP beads (Beckman Coulter). After purification and quality test, the sequencing libraries were quantified by Illumina DNA standard and Primer Premix Kit (kapa), and then massively parallel sequenced by Illumina MiSeq platform. All potentially pathogenic variants were verified by Sanger sequencing using the specific primers. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) conditions were according to TaKaRa LA PCR™ Kit Ver.2.1 (TaKaRa).

Suspected pathogenic mutations were obtained by consulting OMIM (https://omim.org/), ClinVar (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/), the Human Gene Mutation Database (http://www.hgmd.cf.ac.uk/ac/index.php), 1,000 Genome Project database (http://www.1000genomes.org/), ExAC consortium (http://exac.broadinstitute.org/), gnomAD (https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/), laboratory internal database and literature. The novel missense variants were further assessed for possible pathogenicity based on tools including SIFT, PolyPhen-2, and MutationTaster.

2.5 Follow-Up

Follow-up was carried out through the Ningbo Maternal and Child Electronic Monitoring System. The monitoring items included physical examination, assessment of physical and mental development, followed up for 6–42 months. The assessment is carried out by a pediatrician. The assessment includes the physical growth and development of the child (including weight, height, head circumference, etc.), the development of the skull and teeth, as well as the development of the nervous system, movement and language. After the diagnosis of IBDD or SCADD, symptomatic treatment is mainly for the symptoms secondary to carnitine deficiency, and the clinical significance of most diagnosed cases is not clear; children diagnosed through the neonatal screening program, mainly through clinical follow-up monitoring of carnitine levels.

3 Results

3.1 Screening Results

A total of 302,993 newborns in Ningbo area were screened for genetic metabolic diseases from 2017 to 2020. Among them, 198 cases showed elevated levels of C4 acylcarnitine, with a preliminary positive rate of 0.7‰. The second screening was done after 7–14 days for the initial positive neonates, and 171 cases returned to normal, 27 cases were still positive. The positive rate of screening was 0.1‰. Twenty-seven newborns with positive screening results were recalled for genetic tests, of which six rejected to undergo NGS sequencing (Figure 1). The remaining 21 cases were verified by NGS and Sanger sequencing. Ten cases of biallelic variations and one case of single heterozygous mutation were detected of ACAD8 gene encoding IBD, and seven cases of biallelic variations and one heterozygous mutation of ACADS (acyl-CoA dehydrogenase short chain) encoding short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, one case of biallelic variations of ACADSB (acyl-CoA dehydrogenase short/branched chain) gene encoding 2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase were detected. No genetic abnormality of ACAD8 and ACADS was detected in the last one case. In conclusion, the prevalence of neonatal IBDD in this area was 1 in 30,299.

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1. Flow chart of newborn screening and diagnosis.

3.2 Analysis of Biochemical Results

As shown in Table 1, the ten confirmed positive cases all showed characteristic changes of C4 (0.08–0.51), C4/C2 (0–0.05), or C4/C3 (0.04–0.046) by tandem mass spectrometry. In GC-MS, the concentration of 3-hydroxypropionic acid increased in 9 cases and lactic acid increased in 7 cases, all of the cases had the normal concentration of the ethyl malonic acid.

TABLE 1

TABLE 1. Results of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and urine GCMS analysis of 10 cases of IBDHD.

3.3 Genetic Testing and Analysis

Sanger sequencing revealed 10 cases of IBDD, all of which were compound heterozygous mutations. The gene of ACAD8 was found to have 14 mutation sites in six different exons, including 13 missense mutations and one frameshift mutation. Parental verification of seven in the ten IBDD cases confirmed that 7 mutations of them were from their parents (Table 2, Figure 2). Among the mutation sites discovered in this study, six were unreported: c.911A > T, c.904C > T, c.826G > A, c.995T > C, c.1166G > A, c.1165C > T; five (c.286G > A, c.553C > T, c.1000C > T, c.409G > A,c.500del) were judged to be suspected pathogenic after comprehensive evaluation of database query. The clinical significance of the six novel discovered mutations is unknown.

TABLE 2

TABLE 2. Results of ACAD8 gene mutation in 10 cases and follow up.

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 2. The location, type and frequency of ACAD8 mutations in 10 patients with IBD. Note: •means missense mutation; ▪indicates a frameshift mutation after.

Seven patients who carrying two ACADS variants all had increased characteristic changes in tandem mass spectrometry index C4 (0.08–0.51), C4/C2 (0–0.05), and C4/C3 (0.04–0.046). Only five patients participate the GC/MS tests, all the five patients had highly increased EMA (Ethyl malonic acid) and increased 3-hydroxypropionic acid-2 concentration, no patients had increased lactic acid. In addition to the ten confirmed cases, the other patient carried only one heterozygous mutation in ACAD8 (c.1000C > T).

3.4 Follow-Up

Ten IBDD patients were followed up through physical examination to assess their physical and mental development status. It was found that P6 showed mild growth retardation during physical examination at 6 months after birth, and then gradually returned to normal (Table 2); P9 was mild growth retardation when examined at 8 and 10 months after birth. At the age of 3, P9 was 91 cm tall and weighed 11.7 kg. There was still mild growth retardation, but no language or intellectual retardation. No obvious clinical symptoms were seen in the remaining cases (Table 2). In addition, during the follow-up process, it was found that the parents of case P1 gave birth to another son who carries the same two mutations in ACAD8 as his sister, and also has phenotype of high C4 (Table 2).

Among the six who refused gene testing, C4 acylcarnitine level decreased to normal or close to normal in two cases, and all aspects were normal after follow-up. C4 acylcarnitine was still high in three cases, of which, one case was diagnosed as rickets due to vitamin deficiency, and the rest two were normal. One case was lost during follow-up (Table 3).

TABLE 3

TABLE 3. Follow-up status of six patients who refused NGS testing.

4 Discussion

4.1 Prevalence of Isobutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency

IBDD was first reported in 1998 in a two-year-old girl with cardiomyopathy and carnitine deficiency. At 12 months of age, she presented with cardiomyopathy, anemia and carnitine deficiency. Her heart function, growth and development returned to normal after carnitine supplementation. Since then, reports of IBDD cases have gradually appeared abroad, and only a few cases have been reported in Asian countries (Oglesbee et al., 2007; Yoo et al., 2007; Popek et al., 2010; Yun et al., 2015; Santra et al., 2017). Several reports have found that the incidence of IBDD ranges from 1/292,451 to 1/45,466 (Scolamiero et al., 2015). At present, the prevalence of IBDD in China is little known and reported. A survey showed that among 364,545 neonates screened in Quanzhou city, Fujian province, 6 cases (15.4%) were found to have IBDD (Jinping et al., 2019). All these studies show that the incidence of the disease vary greatly from region to region.

In this study, 302,993 newborns were screened by tandem mass spectrometry. Ten IBDD-positive cases were confirmed, and the prevalence of IBDD among newborns in Ningbo city reached 1/30,300. The incidence rates of different regions are also affected by the values set on the detection platform and the formulation of diseases, statistical methods and clinical diagnosis in screening. However, what is certain that as screening and diagnostic techniques improve, rare diseases such as IBDD will be widely known.

4.2 Molecular Genetic Etiology of IBDD

One of the characteristics of IBDD is the increase of C4 acylcarnitine. However, in addition to IBDD, short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency, ethylmalonate encephalopathy, multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency and double iminoglutamic aciduria can also result in increased C4 acylcarnitine by tandem mass spectrometry, and GC-MS biochemical results are not specific. Therefore, tandem mass spectrometry is usually used for IBDD screening, GC-MS is used for auxiliary diagnosis, and a definite diagnosis relies on genetic analysis. So far, ACAD8 is the only gene reported directly related to IBDD. The ACAD8 gene is located on chromosome 11q25 and contains 11 exons. So far, more than 22 kinds of mutations of ACAD8 have been reported, among which missense mutation is the most common type (Yun et al., 2015). In this study, we identified 14 different ACAD8 variant sites via genetic profiling of IBDD in Ningbo, in which, six have not been reported before. The frequency of c.286G > A variant allele is up to 33.3% (7/21); the frequency of c.1000C > T variant allele is 9.5% (2/21), ranking second. These results suggesting that the two mutations are hot spot or initial mutations of IBDD patients in Ningbo. All the loci mutations detected in this study were missense mutations except one frameshift mutation. Nine unreported mutations were foundafter searching in the disease databases DECIPHER, HGMD, ClinVar and gnomAD. Different from missense mutations in other cases, c.500del mutation of ACAD8 in case 8 is a deletion mutation. The 167th amino acid of the protein was mutated from serine to methionine (P.S167Mfs*7), leading to premature termination of polypeptide chain synthesis. At present, there is no literature report on this mutation and it is suspected as a pathogenic mutation.

4.3 Clinical Research of IBDD

Symptoms of IBDD usually appear in late infancy or childhood, including malnutrition, stunting, dilated cardiomyopathy, epilepsy, and anemia. In 2018, Lin et al. (2018) first introduced the clinical, biochemical and genotypes of 7 IBDD patients in Quanzhou, Fujian province, China. During the follow-up period, five patients were asymptomatic, one adolescent had speech disorder and one newborn had clinical symptoms. Previously, Nygaard et al. (2016b) reported a case of IBDD with obvious clinical symptoms in adulthood, suggesting the risk of asymptomatic children with IBDD developing clinical symptoms in adulthood. Another study of Eleftheriadou et al. (2021) reported a case of an 11-year-old girl diagnosed with IBDD and concluded that IBDD may be associated with autism spectrum disorder. Therefore, further long-term follow-up of the disease is needed to achieve systematic evaluation for the shortest follow-up of the cases was 6 months and the longest was 3 years and 6 months in this study. A long-term follow-up monitoring was recommended for patients diagnosed as hereditary metabolic disease by tandem mass spectrometry screening with short-term clinical symptoms such as IBDD.

In conclusion, the prevalence rate of IBDD among neonates in Ningbo is 1/30,299, among which the c.286G > A site of ACAD8 has the highest carrying rate, followed by c.1000C > T. The results of this study enriched the mutation spectrum of the ACAD8 gene; The application of tandem mass spectrometry and NGS sequencing is essential for the diagnosis of IBDD, and long-term follow-up monitoring of IBDD patients is recommended.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

Ethics Statement

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by This study was approved by the Ningbo Women and Children’s Hospital, and the patient’s written informed consent was obtained. The approval date is November 05, 2020, and the relevant reference number is EC2020-048. Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants’ legal guardian/next of kin.

Author Contributions

All authors have materially participated in the study and manuscript preparation. D-YZ and S-XD carried out all the molecular genetic analysis, and participated in the design of the work; FW, X-CY, X-LP, and Y-WB collected all clininal data and participated in conceiving the work; L-MZ and H-BL designed the work, drafted and revised the manuscript. All authors have approved the final article.

Funding

Social Development Public Welfare Foundation of Ningbo (Grant No. 202002N3150, 2019C50070), First Municipal Medical and Health Brand Foundation of Ningbo (Grant No. PPXK2018-06), The Medical and Health Project of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. 2020KY890), National Key R&D Projects (Grant No. 2017YFC1001703).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

References

Battaile, K. P., Nguyen, T. V., Vockley, J., and Kim, J.-J. P. (2004). Structures of Isobutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase and Enzyme-Product Complex. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (16), 16526–16534. doi:10.1074/jbc.m400034200

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Chace, D. H., Millington, D. S., Terada, N., Kahler, S. G., Roe, C. R., and Hofman, L. F. (1993). Rapid Diagnosis of Phenylketonuria by Quantitative Analysis for Phenylalanine and Tyrosine in Neonatal Blood Spots by Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Clin. Chem. 39 (1), 66–71. doi:10.1093/clinchem/39.1.66

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Eleftheriadou, M., Medici-van den Herik, E., Stuurman, K., van Bever, Y., Hellebrekers, D. M. E. I., van Slegtenhorst, M., et al. (2021). Isobutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency Associated with Autism in a Girl without an Alternative Genetic Diagnosis by Trio Whole Exome Sequencing: A Case Report. Mol. Genet. Genomic Med. 9 (2), e1595. doi:10.1002/mgg3.1595

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Forni, S., Fu, X., Palmer, S. E., and Sweetman, L. (2010). Rapid Determination of C4-Acylcarnitine and C5-Acylcarnitine Isomers in Plasma and Dried Blood Spots by UPLC-MS/MS as a Second Tier Test Following Flow-Injection MS/MS Acylcarnitine Profile Analysis. Mol. Genet. Metab. 101 (1), 25–32. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.05.012

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Jinping, Z., Qingliu, F., and Yiming, L. (2019). Analysis of the Incidence and Disease Spectrum Screening Results of Neonatal Organic Acidemia in Quanzhou. Fujian Province. 现代检验医学杂志 5.

Google Scholar

Koeberl, D. D., Young, S. P., Gregersen, N., Vockley, J., Smith, W. E., Benjamin, D. K., et al. (2003). Rare Disorders of Metabolism with Elevated Butyryl- and Isobutyryl-Carnitine Detected by Tandem Mass Spectrometry Newborn Screening. Pediatr. Res. 54 (2), 219–223. doi:10.1203/01.pdr.0000074972.36356.89

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lin, Y., Peng, W., Jiang, M., Lin, C., Lin, W., Zheng, Z., et al. (2018). Clinical, Biochemical and Genetic Analysis of Chinese Patients with Isobutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency. Clinica Chim. Acta 487, 133–138. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2018.09.033

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Nguyen, T. V., Andresen, B. S., Corydon, T. J., Ghisla, S., Abd-El Razik, N., Mohsen, A. W., et al. (2002). Identification of Isobutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase and its Deficiency in Humans. Mol. Genet. Metab. 77 (1-2), 68–79. doi:10.1016/s1096-7192(02)00152-x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Nygaard, H. H., Gaist, D., Christensen, M., Dunø, M., Kjeldsen, M., Schrøder, H., et al. (2016). Isobutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency Presenting with Significant Clinical Disease in Adulthood. Island: Reykjavik.

Google Scholar

Nygaard, H. H., Gaist, D., Christensen, M., Dunø, M., Kjeldsen, M., Schrøder, H., et al. (2016). Isobutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency Presenting with Significant Clinical Disease in Adulthood. The 18th Nordic Congress in Human Genetics Reykjavik. Island.

Google Scholar

Oglesbee, D., He, M., Majumder, N., Vockley, J., Ahmad, A., Angle, B., et al. (2007). Development of a Newborn Screening Follow-Up Algorithm for the Diagnosis of Isobutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency. Genet. Med. 9 (2), 108–116. doi:10.1097/gim.0b013e31802f78d6

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pedersen, C. B., Bischoff, C., Christensen, E., Simonsen, H., Lund, A. M., Young, S. P., et al. (2006). Variations in IBD (ACAD8) in Children with Elevated C4-Carnitine Detected by Tandem Mass Spectrometry Newborn Screening. Pediatr. Res. 60 (3), 315–320. doi:10.1203/01.pdr.0000233085.72522.04

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Popek, M., Walter, M., Fernando, M., Lindner, M., Schwab, K. O., and Sass, J. O. (2010). Two Inborn Errors of Metabolism in a Newborn: Glutaric Aciduria Type I Combined with Isobutyrylglycinuria. Clin. Chim. Acta 411 (23-24), 2087–2091. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2010.09.006

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Roe, C. R., Cederbaum, S. D., Roe, D. S., Mardach, R., Galindo, A., and Sweetman, L. (1998). Isolated Isobutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency: An Unrecognized Defect in Human Valine Metabolism. Mol. Genet. Metab. 65 (4), 264–271. doi:10.1006/mgme.1998.2758

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Roe, C. R., Cederbaum, S. D., Roe, D. S., Mardach, R., Galindo, A., and Sweetman, L. (1998). Isolated Isobutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency: an Unrecognized Defect in Human Valine Metabolism. Mol. Genet. Metab. 65 (4), 264–271. doi:10.1006/mgme.1998.2758

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sabbagha, N. G. A. A.-A., Kao, H.-J., Yang, C.-F., Huang, C.-C., Lin, W.-D., Tsai, F.-J., et al. (2011). Alternative Splicing in Acad8 Resulting a Mitochondrial Defect and Progressive Hepatic Steatosis in Mice. Pediatr. Res. 70 (1), 31–36. doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e31821b89ee

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sadat, R., Hall, P. L., Wittenauer, A. L., Vengoechea, E. D., Park, K., Hagar, A. F., et al. (2020). Increased Parental Anxiety and a Benign Clinical Course: Infants Identified with Short-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Isobutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency through Newborn Screening in Georgia. Mol. Genet. Metab. 129 (1), 20–25. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.11.008

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Santra, S., Macdonald, A., Preece, M. A., Olsen, R. K., and Andresen, B. S. (2017). Long-term Outcome of Isobutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency Diagnosed Following an Episode of Ketotic Hypoglycaemia. Mol. Genet. Metab. Rep. 10, 28–30. doi:10.1016/j.ymgmr.2016.11.005

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Scolamiero, E., Cozzolino, C., Albano, L., Ansalone, A., Caterino, M., Corbo, G., et al. (2015). Targeted Metabolomics in the Expanded Newborn Screening for Inborn Errors of Metabolism. Mol. Biosyst. 11 (6), 1525–1535. doi:10.1039/c4mb00729h

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Telford, E. A. R., Moynihan, L. M., Markham, A. F., and Lench, N. J. (1999). Isolation and Characterisation of a cDNA Encoding the Precursor for a Novel Member of the Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Gene Family. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (Bba) - Gene Struct. Expr. 1446 (3), 371–376. doi:10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00102-5

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Yoo, E-H., Cho, H-J., Ki, C-S., and Lee, S-Y. (2007). Isobutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency with a Novel ACAD8 Gene Mutation Detected by Tandem Mass Spectrometry Newborn Screening. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 45 (11), 1495–1497. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2007.317

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Yun, J. W., Jo, K. I., Woo, H. I., Lee, S.-Y., Ki, C.-S., Kim, J.-W., et al. (2015). A novelACAD8mutation in Asymptomatic Patients with Isobutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency and a Review of theACAD8mutation Spectrum. Clin. Genet. 87 (2), 196–198. doi:10.1111/cge.12350

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar