Bioinformatics and Expression Analysis of IDA-Like Genes Reveal Their Potential Functions in Flower Abscission and Stress Response in Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

The inflorescence deficient in abscission-like (IDL) genes have been shown to play critical roles in floral organ abscission, lateral root formation and various stress responses in Arabidopsis. The IDL gene family has been characterized in a number of plant species, while limited information is available about IDL genes of tobacco. In the current study, 15 NtIDL members were identified in the tobacco genome, and were classified into six groups together with IDL members from other species. Evolution analysis suggested that the NtIDL members form group VI might have originated from duplication events. Notably, NtIDL06 shared high similarities with AtIDA in the EPIP sequence, and its encoding gene was highly expressed in the abscission zone of flowers at late developmental stages, implying that NtIDL06 might regulate tobacco flower abscission. In addition, the results from cis-elements analysis of promoters and expression after stress treatments suggested that NtIDL members might be involved in various stress responses of tobacco. The results from this study provide information for further functional analysis related to flower abscission and stress responses of NtIDL genes.

Introduction

Abscission is a highly coordinated cell separation process in plants. From an evolutionary perspective, active abscission is advantageous in many aspects for plants, such as dispersal, propagation, pollination and defense (Lewis et al., 2006). It allows parent plants to abandon damaged organs no longer needed (Reichardt et al., 2020). A prerequisite for abscission to transpire is the presence of an abscission zone, which is composed of small densely cytoplasmic cells that respond to abscission signals (Patterson, 2001; Liljegren, 2012; Gubert et al., 2014). Also, abscission can be triggered by multiple factors, including seasonal changes, pathogen attack, abiotic stresses, and hormones (Patharkar and Walker, 2019). Abscisic acid (ABA) and Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) were reported to accelerate organ abscission, while auxin and brassinosteroids were negative regulators of shedding (Hartmond et al., 2000; Chandler, 2011; Marciniak et al., 2018; Wilmowicz et al., 2018; Mesejo et al., 2021).

In Arabidopsis, flower organ abscission is dependent on the function of a small peptide that is released from the IDA (inflorescence deficient in abscission) precursor protein (Reichardt et al., 2020). The IDA proprotein is composed of 77 amino acids including an N-terminal signal peptide and a C-terminal EPIP domain (FGYLPKGVPIPPSA PSKRHNSFVNSLPH). The EPIP domain (extended PIP) was confirmed to be the main functional domain of the IDA protein (Stenvik et al., 2008b). The abscission of ida mutant flower organs failed to appear, while the flowers fall off prematurely in the plants overexpressing the IDA gene (Stenvik et al., 2008b; Kumpf et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2013). It has been shown that the IDA peptide functions as a ligand of the receptor-like kinases HAESA and HAESA-LIKE2 (HAE/HSL2), which dominates flower abscission. The IDA-HAE/HSL2 pathway was shown to activate downstream mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades, which regulate the expression of hydrolytic and cell wall-modifying enzymes (Jinn et al., 2000; Stenvik et al., 2008a; Kumpf et al., 2013; Meng et al., 2016). Also, somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase (SEKR) was reported to act as a co-receptor for IDA with HAE/HSL2 to transmit the abscission signal (Santiago et al., 2016; Patharkar and Walker, 2018).

Except for being involved in flower abscission, the IDA-HAE/HSL2 signaling module was reported to be important for lateral root emergence (Matsubayashi and Sakagami, 2006; Kumpf et al., 2013; Shi et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2020). Several IDL genes was recently reported to be involved in responding to multiple stresses in Arabidopsis (Vie et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017). AtIDL6 expression was up-regulated by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 infection. Overexpression and knockdown lines of AtIDL6 showed decreased and increased resistance to Pst DC3000 in Arabidopsis, respectively. Moreover, AtIDL6 and AtIDL7 were suggested to be induced rapidly by various stresses as negative modulators of stress-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling (Vie et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017).

The regulation of flower abscission by genes encoding IDL peptides seems to be conserved in plants (Tranbarger et al., 2019; Schuster and Van Der Hoorn, 2020). For instance, the SlIDA1 genes were closely related to drought-induced tomato flower drop (Tucker and Yang, 2012). In Citrus, five CitIDA genes were identified, and overexpression of CitIDA3 gene complemented the abscission deficiency of the ida mutant in Arabidopsis (Estornell et al., 2015). Besides, LcIDL1 was identified as a homologous gene of AtIDA from the litchi genome, and it was reported to play a role in regulating the shedding of floral organs in Arabidopsis (Ying et al., 2016). Interestingly, IDL genes were also found in root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita), and exogenous treatments of ida mutant plants with synthetic MiIDL1 peptides caused petals to abscise in Arabidopsis (Kim et al., 2018).

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is one of the most important non-food crops and has been widely used as a model plant for analyzing gene function (Li et al., 2021). A recent genome-wide study revealed a range of flower-related genes in tobacco, such as the MADS-box gene family (Bai et al., 2019). While study of IDL genes in the control of flower abscission is limited in N. tabacum. Here, we report the identification of IDL and HAE-Like genes from the tobacco genome. Expression analysis showed that individual NtIDL members and HAE-Like genes were highly expressed in the abscission zone of the late stages of flower development. Furthermore, the results from expression analysis also suggested that NtIDL genes might be involved in stress responses in tobacco.

Materials and Methods

Identification and Sequence Analysis of NtIDL and NtHAE Members

The protein sequences of Arabidopsis IDA and IDL1-8 were downloaded from TAIR (Lamesch et al., 2012) and used as probe sequences to search the tobacco genome database (Edwards et al., 2017) with the E-value cutoff of 0.01. Newly identified genes were named according to the information of chromosomes and scaffold numerically. Similarly, the protein sequences of Arabidopsis HAE and HSL2 were used as queries to carry out BLASTP searches against the tobacco genome database under the E-value cutoff of 0.001. Newly identified NtHAE-Like genes were named according to the evolutionary analysis. Each sequence was submitted to ProtParam¹ to predict isoelectric point and molecular weight.

Multiple Sequence Alignment and Phylogenetic Analysis

Multiple sequence alignment of NtIDL and reported IDLs from other species was performed using MAFFT, with their full-length amino acid sequences under default settings (Katoh and Standley, 2013). Base on the sequence alignment results, MEGA X was used to generate a neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree (Kumar et al., 2016). The EPIP sequences of all members were extracted for multiple sequence alignment and visualized together with the results of evolutionary analysis.

Analysis of Cis-Elements in the Promoter of NtIDL Members

To assess the cis-elements of the NtIDL promoters, 2000 base pairs of promoter regions upstream of the start codon of the NtIDL genes were extracted, according to a previous report (Cao et al., 2016). The PlantCARE database was engaged for cis-elements investigation, and the results were visualized by the TBtools (Lescot et al., 2002; Chen et al., 2020).

Plant Growth Conditions

Seeds of tobacco cultivar K326 were germinated and cultured using a floating seedling production system under normal conditions (28°C, 14 h light, 10 h dark). The tissues (root, stem, shoot, leaf and flower) and abscission zones of flowers at different developing stages were collected to analyze NtIDL gene expression. For hormones and salt treatments, tobacco seedlings were germinated on MS medium in a light incubator at 25°C for 2 weeks and treated with 50 μM ABA, 100 μM MeJA or 150 mM NaCl following a previous report (Li et al., 2019). For low/high temperature and drought treatments, the seedlings were placed in a growth chamber at 4°C/37°C or placed on filter paper. For wounding treatment, a sterile surgical blade was used to mechanically damage the third leaf of tobacco seedlings along the veins. Whole seedlings were collected at 0, 3, and 6 h after treatments, frozen in liquid nitrogen and transferred to −80°C for storage. Triple biological replicates were performed for each sample.

RNA Extraction and qRT-PCR

Total RNA of all samples was extracted following the instructions of Ultrapure RNA Kit (cwbiotech, Beijing, China). The quality and quantity of the isolated total RNA were determined by NanoDrop (Thermo Scientific^TM) and gel blot analysis. cDNA synthesis was performed using same amount of RNA according to the directions of the kit (R323-01, Vazyme, Nanjing, China). The tobacco ribosomal protein gene L25 (GenBank No. L18908) was adopted as the control. qRT-PCR was performed on Roche LightCycler^® 480 in a 20 μL reaction with SYBR (TaKaRa, Shiga, Japan) 10 μL, 10 mM forward primer 0.4 μL, 10 mM reverse primer 0.4 μL, and diluted cDNA 0.2 μL. Three independent experiments were carried out with three technical replicates, and the average value was taken for analysis based on the 2^–ΔΔCt method. The primer pairs used are listed in Supplementary Table 1.

Results

Identification of IDL Family Genes in Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

To identify IDL proteins in the tobacco proteome, the Arabidopsis IDA and IDL1-8 proteins were employed as queries to search against the local tobacco proteome database using Blastp. After manually removing repeated sequences, a total of 15 IDL genes were obtained from tobacco proteome. For consistency, newly identified IDL family members were named NtIDL01-NtIDL15 in the order of chromosome and scaffold. The detailed information of gene localization and protein characteristics were listed in Table 1. Amino acid length analysis showed that tobacco IDL family members ranged from 73 aa (NtIDL07) to 126 aa (NtIDL10). Their theoretical isoelectric points were from 5.19 (NtIDL13) to 11.17 (NtIDL15), and the molecular weight ranged from 7,723.83 Da (NtIDL07) to 14,120.9 Da (NtIDL10).

TABLE 1

Table 1. IDA-Like gene family members in tobacco*.

Multiple Sequence Alignment and Evolution Analysis of IDL Family Members

To explore the conservation of tobacco IDLs during evolution, a number of representatives IDL sequences from previous studies (Tucker and Yang, 2012; Estornell et al., 2015; Ying et al., 2016; Kim et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018) together with the newly identified NtIDL members were subjected to multiple sequence alignments using MAFFT, and a neighbor-joining tree was generated by MEGA X. Thereafter, the EPIP domains of all the IDL members were extracted and displayed together with the results of evolutionary analysis (Figure 1).

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Phylogenetic analysis of NtIDL family members. Citrus (Cit), Litchi chinensis (Lc), Populus (Pt), Glycine max (Gm), Arabidopsis thaliana (At), Solanum lycopersicum (Sl), Nicotiana tabacum (Nt), Zea mays (Zm), Triticum aestivum (Ta), southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita, Mi), northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne. hapla, Mh), and peach root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne. floridensis, Mf). On the right is the conservative EPIP sequences alignment.

As a result, all the IDL proteins were classed into six groups, namely I-VI, based on the topology of the phylogenetic tree. Most of the groups contained two or more tobacco IDL members. For example, NtIDL15 and NtIDL11 are in group II, where they were clustered with ZmIDL1, TaIDL1, and AtIDL8. NtIDL06 and NtIDL09 belong to group III together with AtIDA and AtIDL1, and they both share 85.7% similarities with AtIDA in amino acid EPIP sequence (Figure 1). In group IV, NtIDL01 and NtIDL14 were clustered together with AtIDL6 and AtIDL7. The remaining NtIDL members are all in group VI, which is unique to tobacco. No tobacco IDL member was grouped in Group I. Group V only contains IDL members of root-knot nematodes, implying a unique evolution path shared by the nematode IDLs.

Analysis of Cis-Elements in the Promoters of NtIDLs

The study of cis-elements could provide clues about regulatory pathways of gene expression. Therefore, the promoter regions of 15 IDL genes in tobacco were analyzed using the PlantCARE Online toolboxes (Lescot et al., 2002). In general, various cis-elements were identified in the tobacco IDL gene promoters. 14 cis-elements involved in different hormone response, developmental process and stress response were selected for further analysis (Figure 2). As a result, 11 NtIDL promoters contain ABRE cis-acting elements involved in ABA responsiveness. Among them, the NtIDL14 promoter contains 6 ABRE cis-elements. Both CGTCA-motif and TGACG-motif were related to MeJA responsive. 12 NtIDL promoters were found to possess these two kinds of elements. Also, ethylene-responsive cis-element (ERE), salicylic acid (TCA-element), gibberellin (P-box) and auxin (TGA-element) were identified on NtIDL promoters. These results suggest that hormones may play important roles in regulating NtIDL expression.

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. Regulatory elements in the promoter regions of NtIDL gene promoters. The color represents the numbers of cis-element in NtIDL gene promoters. MBS (MYB binding site involved in drought-inducibility), ERE (ethylene-responsive cis-acting), ARE (anaerobic induction element), LTR (low-temperature-responsive element), ABRE (cis-acting element involved in the abscisic acid responsiveness), P-box (gibberellin-responsive element), W-box (WRKY binding site), CAT-box (cis-acting regulatory element related to meristem expression), TGA-element (auxin-responsive element), TCA-element (cis-acting element involved in salicylic acid responsiveness), Wun-motif (wound-responsive element), CGTCA-motif (cis-acting regulatory element involved in the MeJA-responsiveness), TGACG-motif (cis-acting regulatory element involved in the MeJA-responsiveness), and TC-rich repeats (involved in defense and stress responsiveness).

Notably, stress-responsive elements including MBS (MYB binding site involved in drought-inducibility), TC-rich repeats (involved in defense and stress responsiveness), LTR (low-temperature-responsive element), WUN-motif (wound-responsive element), and ARE (anaerobic induction element) were founded to be abundant in the promoter regions of a large number of NtIDL genes. Interestingly, nine NtIDL genes were predicted to contain W-box cis-elements, which act as the WRKY transcription factors’ binding site, implying certain WRKY transcription factors might regulate these NtIDL genes. Overall, NtIDL promoters possess abundant stress-related cis-elements, suggesting that tobacco IDL genes might be regulated by multiple stresses.

Expression Profiles of IDL and HAE-Like Genes of Tobacco

To explore the expression patterns of NtIDL members, different tissues from tobacco seedlings were collected and analyzed, including roots, stems, leaves, shoots and flowers. The results showed several NtIDL genes were detected to be expressed in all these tissues (Figure 3), such as NtIDL01, NtIDL03, NtIDL06, NtIDL10, and NtIDL12. In comparison, transcripts of some other NtIDL genes were presented at high levels in specific tissues. For instance, NtIDL02 and NtIDL09 were highly expressed in roots and flowers. Expression of NtIDL05, NtIDL14, and NtIDL15 was significantly higher in roots that in the other tissues. It was worth noting that NtIDL06 and NtIDL11 were highly expressed in flowers, suggesting that both NtIDL06 and NtIDL11 might play significant roles in flower development of tobacco.

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. The expression patterns of NtIDL genes in selected tissues. “R,” “S,” “L,” “ST,” and “F” mean roots, stems, leaves, shoots and flowers, respectively. Their expression was calculated as folds relative to the expression level of the roots to confirm the tissue specificity. All expression levels were calculated through the 2^–ΔΔCt method. The data were means ± SD from three independent replications. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 (t-test).

In order to explore potential roles of NtIDLs in flower abscission, representative NtIDL genes were selected to perform expression analysis in abscission zones during floral organ development. Flower development was divided into five stages as shown in Figure 4A. As a result (Figure 4B), NtIDL genes exhibited various expression patterns in the abscission zone during flower development. The expression of NtIDL01 was down-regulated during the development of flowers. In contrast, NtIDL02, NtIDL03, NtIDL04, and NtIDL09 were up-regulated during flower development. Especially, NtIDL06 and NtIDL07 showed significantly higher expression at the last stage of flower development, implying that they might be closely related to the regulation of flower abscission.

FIGURE 4

Figure 4. The expression patterns of NtIDL genes in abscission zones during flower development. (A). Five stages of tobacco flower development. “S1–S5” means “Stage 1 to Stage 5 of flower development” (B). The expression patterns of selected NtIDL genes in the abscission zone during the flower development. All expression levels were calculated through the 2^–ΔΔCt method. The data were means ± SD from three independent replications. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 (t-test).

In addition, the expression patterns of putative receptors of the NtIDL peptides in tobacco, NtHAEa, NtHAEb, NtHSL2a, and NtHSL2b, were also analyzed (Supplementary Figure 2). The results showed that the receptor-encoding genes were expressed in all the tested tissues. All of them showed high-level expression in flowers. Interestingly, the HAE-Like genes of tobacco were highly expressed in the abscission zone of at late stages of flower development, which is similar to the expression pattern of some NtIDL genes, including NtIDL06, NtIDL07, and NtIDL09.

Expression of NtIDL Genes Under Multiple Abiotic Stresses

Promoter regions of NtIDLs contain various cis-elements that are responsive to hormones and stresses. Therefore, qRT-PCR was performed to study the expression changes of NtIDLs under different abiotic stress treatments, including ABA, MeJA, drought, salt, wounding, and low/high temperature. All the 15 NtIDL genes were tested and showed complex expression patterns under various abiotic stress treatments (Figure 5A). As a result, NtIDL01, NtIDL14, and NtIDL04 were up-regulated under ABA treatment. In contrast, the transcription level of NtIDL02 was down-regulated by ABA. Interestingly, NtIDL05 was up-regulated after 3 h but not after 6 h of ABA treatment, while NtIDL08 showed high expression only after 6 h of ABA treatment. For MeJA treatment, nine genes were up-regulated, including NtIDL04 and NtIDL14, while NtIDL10 and NtIDL15 were down-regulated by MeJA.

FIGURE 5

Figure 5. The expression patterns of NtIDL genes in tobacco seedlings under multiple abiotic stress treatments. (A) The relative expression ratios of abiotic stress treatments, “3H” and “6H” represent 3 and 6 h after stress treatments, respectively. Expression levels were calculated through the 2^–ΔΔCt method and normalized relative to gene expression in control plants. Expression levels relative to control plants are given next to the color scale. Red, white and blue represents the induction (values over 1), invariance (values close to 1) and inhibition (values under 1) of genes related to the control treatment, respectively. (B) The summarized information of the stress-induced NtIDL genes. Black dots indicate NtIDL genes responsive to stress treatments and gray dots indicate NtIDL genes that did not respond to the stress treatments.

In addition, a number of NtIDL genes also responded to abiotic stress treatments. Some of the NtIDL genes were induced under multiple stresses (Figure 5B). NtIDL01 and NtIDL14 were induced by all the seven stress treatments, and NtIDL04 was induced by all the stresses except for the low/high-temperature treatments. NtIDL03, NtIDL05, NtIDL09, NtIDL11, and NtIDL13 were up-regulated by four different stress treatments. Three of the NtIDLs, on the other hand, were only induced by one specific stress treatments: NtIDL08 was only induced by ABA treatment, NtIDL02 was only induced by MeJA, and NtIDL12 was only induced by salt treatment. Notably, NtIDL07 has not been detected to be induced by any treatment in this study. Among the different stress treatments, salt treatment could induce the most NtIDL genes (10), while high-temperature treatment (37°C) only induced three NtIDL genes.

Discussion

The IDL peptides have been shown to play critical roles in floral organ abscission, lateral root formation and various stress responses (Jinn et al., 2000; Liljegren, 2012; Wang et al., 2020). Systematic identification and analysis of the IDL gene family have been performed in many crops. However, there is less information on the IDL genes of tobacco. In the current study, the identification, evolution, classification, and expression profile were performed to study IDL members in tobacco.

A total of 15 NtIDL members were identified form the tobacco genome. These NtIDL members were divided into six groups with IDL members from other plant species (Figure 1). Notably, in group VI, all of the IDL members were from tobacco, suggesting that these NtIDL members might be originated from duplication events. Due to the fact that we were not able to map most of the NtIDL genes to the tobacco chromosomes (Table 1), the related duplication events could not be analyzed yet in the current study. Results from multiple sequence alignment analysis indicated that the EPIP sequences of IDL family members have high similarities, suggesting that IDL members might have maintained conserved functions during evolution. Interestingly, IDL proteins were also found in the root-knot nematode (M. incognita) genome, and they were shown to be involved in the regulation of plant root development (Kim et al., 2018). In this study, the root-knot nematode IDL members were analyzed and clustered together with NtIDL members of group VI. Root-knot nematode diseases caused by M. incognita are one of the most destructive diseases in tobacco production (Li et al., 2018). Most of the NtIDLs in group VI, including NtIDL02, NtIDL04, NtIDL05, NtIDL07, and NtIDL13, were highly expressed in roots (Figure 3). Whether the nematode-encoded IDL peptides play a role in the establishment of the infection of root-knot nematodes on tobacco, remains to be elucidated.

Previous studies indicated that some IDL genes encode small peptides that mediate in plants’ responses to abiotic stresses. In group III, NtIDL09 was up-regulated under high temperature, salt, and drought treatments (Figure 5A). While NtIDL06, also in group III, was down-regulated by high-temperature treatment (Figure 5A). This result implies that functional divergence might have occurred within this group. In group IV, NtIDL01 and NtIDL14 were clustered with AtIDL6 and AtIDL7 (Figure 1). These two Arabidopsis members have been reported to be induced rapidly by various stresses (Vie et al., 2017). Interestingly, abundant stress-related cis-acting elements were identified in the promoter regions of NtIDL01 and NtIDL14 (Figure 2), and both of them were induced by multiple stresses (Figure 5A), suggesting their potential functions in multiple stress responses.

The cis-elements analysis showed that NtIDL members contained rich response-hormone cis-elements on their promoters (Figure 2), which suggested that hormones might be involved in the transcriptional regulation of NtIDL genes. Phytohormones ABA and MeJA have been reported to accelerate flower abscission in plants (Hartmond et al., 2000; Patharkar and Walker, 2019). Moreover, NtIDL01, NtIDL14, NtIDL08, NtIDL04, and NtIDL05 were found to be up-regulated under ABA treatment (Figure 5A). Also, nine NtIDL genes, including NtIDL02 and NtIDL06, were induced by MeJA treatment. Taken these results, these NtIDL members may confer flower abscission though the ABA and MeJA signaling pathways.

In Arabidopsis, overexpression of the AtIDA gene could rescue the deficiency in flower abscission of the ida mutant. Notably, NtIDL06 and NtIDL09 were clustered together with AtIDA and AtIDL1 in group III. IDL members from other plant species in this group were also reported to regulate flower abscission, including SlIDA1 (Tucker and Yang, 2012), CitIDA3 (Estornell et al., 2015), LcIDL1 (Ying et al., 2016), and GmIDA1a (Tucker and Yang, 2012; Figure 1). Moreover, NtIDL06 shared high similarities with AtIDA in EPIP sequences (Figure 1). The qRT-PCR results indicated that NtIDL06 was highly expressed in the abscission zone at the last stage of flower development (Figure 4). Moreover, four NtHAE-Like genes identified in this study were detected to show similar expression patterns with NtIDL06 (Supplementary Figure 2). Those genes with high expression levels in the abscission zone at late stages of flower development might be related to cell wall remodeling and abscission of flowers. It is worth mentioning that NtIDL06 was induced by MeJA treatment (Figure 5A), and MeJA was a positive regulator of flower abscission. Combining these results, NtIDL06 might be involved in tobacco flower abscission.

Conclusion

Systematic investigation was adopted to identify 15 NtIDL genes in the tobacco genome. The results from expression analysis in different tissues and under various of stress treatments suggested that the tobacco IDL genes might play multiple roles in various biological processes. A number of NtIDLs were identified with potential functions in stress responses. Notably, as the closest homolog of AtIDA, NtIDL06 and its putative receptors were highly expressed in the abscission zone at the last stage of flower development, suggesting that NtIDL06 might be involved in the natural process of corolla abscission. The results from this study provide insights for further exploring the biological functions of tobacco IDL genes.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.

Author Contributions

YG and XL conceived this research and designed the experiments. CG and QW conducted the research and drafted the manuscript. ZL, JS, and ZZ assisted in data collection and participated in drafting the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31571494), the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP-TRIC02) and the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-profit Scientific Institution (Y2017JC27).

Conflict of Interest

XL was employed by China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co., Ltd.

The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

The handling editor declared a past co-authorship with one of the authors XL.

Supplementary Materials

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2021.670794/full#supplementary-material

Supplementary Figure 1 | Sequence alignment of HAE-Like proteins from tobacco and Arabidopsis. The black background indicates that the amino acid similarity is 100%, and the gray indicates that the amino acid similarity is ranged from 60 to 90%.

Supplementary Figure 2 | The expression pattern of NtHAE-Like genes in selected tissues (A) and in abscission zone during the flower development (B). Panel (A): “R,” “S,” “L,” “ST,” and “F” mean roots, stems, leaves, shoots and flowers, respectively. Their expressions were calculated as folds relative to the expression level of the roots to confirm the tissue specificity. Panel (B): “S1–S5” means “Stage 1 to Stage 5 of flower development.” All expression levels were calculated through the 2^–ΔΔCt method. The data were means ± SD from three independent replications. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, (t-test).

Supplementary Table 1 | The qRT-PCR primers used in this study.

Supplementary Table 2 | HAE-Like gene family members in tobacco.

Footnotes

1. ^ http://au.expasy.org/tools/protparam.html

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