Dandan Zong
Jinhua Li
Xiangming Liu
Ting Guo
Ruoyun Ouyang- 1Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- 2Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
- 3Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome (BHDS), which is also called Hornstein-Knickenberg syndrome (HKS), is a hereditary autosomal dominant disorder caused by germline mutations in the folliculin gene (FLCN, NM_144997). More pulmonary manifestations (pulmonary cysts and recurrent pneumothoraxes) but fewer skin fibrofolliculomas and renal malignancy are found in Asian BHDS patients compared with other BHDS patients. The atypical manifestation can easily lead to a missed or delayed diagnosis. Here, we report a Chinese family with BHDS that presented with primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) and extensive pulmonary cysts in the absence of skin lesions or renal neoplasms. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to sequence the FLCN gene, and Sanger sequencing was carried out on the samples to confirm the presence of these variants. Among the 13 family members, a novel frameshift variant of FLCN (c.912delT/p.E305KfsX18) was identified in seven individuals. This variant has not been reported before. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the novel variant might lead to a premature stop codon after 18 amino acid residues in exon 9, and this may affect the expression level of FLCN. The identification of this novel frameshift variant of FLCN not only further confirms the familial inheritance of BHDS in the proband but also expands the mutational spectrum of the FLCN gene in patients with BHDS.
Introduction
Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome (BHDS, OMIM#135150), which is also called Hornstein-Knickenberg syndrome (HKS), is a rare autosomal dominant inherited disorder that predisposes individuals to develop benign skin tumors (fibrofolliculomas), renal neoplasms, and pulmonary cysts with a risk of spontaneous pneumothorax (Menko et al., 2009). This disease was first described by Otto P. Hornstein and Monika Knickenberg as a new autosomal dominant trait characterized by “perifollicular fibromatosis cutis,” multiple skin tags, and multiple colonic polyps with proneness to cancer in 1975 (Hornstein and Knickenberg, 1975). Two years later, Arthur R. Birt, Georgina R. Hogg, and W. James Dube (Birt and Hogg, 1977) from Canada described similar hereditary skin lesions, fibrofolliculoma, without any extracutaneous cancer proneness. Then, the disease was named as “BHDS” after the three Canadian doctors. Today, many authors believe that “fibrofolliculoma” is identical with “perifollicular fibroma” (Happle, 2020). Thus, the two diseases are essentially the same. Today, BHDS is more widely accepted, but we should not forget the persons who first discovered the disease.
The most common skin lesions of BHDS are cutaneous fibrofolliculomas occurring on the head, neck, and upper body of greater than 85% of BHDS-affected individuals over 25 years of age (Schmidt and Linehan, 2018). Renal tumors occur frequently in BHDS patients, and the most frequent histological types of neoplasms are hybrid oncocytic/chromophobe tumors or chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (Furuya et al., 2020). More than 80% of BHDS patients have multiple bilateral lung cysts and approximately 22.5–38% patients report a history of single or recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax, which can present as the first symptom (Sattler et al., 2020). The CT examination results showed that the cysts in the lungs were variable with well-defined walls, located mostly in the basal medial regions (58%), less frequently in the basal peripheral regions (27%), and approximately 40% adhere to the pleura. The number of cysts varies from tens to hundreds, and their size also varies greatly, from a few millimeter to 2 cm or more, but most have a diameter smaller than 1 cm (Tobino et al., 2011). Spontaneous pneumothorax may be the only manifestation in BHDS patients, which has been described in many reports (Graham et al., 2005; Painter et al., 2005). It is often misdiagnosed as primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP), in particular, in the cases with only isolated lung cysts/pneumothorax presentation (Min et al., 2020). Lack of a comprehensive and profound understanding of BHDS often leads to a misdiagnosis.
The folliculin (FLCN) gene is considered to be a tumor suppressor. Localized in the short arm of chromosome 17p11.2, it contains 14 exons, 11 of which encode a 579-amino-acid-long protein called folliculin (Han et al., 2020). Germline mutations of the FLCN gene were identified to be responsible for BHDS in 2002 (Nickerson et al., 2002). FLCN is expressed in normal skin cells, nephrons, stromal cells, Type I pneumocytes, and the acinar cells of the pancreas and parotid gland. Pathogenic FLCN variants may lead to the inactivation of the gene, which destroys the ability of FLCN to restrict cell growth and division, resulting in deregulated cell growth and protein synthesis, giving rise to the formation of malignant and benign tumors (Balsamo et al., 2020). To date, more than 280 different types of unique mutations spanning the entire coding region of the FLCN gene have been identified, according to the Leiden Open Variation Database.1 The majority of FLCN mutations identified in the germline of BHDS patients are frameshifts (insertion/deletion), nonsense mutations, and splice site mutations (Lim et al., 2010). It has been observed in BHDS patients that FLCN mutations in exon 9 are associated with an increased number of lung cysts and exon 9 and 12 mutations are correlated with more episodes of spontaneous pneumothorax (Toro et al., 2007). These genotype-phenotype correlations have only been suggested in some studies.
Here, we reported a large Chinese family in which seven members from three generations developed lung cysts. A genetic study revealed a novel and previously not reported variant in FLCN in the seven individuals.
Materials and Methods
Patient Characteristics
A 43-year-old female proband from Central China was diagnosed with PSP in the Second Xiangya Hospital of the Central South University. The family histories of her 12 relatives from three generations were collected. Written informed consent was obtained from the individuals for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article. All subjects received skin examination by professional dermatologists. Chest CT testing was done to evaluate the pulmonary lesion. And abdominal ultrasound examination was performed to rule out renal involvement. Blood was collected from the probands and their family members.
DNA Extraction
Peripheral blood samples were collected into EDTA anticoagulant tubes and stored at +4°C until DNA isolation was performed within 24 h of collection. Genomic DNA was prepared using a DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, United States) according to the instructions of the manufacturer. The DNA samples were stored at −20°C until the PCR stage.
Mutation Sequencing
The entire coding regions, including the intronic flanking sequences of FLCN were amplified by PCR. The software IDT2 was used to design primers for PCR (primer sequences will be provided upon requests). Sequences of PCR products were determined by the ABI 3100 Genetic Analyzer (Thermo Fisher Scientifc, Inc., Waltham, MA, United States). The DNA sequencing reaction of the proband was performed using the next-generation sequencing (NGS) method according to manufacturer’s protocols (details are available upon request). The multiple FLCN protein sequences were aligned using the program MUSCLE (version 3.6). The online databases, PolyPhen-2 (polymorphism phenotyping), and MutationTaster programs were used to predict the possible effects of variants on the function of the proteins.
Sanger Sequencing
To validate true positive novel variants identified by NGS, Sanger sequencing was carried out on the samples to confirm the presence or absence of these variants in the proband, and other family members. The sequencing results were later analyzed using Sequencher software (Gene Codes Corporation, MI, United States).
Results
Germline Variant of the FLCN Gene
Sequence analysis of the FLCN gene revealed a novel deletion variant (c.912delT/p.E305KfsX18) in exon 9. This variant was then confirmed by Sanger sequencing (Figure 1). The c.912delT variant resulted in a frameshift at amino acid position 305 and the introduction of a premature stop codon after 18 amino acid residues (p.E305KfsX18) and was predicted to be disease-causing by MutationTaster.3 In total, seven of the 13 family members harbored the same variant. The pedigree of the family members included in the study is shown in Figure 2. Among the affected individuals, four were female, and three were male. No variant at this site was found in any of the available unaffected family members. The newly identified variant has never been reported in previous studies. According to the dbSNP and Human Gene Mutation Database,4 this heterozygous variant is novel.
Figure 1. Identification of a novel frameshift mutation of the FLCN gene in the patients. Sanger sequencing showing the novel FLCN mutation in exon 9 of the proband compared with a healthy control. The red arrow indicates the site of the mutation (c.912delT/p.E305KfsX18). FLCN: Folliculin.
Figure 2. The pedigree of the Chinese family with the FLCN mutation. Squares indicate male family members; and circles indicate female members. MT, mutant; WT, wildtype; arrow indicates proband.
Clinical Characteristics
In our study, all seven patients with the FLCN variant showed bilateral multiple pulmonary cysts on CT imaging (Figure 3). PSP was detected in three cases, including the proband. Two of the family members underwent conservative treatment due to PSP, while the proband received thoracoscopic bullectomy for a first episode of right-lung pneumothorax. The pathological section of her lung pathology presents a pulmonary cyst. None of the patients exhibited fibrofolliculomas skin lesions or renal involvement. The two family members who suffered from PSP were misdiagnosed with pulmonary cysts due to the atypical manifestations, and they did not receive FLCN gene mutation screening. The other four patients without pneumothorax underwent chest CT, and pulmonary cysts were observed for the first time in the present study. The clinical characteristics of most of the living family members are summarized in Table 1.
Figure 3. Lung CT scan of the proband. Red arrows indicate multiple pulmonary cysts.
Table 1. Clinical features of family members with folliculin (FLCN) gene mutation.
Discussion
In this study, we presented a novel frameshift variant (c.912delT/p.E305KfsX18) in exon 9 of the FLCN gene, which has not been previously reported in individuals with BHDS. Frameshift mutation may lead to an early termination of protein synthesis or to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in which the defective mRNA is prematurely degraded (Ali et al., 2020).
The typical clinical manifestations of BHDS are skin, kidney, and lung involvement. However, patients do not always have all the three characteristic manifestations. Toro et al. (2008) reported that most Caucasians with BHDS (85–90%) have skin lesions as their major complaint, 34% of patients developed kidney tumors, and the incidence of pneumothorax is about one-third. A Japanese study conducted by Furuya et al. (2016) found that recurrent episodes of pneumothorax were more prevalent (73.7%) in BHDS patients and were more informative as diagnostic criteria for BHDS in their Japanese Asian population. In contrast, cutaneous manifestations are not the major complaint in the Japanese population (Furuya et al., 2016). BHDS patients in China also present with more pulmonary manifestations but fewer skin lesions and renal malignancies (Ren et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2017). Selection bias may be responsible for the different frequencies of pulmonary manifestations between Asian and Western BHDS cases (Liu et al., 2019). Most Caucasian patients with BHDS were recruited through referrals from departments of dermatology or urology, while most patients with BHDS in China were diagnosed by respiratory physicians due to the pulmonary manifestations (Liu et al., 2019). Patients with cutaneous fibrofolliculoma or renal neoplasms may not receive regular chest CT examinations if the patients do not have any marked respiratory symptoms. Apart from renal tumors, several other tumor entities have been reported in association with BHDS, including colon polyps and tumors, breast cancer, lung cancer, thyroid cancer, parathyroid adenoma, lipoma, melanoma, and parotid oncocytoma (Steinlein et al., 2018). Among these tumors, colon cancer has been investigated in more detail. However, the incidence of colon cancer varies greatly among different studies (Zbar et al., 2002; Nahorski et al., 2010; Steinlein et al., 2018). In Asian, there are only sporadic reports about BHDS accompanied by colon polyposis or carcinoma (Kashiwada et al., 2012; Motegi et al., 2018). Whether these tumors are genuine associations or merely coincidences with BHDS has not yet been clinically validated.
In the present study, the proband and her six relatives also exhibited pulmonary involvement without skin or renal lesions, and three out of seven (42.8%) members suffered from PSP. These manifestations are in accordance with the previous studies in China (Ren et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2017). Since renal neoplasms frequently occur in BHDS patients, surveillance by renal imaging annually, such as low dose spiral CT or MRI (Hindman, 2018; Kay and Pedrosa, 2018), should be carried out in this family to identify any kidney tumors as early as possible. Due to the nontypical clinical manifestations, it is difficult to diagnose BHDS in patients without cutaneous lesions or renal pathology. FLCN mutation screening is recommended and is a reliable method for the clinical molecular diagnosis of BHDS, especially in patients who do not have skin and renal manifestations (Zheng et al., 2019).
The FLCN gene encodes the protein folliculin, a 579-amino-acid-long protein, which was first reported to be responsible for BHDS in 2002 (Nickerson et al., 2002). Since then, over 280 FLCN gene mutations have been identified according to the Leiden Open Variation Database. Half of BHDS families exhibited frameshift mutations in coding exons of FLCN (Furuya et al., 2016), while splice site, nonsense, missense, and deletion mutations are less prevalent (Kim et al., 2012).
The genotype-phenotype correlations between FLCN mutation status and skin, lung, or renal manifestations are still not clear. Some researchers have reported that FLCN mutations in exon 9 and 12 are associated with a higher number of pulmonary cysts, a larger cyst diameter, and more episodes of pneumothorax (Toro et al., 2007). A deleted cytosine in exon 11 results in a significantly lower frequency of renal neoplasia compared with the patients with an inserted cytosine at the same location (Schmidt et al., 2005). In the present study, a heterozygous frameshift variant (c.912delT/p.E305KfsX18) was detected in exon 9 of FLCN of seven members from three generations of the same family. This novel variant is predicted to cause premature truncation of the FLCN protein, leading to functional haploinsufficiency of FLCN. Loss of function of this protein can cause alveolar enlargement and cysts formation, consequently leading to pneumothorax (Xing et al., 2017).
The exact mechanism of FLCN mutations leading to pulmonary cysts and pneumothorax in BHDS patients has not yet been fully elucidated. The stretch hypothesis has been proposed based on observations of increased cell-cell adhesion in FLCN-deficient cells, which may reduce the flexibility of the cell-cell junctions, resulting in stretch-induced lung injury and subsequent airspace enlargement (Medvetz et al., 2012; Kennedy et al., 2016). Animal studies have shown that FLCN deletion in SP-C expressing lung epithelial cells leads to alveolar enlargement and impaired lung function by inducing alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis (Goncharova et al., 2014). A recent study (Chu et al., 2020) showed that the deletion of mesenchymal FLCN resulted in a reduction of postnatal alveolar formation and destruction of alveolar walls through the suppression of cell proliferation and alveolar myofibroblast differentiation, and the inhibition of extracellular matrix proteins and elastin expression. These results suggested that FLCN deficiency may lead to pulmonary cystic lesions and pneumothorax by inducing alveolar hypoplasia. So far, most of the studies have concentrated on the functions of FLCN outside the lung, so the exact mechanism of how the FLCN gene and involved pathways contribute to lung cyst formation is very limited.
Conclusion
In conclusion, we found a novel heterozygous frameshift variant in exon 9 of FLCN (c.912delT/p.E305KfsX18) in a Chinese BHDS family, which might cause lung cysts and PSP. These findings highlight the importance of screening for FLCN gene variants in patients with pulmonary cysts and PSP, even in the absence of skin and/or kidney lesions. The identification of this novel variant expands the mutation spectrum of the FLCN gene in the Chinese population.
Data Availability Statement
All datasets generated for this study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics Statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Review Board of The Second Xiangya Hospital of the Central South University. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent obtained from the individuals for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author Contributions
All authors contributed to the reviewing of the paper. DZ and XL performed the laboratory work, statistical analyses, and drafted the manuscript. JL and RO collected the clinical data. TG performed NGS analysis. RO supervised the study and helped to revise the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81900042 and 81970086), the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2018JJ3763), the National Key Clinical Specialty Construction Projects of China (2012-650), and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC0901502).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Footnotes
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Keywords: pneumothorax, folliculin, Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome, pulmonary cysts, Hornstein-Knickenberg syndrome, variant
Citation: Zong D, Li J, Liu X, Guo T and Ouyang R (2020) Identification of a Novel Pathogenic Folliculin Variant in a Chinese Family With Birt–Hogg–Dubé Syndrome (Hornstein-Knickenberg Syndrome). Front. Genet. 11:565566. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.565566
Edited by:
Kai-Feng Xu, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (CAMS), ChinaReviewed by:
Fred Menko, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, NetherlandsRudolf Happle, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
Copyright © 2020 Zong, Li, Liu, Guo and Ouyang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Ruoyun Ouyang, b3V5YW5ncnVveXVuQGNzdS5lZHUuY24=