Circulating microRNAs in Response to Exercise Training in Healthy Adults

Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) have great potential as cardiac biomarkers and they are also being explored for their roles in intercellular communication and gene expression regulation. The analysis of circulating miRNAs in response to exercise would provide a deeper understanding of the molecular response to physical activity and valuable information for clinical practice. Here, eight male college students were recruited to participate in cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and 1 h acute exercise training (AET). Blood samples were collected and serum miRNAs involved in angiogenesis, inflammation and enriched in muscle and/or cardiac tissues were analyzed before and after cardiopulmonary exercise and acute exercise. The miRNAs we detected were miR-1, miR-20a, miR-21, miR-126, miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-146, miR155, miR-208a, miR-208b, miR-210, miR-221, miR-222, miR-328, miR-378, miR-499, and miR-940. We found that serum miR-20a was decreased significantly after CPET and serum miR-21 was increased after AET. In addition, no robust correlation was identified between the changes of these miRNAs and makers of cardiac function and exercise capacity, which indicates a distinct adaptation of these miRNAs to exercise. Future studies are highly needed to define the potential use of these circulating miRNAs as useful biomarkers of exercise training, and disclose the biological function of circulating miRNAs as physiological mediators of exercise-induced cardiovascular adaptation.

Introduction

Regular physical exercise is a part of healthy lifestyle, which can prevent and reduce the risk of diseases, including metabolic and aging-related diseases and even cancer, and affect mitochondrial metabolism as well as cognitive, cardiovascular and immune functions (Moore et al., 2012; Febbraio, 2017). Furthermore, the specific training protocols have become non-pharmacological remedies to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality due to exercise-induced cardiovascular benefits (Liu et al., 2017; Ribeiro et al., 2017). Exercise training could impact multiple signaling pathways and thus influence different exercise-associated traits including energy metabolism, angiogenesis, inflammation, muscle recovery, and mitochondrial biogenesis (Horak et al., 2018). However, the precise cellular and molecular mechanism for beneficial effects of exercise remains unclear. Nevertheless, non-coding RNAs, and especially microRNAs (miRNAs, miRNAs), constitute a new regulatory component that may play a role in exercise-induced adaptations (Silva et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2018).

miRNAs are a group of endogenous small non-coding RNAs of 18–25 nucleotides in length. miRNAs regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional levels through messenger RNA degradation or translational inhibition in a sequence-specific manner (Bartel, 2004, 2007). miRNAs play a role in the progresses of early embryogenesis and proliferation, differentiation, survival, proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism and energy balance of cell (He and Hannon, 2004; Esquela-Kerscher and Slack, 2006). The expression of miRNAs frequently dysregulated in various human diseases, such as inflammation, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s disease, muscle hypertrophy, lymphomas, leukemias, and cancer (Mohamed et al., 2011; Hruska-Plochan et al., 2015; Grobbelaar and Ford, 2019).

Recently, miRNAs have been found to be present in body fluids such as serum, plasma, urine, saliva and cerebrospinal fluid (Weber et al., 2010). Circulating miRNAs are stable, easily detectable, and may regulate gene expression in target cells and tissues as a novel mode of intercellular communication (Kosaka et al., 2010). At present, increasing evidence has reported circulating miRNAs as potential clinical biomarkers for specific diseases and administration of pharmaceutical agents (Zhang et al., 2017a; Caglar and Cayir, 2019; Kiyosawa et al., 2019; Reddy et al., 2019). The changes of circulating miRNAs induced by exercise have been widely reported in healthy persons and patients, indicating miRNAs may play a role in physiological adaptations to exercise. Profiles of circulating miRNAs are varying under different exercise type, duration and intensity (Xu et al., 2016; de Gonzalo-Calvo et al., 2018; Horak et al., 2018; Li et al., 2018; Ramos et al., 2018; Sapp and Hagberg, 2019). However, less is known about the changes of circulating miRNAs in the adaptation to cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and acute exercise training (AET).

Here, we inspected how CPET and AET affect specific circulating miRNAs with well-established roles in major adaptive processes in healthy persons. Specially, to further determine the uniqueness of circulating miRNAs changes, we compared the changes of circulating miRNAs to cardiac functional indexes and exercise capacity at baseline. We found that serum miR-20a was decreased significantly after CPET, while serum miR-21 was increased after AET. Moreover, no robust correlation was identified between changes of these miRNAs and makers of cardiac function and exercise capacity, indicating further studies using high-throughput circulating miRNAs screening techniques are highly needed to identify the potential role of circulating miRNAs in exercise adaptation.

Materials and Methods

Participants

This study is in line with the recommendations of Ethics Committee. All subjects included in the study are fully aware of the methods and objectives of the study, and signed the informed consent voluntarily according to the Declaration of Helsinki. This study recruited eight male college students from Shanghai University with an average age of 20.75 ± 0.46 as the research subjects. Relevant clinical indicators including aortic root dimension, left ventricular end diastolic diameter and ejection fraction (EF) were tested.

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and 1 h of AET were received by each subject, and clinical cardiac function indictors were collected when their exercise reached the anaerobic threshold (AT) and peak oxygen uptake. For CPET, using the MasterScreen-CPX system (Jaeger, Germany), after a rest of 3 min and an unloaded exercise of 3 min, the workload was increased from 0 J/s for 1 min and increased by 2 J/s ever 6s. All participants continued pedaling until they reached the peak oxygen uptake. For acute exercise, these participants were exercised at Sweden Monark bicycle for 60 min at 70% of peak oxygen uptake. The ECG exercise test of all subjects was negative, and their exercise tolerance and ventilation function were normal.

The Extraction of Serum

A total of 5 ml of whole blood was collected before and immediately after cardiopulmonary exercise and acute exercise with procoagulant tubes. After gentle mixing, blood samples were left at room temperature within 1 h to allow coagulation to occur. Centrifuge at 3000 rpm for 15 min at 4°C, the supernatant clear liquid was taken and stored in −80°C refrigerator.

The Extraction of Serum Total RNA

The mirVana^TMPARIS^TM (Ambion, United States) was used to homogenize the samples through special cell lysis buffer to isolate total RNA from the serum samples. Take 200 μl of each serum sample and add exogenous cel-miR-39 (Ribobio Guangzhou) as a reference to ensure a final concentration of 50 pmol/L. Cel-miR-39 was used as control in the subsequent real-time quantitative PCR.

Determination of Circulating miRNAs Levels

The miRNA primers involved in the experiment are all purchased from Ribobio. The iScript cDNA synthesis kit (Bio-Rad, United States) was used for reverse transcription of miRNAs. The reaction system of cDNA synthesis is 10 μl, and the transcripts were stored at −20°C. SYBR Green (Bio-Rad, United States) fluorescent dye was used for quantitative PCR amplification. The reaction system was 10 μl. The experiment was performed using the Roche LightCycler^® 480 Real-Time PCR system. Data analysis was calculated by using the formula 2^(–ΔΔCt).

Statistical Analysis

All data were analyzed by using SPSS.20, and each group of data was expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). The results before and after exercise were compared by paired sample T-test. Correlation analyses were analyzed using the Spearman’s or Pearson’s method as appropriate for data distribution. Statistical significance is defined as P-values < 0.05. Data plots were made by GraphPad Prism.

Results

Subject Characteristics Before and After Acute Exercise Training

Eight male college students with an average age of 20.75 ± 0.46 years were enrolled, and the clinical characteristic for them at the baseline were shown in Table 1. Their average height, weight and the BMI are 176.06 ± 1.61 cm, 69.31 ± 1.77 kg, and 22.34 ± 0.38 kg/m², respectively. In the basic state, their average heart rate was 77.00 ± 2.47 beats/min, the systolic blood pressure was 106.50 ± 5.19 mmHg, and the diastolic blood pressure was 72.25 ± 3.21 mmHg. Table 2 lists the detailed general echocardiographic indexes. The average EF was 65.13 ± 1.19%. We analyzed the cardiopulmonary function indexes when their exercise reached the AT and peak oxygen uptake (Table 3). The average heart rate was 121 ± 5.24 and 175.25 ± 3.41 beats/min when their exercise reached the AT and peak oxygen uptake (Peak). Cardiopulmonary exercise tests revealed that the AT VO₂ and peak VO₂ were not changed.

TABLE 1

Table 1. Clinical characteristic of participants.

TABLE 2

Table 2. General echocardiographic indexes of participants.

TABLE 3

Table 3. Cardiopulmonary function indexes in AT and peak.

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Decreased Circulating miR-20a, While Acute Exercise Training Increased Circulating miR-21

We determined the expression of cardiac or muscle-specific/enriched miRNAs (miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-208a, miR-208b, miR-378, miR-499, miR-940), angiogenesis-related miRNAs (miR-20a, miR-126, miR-210, miR-221, miR-222, miR-328), and inflammation-related miRNAs (miR-21, miR-146, miR155). The results showed that serum miR-20a was decreased significantly after CPET (Figure 1); while serum miR-21 was increased after AET (Figure 2). In contrast, miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-208a, miR-208b, miR-378, miR-499, miR-940, miR-126, miR-210, miR-221, miR-222, miR-328, miR-146, and miR-155 were not changed following CPET or AET.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Distinct regulatory profiles of selected circulating miRNAs before and after CPET. (A) Serum levels of cardiac or muscle-specific/enriched miRNAs before and after CPET. (B) Serum levels of angiogenesis-related miRNAs before and after CPET. (C) Serum levels of inflammation-related miRNAs before and after CPET. **P < 0.01; n = 8.

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. Distinct regulatory profiles of selected circulating miRNAs before and after AET. (A) Serum levels of cardiac or muscle-specific/enriched miRNAs before and after AET. (B) Serum levels of angiogenesis-related miRNAs before and after AET. (C) Serum levels of inflammation-related miRNAs before and after AET. *P < 0.05; n = 8.

Correlations Between the Changes of miR-20a Following Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing and Cardiac Function, Exercise Capacity at Baseline

Here, we correlated the decrease of miR-20a after CPET with the cardiac function and exercise capacity at baseline, however, no robust correlations were found (Figure 3 and Table 4). We also failed to find robust correlations between miR-20a and cardiopulmonary function indexes before and after CPET (Table 4).

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. Correlation analysis between the changes of miR-20a following CPET and cardiac function(EF%), exercise capacity (AT VO₂, peak VO₂, peak work load, METs) at baseline.

TABLE 4

Table 4. Correlation analysis between miRNA changes following CPET and cardiopulmonary function indexes.

Correlations Between the Changes of miR-21 Following Acute Exercise Training and Cardiac Function, Exercise Capacity at Baseline

We also correlated the increase of miR-21 after AET with the cardiac function and exercise capacity at baseline, however, no robust correlations were found (Figure 4 and Table 5). We also failed to report robust correlations between miR-21 and cardiopulmonary function indexes before and after AET (Table 5).

FIGURE 4

Figure 4. Correlation analysis between the changes of miR-21 following AET and cardiac function (EF%), exercise capacity (AT VO₂, peak VO₂, peak work load, METs) at baseline.

TABLE 5

Table 5. Correlation analysis between miRNA changes following AET and cardiopulmonary function indexes.

Discussion

The purpose of this study was to investigate how specific circulating miRNAs were regulated by CPET and AET in healthy adults. Whether there are differences among exercise adaptation in athletes, healthy adults, and the patients of specific diseases have been previously published (Xu et al., 2016; Silva et al., 2017; Li et al., 2018). In previous studies, their participants were either chronic heart failure patients or basketball athletes, which is different from healthy college students in this study. The chronic heart failure patients were subjected to a symptom-limited incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test on a bicycle ergometer using a standardized exercise protocol of revised Ramp10 programs. Basketball athletes were subjected to cardiopulmonary exercise and an amateur basketball season for 3 months. In our cohort, these subjects were subjected to cardiopulmonary exercise and acute exercise for 1h, which is different from those in chronic heart failure patients or basketball athletes. Here we reported that serum miR-20a decreased in response to CPET, while serum miR-21 increased in response to AET. We also showed that no robust correlations was identified between the changes of miR-21 and miR-20a induced by exercise to makers of cardiac function and exercise capacity, which suggested that these two miRNAs were distinct biomarkers and also further studies using high-throughput circulating miRNAs screening techniques are highly needed.

A few studies have reported changes in circulating miRNAs after acute and chronic exercise in healthy persons or athletes. Specifically, circulating miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-139, miR-143, miR-181b, miR-206, miR-208b, miR-214, miR-223, miR-330, miR-338, miR-485, miR-509, miR-517a, miR-518f, miR-520f, miR-522, miR-553, and miR-888 were found increased, while miR-30b, miR-106a, miR-146a, miR-151, miR-221, miR-652 were decreased after an acute exercise (Banzet et al., 2013; Nielsen et al., 2014; Cui et al., 2016; Silva et al., 2017). Circulating miR-20a, miR-103, miR-107, miR-126, miR-376a were increased, whilemiR-16, miR-21, miR-25, miR-27a, miR-28, miR-148a, miR-185, miR-342, and miR-766 were decreased after a chronic exercise (Baggish et al., 2011, 2014; Nielsen et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2017b). Circulating miR-21, miR-146a, miR-221, miR-222 were increased in response to both acute and chronic exercise (Baggish et al., 2011). Here we reported that serum miR-20a decreased after CPET and serum miR-21 increased after AET, while other miRNAs measured in this study did not change, suggesting that exercise participants, type, duration and intensity might affect levels of circulating miRNAs. Besides, the sample processing, total RNA isolation method, and miRNAs quantification platforms may also affect levels of circulating miRNAs. Interestingly, most of cardiac or muscle-specific/enriched miRNAs have not changed in this study, there must be different mechanisms of circulating miRNAs response to exercise rather than the general response to tissue damage.

The miRNAs measured in this study have potential biological relevance in exercise, including inflammation, angiogenesis and ischemic adaptation. MiR-21 is abundantly expressed in almost all tissues and involved in many cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, heart failure and myocardial ischemia (Cengiz et al., 2015; Zhao and Zhou, 2017; Pan et al., 2018; Ding et al., 2019; Kan et al., 2019; Sun et al., 2019). MiR-21 plays anti-apoptosis roles in endothelial cells and ischemic cardiomyocytes (Li et al., 2018). The role of miR-21 in response to exercise is to indirectly participate in angiogenesis by inducing the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1(HIF-1α) and VEGF, regulating apoptosis, increasing the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and mediating anti-inflammatory response in macrophages (Sheedy, 2015; Horak et al., 2018). In this study, we found that serum miR-21 increased in response to AET. We speculated that miR-21 may functions as promoting angiogenesis, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptosis effects.

Different from the results of this study, the expression of miR-20a was reported up-regulated in response to sustained aerobic exercise training but no changes to acute exhaustive exercise in athletes (Baggish et al., 2011).Besides, it has also been reported that miR-20a was up-regulated in response to acute resistance exercise in men, which is indicative of a hypertrophic response within skeletal muscle (Margolis et al., 2017). Thus, the adaptive regulation of circulating miRNAs is influenced by exercise type, intensity, duration and human subjects. MiR-20a is able to target the TNFSF15 gene, preventing the latter to function as an inhibitor of angiogenesis. The production of miR-20a is stimulated by the Akt and Erk signals, which is activated by the angiogenic factor VEGF (Wang et al., 2017). In this study, we found that serum miR-20a decreased in response to CPET. We speculated that the decrease of miR-20a was an acute compensatory reaction. As an initial study, several limitations of the present study should be highlighted. Firstly, a major weakness of this study is that the number of enrolled human subjects should be expanded. Secondly, this study was restricted to healthy young persons. Future study is required to determine whether the changes of circulating miRNAs are applicable to the healthy people of different ages and the patients of specific diseases. Thirdly, this study examined circulating miRNAs in response to CPET and acute exhaustive exercise. The dynamic regulation of circulating miRNAs after sustained aerobic exercise training need to be further studied. Fourthly, it would be interesting to see what genes are also influenced by the changed circulating miRNAs. Finally, quantitative analysis was limited to a subset of related miRNAs, and high-throughput screening is needed to obtain a more complete profile of circulating miRNAs regulation in adaption to exercise training. Although further studies are needed, present results contribute to the knowledge about effects of CPET and AET on the circulating miRNAs profile.

Conclusion

In conclusion, serum miR-20a decreased in response to CPET, while serum miR-21 increased in response to AET. Future studies are highly needed to define the potential use of these circulating miRNAs as useful biomarkers of exercise training, and disclose the direct biological function of circulating miRNAs in adaptation to different modes of exercise training.

Data Availability Statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.

Ethics Statement

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Shanghai University Ethics Committee. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

Author Contributions

TW, ZJ, and QZ designed the study, conducted all the experiments, and drafted the manuscript. CS, YL, and CZ conducted the experiments and analyzed the data.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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