- 1Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources, Ministry of Education, China Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
- 2China University of Geosciences, Earth Sciences Department, Drilling and Cement Completion Laboratory, Wuhan, China
The development of supportable, cost-effective, and high-performance nanoparticles (NPs) is one of the new examination points within penetrating applications. The consideration of tailorable nanoparticles offers the chance to figure out water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs) with upgraded properties, providing exceptional opportunities in the energy, oil, gas, water, or framework enterprises. In WBDFs, nano and micron materials are investigated to control their rheological properties and their influence. This paper aims to analyze the influence of nano Fe2O3 on the rheological behavior of drilling fluid muds under high temperatures and pressure. Additionally, we seek to identify the optimal concentration of iron oxide nanoparticles that maintain consistent rheology; we examined the interfering effects of shear rates and iron oxide nanoparticle temperature on the shear type of the changed depleting liquid in the Dibella oil field to make the penetrating activity efficient, realistic, and skilled. We observe that as the temperature increases, the water-based mud (WBM), plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP), and gel strength (Gs) decrease until the reject structure is disrupted. Therefore, we must proceed with our assessment using nano Fe2O3 to resolve the shortcomings of the slope framework. Six water-based mud cakes containing 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 g weight percent of iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles were prepared for this evaluation. The experimental outcomes revealed an optimal nanoparticle mixing of 2.5 g weight percent, which resulted in a 13.8% reduction in the API filtrate volume and a 40% reduction in filter cake thickness. At 300°F temperature and type 10.00 pressure, the results of our experiments consistently demonstrate a decrease of 14.77% in the rheological properties of PV and YP and 10 s and 10 min in the gel strength of carbon oxide nanoparticles. The YP–PV span is 2.7, and the yield strength is 11 lb/100 ft2. On the other hand, mud cake A, which contains 0.5 wt% NPs, loses 6 mL of fluid after 30 min. In contrast, drilling mud cake E, which is composed of 3 wt% NPs, shows a fluid loss of 5.1 mL in the API filter press test. Based on the Bingham plastic model, the maximum shear stress versus shear rate was observed for bentonite drilling muds E and F, with 2.5 wt% and 3 wt% NPs, respectively, and this result indicates that the use of nano Fe2O3 can effectively adjust the properties of drilling fluids.
1 Introduction
The superior itemizing and planning plan of the exhausting fluid system is the best approach to showing the objective significance of the hydrocarbon vault. Drilling fluids, such as oil-based muds (OBMs) and water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs), are primarily used to drain oil and gas wells. They have demonstrated a sophisticated method of handling the acting of rheological characteristics under various crippling conditions (Hamed and Belhadri, 2009; Livescu, 2012). WBDFs are widely used among these weakening liquids and are regarded as unassuming and inoffensive to the biological structure (Christiansen, 1991; Rodrigues et al., 2006; Tehrani et al., 2009; Mao et al., 2015a; Sadeghalvaad and Sabbaghi, 2015). Nevertheless, it has also been declared that massive extension, restricted application, and polymer-added material may give rise to concerns regarding unstable rheological characteristics under downhole circumstances of high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) (Abdo and Haneef, 2013; Abdo et al., 2014; Mao et al., 2015a). The oil and gas industry generally views the increase in potassium chloride (KCl) in WBDFs as a means of better hydration blockage and control over rheological qualities, particularly in shale (Khodja et al., 2010). At high temperatures and high pungency circumstances, the rheology and filtration characteristics of exhausting muds with water-dissolvable polymers alter the working conditions (Vermolen et al., 2011). Nanoparticles (NPs) have been added to water-set-up mud works to address the viscoelastic and thixotropic properties of water-based mud (WBM), thereby improving the rheological congruity of penetrating muds (Aadnoy and Chenevert, 1987; Coussot et al., 2004; Le Guen et al., 2009). Riley et al. (2012) assessed the utilization of silica nanomaterials in water-based fluids (WBFs) to further develop the restraint of shale materials and compared it with an engineered-based mud, which is regularly utilized for wellbore soundness concerns in shale arrangements. The example with 3 wt% of silica exhibited a penetrability decrease of 20.1%, which is more prominent than the base example without silica, showing its capacity to fit and seal miniature pores and miniature breaks. Abduo M. I. et al. (2016) experimented with bentonite particles with a molecule size between 4 and 9 nm as an added substance to WBFs and then contrasted the outcomes and programming interface bentonite properties with an example with neighborhood bentonite not at a nanosize. The rheological properties like AV, PV, and YP diminished because of the expansion of bentonite with nanosize distances across, as the solid substance of the liquid was diminished. When it comes to controlling the rheological properties of depleting fluids, Mao et al. (2015b); Jain et al. (2015) recommended using nanocomposites as an alternative to soils and polymers. They are used to fight against the difficulties brought on by the intense heat and pressure of the more important course of action due to the warm defilement of the mud sections when entering mud. To modify the rheological properties and shale hindrance of water-based muds, harmful mud additives such as multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), graphene nanoplatelets, and nano-silica were added by Aftab et al. Their results showed that GNP can be used as an overlay option to improve the execution of WBM (Ismail et al., 2016). The utilization of nanoparticles in the oil business will permit penetrating designers to change the rheology of the boring liquid by changing the arrangement (Abdo and Haneef, 2012). Nanoparticles can work on the rheological qualities of drilling fluids utilizing different instruments that fundamentally rely upon the consistent period of penetrating liquids and the attributes of the nanoparticles (Brady and Brady, 1983; Jain et al., 2015; Taraghikhah et al., 2015). This advancement in the consistency of nanofluids can be assessed by utilizing homogeneous, strong liquid connection models (Singh et al., 2011). Laszlo et al. (2001) fixed modified emulsion drilling fluids under HPHT conditions using soil and silica nanoparticles (Laszlo et al., 2001). They found that either separately or in combination, nanosoil and nanosilica can immobilize or modify emulsions that enter fluids. Both thickness and yield strength are improved when the additional iron oxide particles in the bentonite liquid become more centrally distributed (Nasser et al., 2013). The progress of drilling mud is significant because it increases oil recovery and reduces the time expected to get the principal oil (Nagre et al., 2014). The rheological elements of a drilling mud can be prepared by many variables during the boring activity, such as temperature, pressure (which is a component of boring profundity), and impurities (Khoshakhlagh et al., 2012). According to some theories, nano Fe2O3 can significantly affect compressive strength, flexural strength, and controllable splitting strength by up to 5% at particular easing times (Rashad, 2013). The cementitious material’s convenience, setting time, mechanical strength, water retention, and durability were all improved by the nano iron oxide (Fe2O3) (Nelson et al., 1990). The gel structure gives adequate consistency to allow for an increase in the water content of the substance without allowing free water (Akhtarmanesh et al., 2013). Mahmoud et al. (2019) found that to lessen porousness and liquid intrusion, the base colloidal silica NP fixation should be 10 wt%, and a superior stopping execution was noted with the 35 nm measured NPs when contrasted with the 50 nm NPs. Then again, water-based liquids are widely utilized for boring applications because of their minimal expense, easy handling, and no imperative removal, as well as their environmental friendliness compared to oil-based fluids (OBFs) (Li et al., 2019). A polyacrylamide (PAM)-based copolymer was utilized to upgrade the shale security of delicate shale developments in the penetrating system (Aramendiz and Imqam, 2019). A few nanoparticles were utilized to upgrade the shale restraint properties, like nano-silica (Ma et al., 2020), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Rana et al., 2020), graphene (Bayat and Shams, 2019; Mady et al., 2020), and iron oxide (Du et al., 2019). Nanomaterials are utilized in concrete formulations to build their durability and strength (Esmaeili et al., 2011; Sikora et al., 2018). Nanomaterials have many applications in various areas of petroleum engineering, like investigation, boring, and production (Mohamadian et al., 2018). NPs have higher surface area-to-volume ratios than larger particles. This characteristic provides them with several advantages, including greater strength, improved electrical and thermal properties, and increased chemical reactivity (Godson et al., 2010). NPs added to the drilling fluid can help fill the gaps between particles and reduce the void space in the mud cake. This prevents fluid from flowing from the borehole into the formation. Various types of nanoparticles, including ZnO, montmorillonite, carbon nanotubes, SiO2, nanoclay, nanographite, TiO2, Fe2O3, graphene, calcium oxide, CuO, and Al2O3, have been introduced into drilling fluid to improve fluid loss control and rheology (Al-Saba et al., 2018). Mohammed (2017) conducted a study to examine the impact of Fe2O3 nanoparticles of two different sizes (3 and 30 nm) on the rheological and filtration properties of bentonite-based drilling fluids (BBDFs) under HPHT conditions. The study found that the smaller nanoparticles had a greater effect on increasing the plastic viscosity (PV) and yield point (YP) than the larger NPs. In another study, researchers observed that by varying the concentration of silica nanoparticles in the WBM from 0.001 to 1.5 wt%, the viscosity of the drilling mud increased (Gbadamosi et al., 2019). Cheraghian et al. (2015) demonstrated that incorporating nanoclay into PAM had a beneficial impact on the viscosity characteristics of the polymer solution. In recent years, there has been a great interest in improving the stability of polymers through the modification of their structure or by using NPs (Hu et al., 2017). To improve control over rheological properties and maintain thermal stability, the market has introduced activated weighting agents, thermally stable clay, and fluid systems with temperature and contaminant tolerance. These polymers provide filtration and rheological properties, as well as high thermal stability. Ongoing research aims to identify the micro-mechanisms of rheology at high temperatures (Ezell and Harrison, 2008). Fe2O3 NPs impart a positive charge to the bentonite–water suspension, thereby enhancing shear stresses at all shear rates (Rezaei et al., 2020). The use of NPs significantly improved the thermal stability of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) over a 12-day test period. In other words, the effective viscosity was approximately five times higher at a 0.8 wt% NP loading (Haruna et al., 2019). The studies conducted by Harounal Maje confirm that the dispersion formed by SMag-NP-PAM showed higher viscosity and better mobility control. Additionally, it exhibited a lower contact angle and interfacial tension (IFT) than pure SMag-NPs, PAM, and IO-NP-PAM under high-temperature, high-salinity (HTHS) conditions (Fakher et al., 2020). Two possible schemes have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of decreased viscosity. The first scheme involves the formation of carboxylic acid groups on the PAM backbone. This leads to a reaction with hydroxyl groups on the CQDs, resulting in the formation of ester bonds. The second scheme suggests that long macromolecular chains in the PAM are broken down into smaller chains. The CQDs can protonate the carboxylate groups in the PAM, converting them from –COO− to –COOH. This increases the acidity of the polymer and eventually causes a conformational transition, changing the polymer from a stretched state to a coiled state (Haruna et al., 2019). Polymer injection is an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method that improves mobility control. It is used to increase oil recovery beyond what can be achieved through primary and secondary production mechanisms (Nourafkan et al., 2019). HTHS and extreme pH conditions can have a significant impact on the stability of polymers and degrade their performance in EOR (Caenn et al., 2011). The presence of MWCNTs significantly increased the viscosity of polymer solutions compared to pure co/terpolymer solutions (Geehan et al., 1989). In this study, we tested and quantified the sensing and rheological properties of drilling mud modified with nano Fe2O3 at different temperatures. We used the shear stress versus shear rate variation for analysis. The objective of measuring fluid control was to enhance the cost-effectiveness, safety, and profitability of drilling operations.
2 Experimental apparatus instruments
For our experiments, we utilized specific equipment to perform various tasks. We employed a Hamilton Beach Mixer to effectively mix the components, a filtration loss tester to accurately measure the filtration loss, a six-speed viscometer to calculate the rheological properties, a Chinese brand kSW Muffle Furnace for calcining the dry fluid sludge, a Thermo Fisher Scientific Apreo S Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to analyze the samples, and an XPert PRO MPD X-ray Diffractometer to examine the X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the six mud cakes. Figure 1 displays the instruments that were utilized for our experiments.
Figure 1. Experiment machine tools. Hamilton Beach Mixer; filtration loss tester; six-speed viscometer ; Chinese Brand kSW Muffle Furnace; Thermo Fisher Scientific Apreo S; XPert PRO MPD X-ray Diffractometer (A–F).
3 Experimental process
Bentonite is extensively used to control some characteristics of incoming fluids that are clear-cut, like facilitating cutting movement to the surface, breaking up oil emulsions, and applying hydrostatic tension in the wellbore (Al-Yasiri and Al-Sallami, 2015). Bentonite’s capacity to restrict, tighten, and constantly drain fluid enhances its control over fluid flow in permeable systems (Khalil and Mohamed Jan, 2012). For this reason, we implanted 22.5 g of organophilic soil bentonite to improve uniformity throughout the graded chamber. We utilized organophilic bentonite to demonstrate significant thixotropic or aging behavior, which is utilized in various applications. This thixotropic behavior is connected to its physical properties, specifically swelling and delamination behavior, as well as heterogeneous charge behavior that impacts particle shape. We added 350 mL of freshwater to help decay the excess debris. Using an electric blender, the contents in the bucket were blended until there were no more projections. We added 0.5 weight percent, 1 weight percent, and 1.5 weight percent NPs and then 2 weight percent, 2.5 weight percent, and 3 weight percent NPs after 16 h of supporting the damaged fluid in suspension. The pursuit of consistent rheology is essential when selecting the rate and insertion of iron oxide. By incorporating the specified quantity, we have successfully achieved a desirable rheological constant. Following a 2-min electric blender homogenization and persistent mixing of the fluid tests, Figure 2 displays the assessment affiliation, and Figure 3 displays the six mud cakes made with varying concentrations of iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles. The materials utilized in the underlying cycle are provided in Table 1.
3.1 Synthesis of iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles
The synthetic precipitation strategy was decided to incorporate iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles. We degraded 5 g of ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O) in 100 mL of demineralized water. The products were then cleaned and rinsed with ethanol and deionized water to eliminate the overflow base. It was dried in a hot air stove for 2 hours at 100°C after some time had passed. After that, the object was sliced into pieces, which were calcined for 4 hours at 450°C in a cover. Eventually, the XRD revealed the bronzed natural-hued hematite powder content, with the development we anticipated to complete the SEM.
3.2 Rheological measurements
Rheological investigation plays a crucial role in the polymer-flooding process. To achieve the best possible oil recovery, it is important to accurately determine the viscosity of the polymer. This allows for a favorable mobility ratio between the oil and displacing fluid. However, it is worth noting that the viscosity of the polymer can be affected by both the temperature and salinity of the oil reservoirs (Muller et al., 1980; Seright et al., 2010; Al-Sabagh et al., 2016). Temperature and salinity affect PAM viscosity differently. Higher temperatures reduce viscosity by increasing polymer solubilization (Pramanik et al., 2017). Rheology is best explained as the study of deformation or flow behavior under applied stress (Temraz and Hassanien, 2016). Many principles are affected by pipe sticking, which depends on the rheology of the drilling fluid (Shakib et al., 2016). Khalil et al. examined the viscoplastic behavior of a liquid that penetrates biopolymers. The results demonstrated that the assortment technique can accurately predict the rheological response to these liquids’ actions (Bourgoyne et al., 1986; Abduo MI. et al., 2016). As a unit that demonstrates the thixotropic feature, the gel strength is expressed as heads or tails (Seright et al., 2010). Because of the strong particles’ mechanical grinding, plastic thickness is also known as the liquid’s mechanical obstruction (Bingham, 1922). Yield strength, a limitation of Bingham’s plastic model, is the crucial stream security attained by electrochemical reactions between mud particles that penetrate (Herschel and Bulkley, 1926). Using the Bingham model, the rheological limits of all exhausting fluids, including plasticity and apparent consistency, yield strength, and gel strength, are still a mystery. The American Oil Foundation (programming connection point) utilized the accompanying conditions to decide the rheological limits, which included AV, PV, and YP, as per the Bingham plastic model. The Bingham plastic model does not fully settle sensible consistency, plastic thickness, or yield attestation.
3.2.1 Determination of apparent viscosity
Here, τ is the shear stress in [Pa]. L600 is the OFITE reading at 600 rpm, and 1,020 s-1 is the shear speed corresponding to the reading at 600 rpm.
3.2.2 Determination of plastic viscosity
3.2.3 Determination of yield point
From the Bingham plastic model, we have
Here, YP is the yield point, PV is the plastic viscosity, and γ is the shear rate or strain rate; to find the shear stress (τ), do the following:
- For pascal, multiply the OFITE readings by 0.511.
- For deca pascal, multiply the OFITE readings by 5.11.
- For milli pascal, multiply the OFITE readings by 511.
- For pounds per 100 square feet, multiply the readings by 1.067.
3.3 Standard error
The limit of any explanatory model laid out to facilitate the nonlinear backslide at a high shear rate will describe its accuracy. As this limit shifts with each logical articulation, the determined rheological boundaries offer unmistakable qualities for different models. The standard error for each rheological model has been determined using Eq. (1) (Papanastasiou, 1987). At last, the best-fitted and most successful demonstration was determined.
4 Results and analysis
4.1 Characteristics of iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles
4.1.1 XRD of iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles
The X-ray powder diffraction pattern of the synthesized iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles is shown in Figure 4. The XRD analysis of synthesized NPs demonstrates the characteristic pattern of α-Fe2O3. The characteristic peaks appear in the following 2θ ranges: ≈24.150, 33.760, 36.250, 42.340, 50.120, 54.20, 64.900, and 72.650, which correspond to 104.14, 307.85, 225.14, 68.57. 92.72, 110.57, 81.57, and 23.7, respectively. From the Debye–Scherrer formula, D = Kλβcosθ, the crystal size of the synthesized iron nanoparticle was computed to be approximately 40 nm. From XRD analysis, the crystallinity of synthesized NPS was found to be 75.46%.
4.1.2 Physical description of iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles
Iron oxide nanoparticles, Fe2O3, are composed of iron and oxygen atoms and are characterized by their distinct appearance and properties that differentiate them from bulk iron oxide materials. These nanoparticles typically have diameters ranging from 1 to 100 nm, making them thousands of times smaller than a human hair. As a result of their small size, they exhibit unique properties and behaviors compared to their bulk counterparts. The physical description of Fe2O3 nanoparticles emphasizes their small size, unique colors, and magnetic properties, which make them a fascinating and versatile material with numerous potential applications across various fields. In Table 2, we present the physical properties of the iron oxide used in our experiments, including a particle size of 30 nm, a specific surface area of 37 m^2/g, and a bulk density of 0.21 g/cm^3.
4.1.3 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of iron oxide (Fe2O3) and mud cake E
For the iron oxide SEM (Figure 5), we used a small quantity of already synthesized iron oxide. In addition, we employed the Thermo Fisher Scientific Apreo Scanning Electron Microscope to perform elemental analysis of the iron oxide. SEM was performed at 5,000 × magnification. According to the SEM (Figure 6), we notice that the grains are in the form of clusters, each grain is in the form of flowers in assembly, and we can observe that the SEM of the mud cake E is characterized by large components in the form of bubbles, primarily advantageous for fluid loss control, and a magna in assembly.
4.2 Impact of iron oxide on the plastic viscosity
In terms of how the iron oxide, nano Fe2O3, nanoparticles affect the consistency of the plastic, we discovered that the number of nanoparticles increases and decreases in tandem with temperature and that the plastic thickness increases effectively. To bring rock shavings to the surface, PV with nanoparticle fixation ascends and chips away at the liquid’s entry restriction, especially in large apertures where the siphon’s annular speed is relatively small (Casson, 1959). This is the result of the solid rate increasing and the size of the important solid areas decreasing. According to assessments conducted by Yahia and Khayat (2001), differentiation appears to be the particles or a combination of them, and the plastic’s thickness is developing in light of the presence of nanoparticles in WBM. The results showed a pattern. Mud cake A was inspected at a pressure of 10,000 psi and a temperature of 300°F. As demonstrated in Figure 7 and Table 3, we discover a significant reduction of 88.10% of WBM PV with an exceptionally low fraction of nanoparticles about the nano effect on the plastic thickness of the water-based mud. Debris will be less flexible and more likely to stick behind the drill head and come out of the slurry, which will make drilling impossible. Nevertheless, with the addition of nanoparticle blends of 2.5 weight percent NPs and 3 weight percent NPs, a reduction of 14.77% PV was seen at high temperatures of 300°F and pressures of 10,000 psi. Exceptionally high PV proportions can be reduced by adjusting ownership limits, avoiding extremely high consistency and siphon tension, separating excess solids, and implementing incapacitation measures. There is a 2.7 YP–PV extent. It displays the drilling fluid’s speed profile as it passes through the annulus or space created between a drill pipe and the penetrated wall. A greater YP–PV extent results in a thicker profile, which is necessary for the slurry to move, cutting clearance (Ahmad et al., 2017). In addition, a high (YP–PV) ratio or a low n value allows better cutting transport and better hole cleaning (Samaei and Tahmasbi, 2007).
Figure 7. Plastic viscosity variation with nanoparticles and temperature of WBM (7A). (7B) Yield point variations.
4.3 Thermal impact of iron oxide (Fe2O3) on the yield point
The range of YP that affects iron oxide nanoparticles under high strain and temperature conditions is displayed in Figure 8B and Table 4. The centralization of nanoparticles causes a global decrease in temperature that is below the expectations of many. Changes in the liquid solids’ surface properties, their centralization and electrical arrangement, and the kinds and fixation of particles in the liquid phase of the borehole as the association of nanoparticles expands are the causes of these variations in yield strength.
4.4 Effect of nano Fe2O3 on gel strength variation under HPHT
Tables 5 and 6 and Figures 8A,B show that the iron oxide size is 0.5 weight percent. At 300°F and 10,000 psi of strain, mud cake A showed a significant decrease in WBM and YP of 76.60%. Drill cuttings are essentially affected in significant areas of strength by this reduction. The assessment of the impact of iron oxide nanoparticles on the rheological properties of water-based mud in a high-temperature, high-strain (HPHT) environment and the proper well restoration during crippling conditions (Okrajni and Azar, 1986). Nonetheless, compared to thermally settled samples, the WBM increases by 2.5 weight percent. Under comparable HPHT conditions, NPs only experience a 9.57 percent decrease in the yield limit.
5 Analysis of shear stress versus shear rate variation under HPHT
The stream lead’s sign indicates a liquid’s propensity to shear when subjected to strain and temperature changes. Shear pressure analysis has demonstrated that as nanoparticle concentration increases, so does the liquid’s growth due to shear (refer to Figures 9A–F). Due to the high heat and strains, mud cake A was subsequently reduced, and the garbage structure as a whole experienced a high-shear, low-fat composition. In any case, as the concentration of nanoparticles increases to the ideal combination of 2.5 weight percent NPs, the liquid structure demonstrates its thermal stability. According to the results obtained from Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, when the temperature increases, the shear stress versus rate changes rapidly, and from this, we can deduce that the temperature and pressure influence the shear stress versus rate.
6 Effect of nano Fe2O3 on the rheology behavior of drilling muds
The estimation of the rheology of drilling muds in the Dibella oil field exhibits a shear-thinning behavior, which demonstrates that an increase in the shear rate causes a decrease in consistency, as displayed in Figure 10. According to Figure 10, the plastic viscosity initially remains unchanged at a low concentration of NPs. However, at higher concentrations, plastic viscosity improves. Specifically, mud cake B with a concentration of 1 wt% shows a 10% improvement in plastic viscosity compared to mud cake A at 0.5 wt%. Additionally, mud cake F with 3 wt% NP demonstrates an approximately 30% increase in plastic viscosity. The increase in plastic viscosity can be attributed to the presence of NPs, which contribute to the overall dispersed solids in the sludge system. A low shear rate builds the iron oxide nanoparticle focus and shows higher consistency compared with a low nanoparticle rate mud; it uncovers a significant property of the penetrating liquid, as high viscosities are fundamental under static circumstances and low viscosities are necessary under conditions to eliminate cuttings from the lower part of the opening (Anawe et al., 2014). [77].
7 Effect of nano Fe2O3 on API fluid loss
The impact of nano Fe2O3 concentrations on fluid loss is illustrated in Figure 11. For all NP concentrations, the API fluid loss is reduced compared to the base mud, demonstrating the significant capability of NPs to control fluid loss. In the case of the base mud, mud cake A yields 6 mL of filtrate in the 30-min API filter test. On the other hand, mud cake B with an NP concentration of 1 wt% produces 5.3 mL of filtrate, representing a 12.4% improvement in fluid loss control compared to mud cake A. Experimental observation reveals that the cumulative fluid loss is minimized (5.3 mL) at an NP concentration of 1 wt%. At higher NP concentrations, the cumulative fluid losses are slightly higher (6–4.5 mL), confirming the optimal performance of hematite nanoparticles at a concentration of 2.5 wt%. This value aligns closely with the findings of previous experimental work. In conclusion, it can be inferred that a concentration of 2.5 wt% provides a sufficient quantity of NPs to block the pore space of the filter paper. At higher concentrations, the volume of NPs relative to other additives increases, which affects the formation of a proper bridge and results in a slight increase in filtrate volume.
8 Conclusion
The effects of the addition of iron oxide solutions were investigated using rheological, chemical, and thermal analyses. The following outcomes can be drawn based on the results obtained:
1. Under HPHT conditions, the concentration of iron oxide increases plastic viscosity, yield strength, and gel strength. However, the expansion remains within an acceptable range for optimal water execution.
2. A combination of 2.5% weight percent iron nanoparticles helps maintain highly and thermally stable rheological properties under 300°F and 10,000 pressure. There is a slight drop in gel strength of 14.77%, 9.57%, 14.77%, and 16.58%. After 16 h of hot rolling, mud cake E, which includes 2.5% weight percent NPs, maintains a high YP–PV ratio of 2.7.
3. Hematite Fe2O3 helps achieve a liquid design that is neither excessively restricted nor overly thick at high temperatures. It controls the consistency collection speed with the shear change speed. The effects of iron oxide nanoparticles on the rheological properties of water-based mud are examined under high stresses in an HPHT scenario.
4. As nanocomposite items grew, the thickness of the channel cake and fluid incident decreased. Rheology testing and SEM analysis of the mud showed that iron oxide mud (mud E), containing 2.5% weight percent iron oxide, permits the use of anionic acrylic as a loss circulation material up to 300°F. It has satisfactory rheological and liquid-loss properties. Iron oxide drilling fluid with anionic acrylic has excellent stability and sealing capabilities at high temperatures, making it a suitable option for high-temperature, high-pressure wells with loss of circulation.
5. At 1 wt%, NP concentration reduces fluid loss to 5.3 mL and mud cake thickness by 40% compared to mud cake A. Slightly higher NP concentrations (6–4.5 mL) still perform optimally.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Author contributions
AM: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing–original draft, and writing–review and editing. GJ: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing–original draft, and writing–review and editing. MM: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing–original draft, and writing–review and editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
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Keywords: drilling fluids, high pressure, high temperature, shear stress, nano Fe2O3, rheological properties, Dibella oil field
Citation: Mahamadou As, Jun G and Moctar MI (2024) Effect and consequence of the rheological properties of nano Fe2O3-modified drilling muds in the Dibella oil field. Front. Energy Res. 12:1375463. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1375463
Received: 23 January 2024; Accepted: 06 March 2024;
Published: 19 August 2024.
Edited by:
Ziqi Yu, Toyota Research Institute of North America, United StatesReviewed by:
Maje Alhaji Haruna, University of Leeds, United KingdomZhoujie Wang, China University of Petroleum (East China), China
Copyright © 2024 Mahamadou, Jun and Moctar. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Abdoulaye seyni Mahamadou, bWFoYW1hZG91emFtNkBnbWFpbC5jb20=