PV/WT Integrated System Using the Gray Wolf Optimization Technique for Power Quality Improvement

Abstract

This paper presents the integration of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaics, wind, and batteries to the grid. The hybrid shunt active power filter (HSHAPF) is optimized with the Gray wolf optimization (GWO) and fractional order proportional integral controller (FOPI) for harmonic reduction under nonlinear and unbalanced load conditions. With the use of GWO, the parameters of FOPI are tuned, which effectively minimizes the harmonics. The proposed model has effectively compensated the total harmonic distortions when compared with without the filter and with the passive filter, the active power filter with a PI controller, and the GWO-FOPI-based controller. The performance of the proposed controller is tested under nonlinear and unbalanced conditions. The parameters of the FOPI controller are better tuned with the GWO technique. The comparative results reflect the best results of GWO-FOPI-based HSHAPF. The suggested controller is built in the MATLAB/Simulink Platform.

1 Introduction

Power quality (PQ) problems that occur in the distribution system occur when using nonlinear loads. With the development in semiconductor technology, the modeling and usage of power electronic devices are increasing on the end-user side (Mosobi et al., 2015). Because of the usage of power electronic devices, they give rise to many problems like a disturbance in reactive power, a poor power factor, harmonic distortion, and so on (Dash et al., 2018). These problems cause severe effects on the distribution system which result in PQ. To mitigate PQ issues, we have many controlling techniques which ensure harmonic-free systems (Hussain et al., 2019). There are mainly two approaches: load conditioning and power line conditioning (Amir and Srivastava, 2019). Most of the equipment used nowadays is more sensitive to the adverse effects of PQ problems (Goud and Reddy, 2020).

In this approach, at the point of common coupling (PCC), the proposed approach minimizes the effect produced by nonlinear loads. Initially, passive filter usage was widely considered for harmonic elimination and reactive power compensation. Due to various remarkable disadvantages like constant compensation performance, a large size, resonance, and so on, later on, the usage became less. To mitigate the reactive power compensation and harmonics (Jamil et al., 2019), active power filters (APFs) became more prominent as the performance characteristics are very effective when compared with the conventional filters (Meral and Celik, 2018).

APFs are devices that generally produces an equal quantity of harmonics when compared with the load with a phase shift of 180⁰. These harmonics are injected into the linear PCC, and load current harmonics are mitigating and supply becomes sinusoidal (Pang et al., 2019). They are broadly classified as series APF and shunt APF. Shunt APF is used to mitigate the load current harmonics by inserting equal and opposite harmonic compensating current. Table 1 presents the brief research works carried out in the literature. This literature mainly focuses on grid integration using RES, APFs, PQ issues, and various types of controllers designed to mitigate in the hybrid integrated system.

The designed system is a combination of photovoltaics (PVs), wind, and batteries as energy-storing devices (Arkhangelski et al., 2019). The purpose of using a battery is not only to provide backup but also to store the excess amount of generated energy to meet the demand. Figure 1 shows the structure of HSHAPF CC-VSI which is grid interfaced through a DC-link capacitor (Naresh et al., 2018; Muthukumar and Balamurugan, 2019; Goud and Rao, 2020; Kuchibhatla et al., 2020). To increase the voltage if required, a step-up transformer is connected to the AC side of the inverter at the PCC. At the PCC, an uncontrolled bridge rectifier nonlinear load is connected. To minimize the load current harmonics, an inverter control is being utilized and transfers the DG power flow to the PCC.

FIGURE 1

1.1 Primary Aim and Structure of the Paper

In this paper, total harmonic distortion (THD) reduction under nonlinear load and unbalanced load without the filter, with the passive filter, and with APF using a PI controller and the proposed controller is introduced, which results in the best reduction of harmonics under various load conditions.

The following sections of the papers are categorized as follows: Section 2 describes the proposed system and design, Section 3 proposes the mathematical modeling of the controller, Section 4 describes the proposed HSHAPF, Section 5 illustrates the GWO technique and FOPI controller, Section 6 deals with results and discussion, and Section 7 is the conclusion.

2 Proposed Test System

The proposed modeling is designed using both passive and active filters. The designed model improves the compensation characteristics of the filter, which reduces the disadvantages of both active and passive filters. Figure 1 represents the flow chart of the proposed system. Section 2 describes the detailed construction of the system design. In this proposed paper, HSHAPF is implemented with the combination of the LC passive filter and voltage source PWM converter illustrated in Figure 2, which illustrates the renewable energy resources (RES) and HSHAPF connected to the grid. Table 2 illustrates the design parameters. Figure 3 depicts the basic structure of SHAPF. This design is tested at various loads such as nonlinear loads and unbalanced loads. The characteristics of both filters are designed in providing the best performance under various operating conditions. To filter out the harmonics, the designed structure is modeled with storage systems using the battery, DC link, and switches with antiparallel diodes (Goud and Rao, 2021). At PCC, compensating current is injected using a voltage source converter to mitigate the harmonics. To overcome the power rating required for the PWM converter, the system is modeled using both active and passive filters to mitigate the harmonics. Here, power MOSFETs are used in designing the PWM converters, which is cost-effective. To eliminate the harmonic at the PCC, equal and opposite magnitude harmonic current has to be injected, which also improves the PQ in the distribution system.

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 3

2.1 Equivalent Circuit of the Photovoltaic

The structure of PV is depicted in Figure 4, whose panel terminal current and voltage are computed based on the below equation (Mosobi et al., 2015; Dash et al., 2018)where k is Boltzmann’s constant, Q is the electron charge, is the diode ideality factor, is the series resistance, t is the temperature in Kelvin, is the shunt resistance, is the voltage of the cell, and is the current. The power of a PV panel is described as follows:where N_pv (t) are several cells in the PV array, P_pv (t) is the power of PV, V_pv (t) is the voltage of PV, and I_pv (t) is the current of PV. Maximum power extraction from the grid does not occur at any time as it is concerned with the allocation of current and load. MPPT is a standard method for capturing the maximum power from PV under load. There are many other sorts of methods; in this case, perturb and observer approaches are applied.

FIGURE 4

2.2 Modeling of the Wind Turbine

The wind turbine (WT) generates the output power, which was determined by wind speed as well as the hub’s height. The WT is reliant on wind speed, which is calculated using the below equation (Amir and Srivastava, 2019)where P_R is the electrical power rating, is the decrease in wind speed, is the wind speed predicted, and is the wind speed cut off. The impacts of WT installation height must be taken into account while calculating WT performance.

2.3 Modeling of the Battery as an Energy Storing System

The battery size is computed and developed using the reference autonomy day in the event of a required power requirement (AD) shown in the below equation (Goud and Reddy, 2020)where η^B is the efficiency of the battery, DOD is the depth of discharge rate of the battery, P^L is the demand power, and is the inverter efficiency. The amount of time a battery can produce electricity to meet load demand is described as AD. When RES generates excess electricity, it is used to charge a battery in the HRES system. The following equation is used to calculate battery powerwhere B^P is the battery power. In the battery, P_L(t) is the load demand of the system. As stated below, state of charge (SOC) is a critical parameter in HRES that is linked to additional energy creation and energy shortage. Figure 5 depicts SOCwhere µ is the battery self-discharge rate.

FIGURE 5

3 Mathematical Modeling of the Proposed System

A set of n harmonics with n = {1,2,3,….N} is proposed. At the same position, components are found, and they are current I_L (t) and Voltage V_s (t), which can be expressed as the equation that follows (Pang et al., 2019 and Aljendy et al., 2019). Figures 6, 7 depict the mathematical modeling of the controller

FIGURE 6

FIGURE 7

(I_Ln1, I_Ln2, I_Ln3) are load current peak values; (V_sn1, V_sn2, V_sn3) are PCC voltage peak values; and , , and are harmonic component phase angles of the nth order.

The real power delivered by the grid P_s should be similar to the grid power provided for compensating at a high power factor using the below equation (Aljendy et al., 2019)where the real loss of power is P_l, the actual power delivered by the RES is P, and the real power of the load is P_L; as a result, the maximum value of the basic aspect of typical point voltage is a key component, and Is* is an essential component and is the source current component expressed in the below equation (Ravinder and Bansal, 2019)where u_a (t) = sinωt and u_b (t) = cosωt as expressed by the equations (Bhupesh et al., 2019; Reddy et al., 2021) indicate the distance between adjacent reference currents. The current inverter and standard inverter current errors are sent to the HCC ( ), which adjusts the duty ratio of the PWM inverter expressed in the below equation (Rahmani et al., 2010)

Determined by the difference between the real and perceived currents of the inverter, the hysteresis regulator regulates and modulates pulse in both gate actuators of a grid-connected adapter. In phase A of the inverter, the S₁ switch is on, while and S4 are off, and vice versa if the hysteresis band’s width. The period of the switching pulses for either leg will be the same.

4 Hybrid Shunt Active Power Filter Control Structure

The p-q theory is used, which is mainly based on a-b-c conversion into α-β-0 coordinates and α-β-0 conversation into a-b-c parameters, which are familiarly known as Clark’s transformation and inverse transformation, respectively (Durairasan and Balasubramanian, 2020; Hari Prabhu and Sundararaju, 2020; Sureshkumar and Ponnusamy, 2020). The transformation is shown in Figures 6, 7, from which compensating currents are generated.

In this transformation, three-phase source voltage and load current are converted to stationary reference frame α-β-0 using the below equations (Mohamed and El-Saadany, 2009; Imam et al., 2020)where I^lα and I^lβ are phase-neutral currents, while I^La, I^Lb, and I^Lc are three-phase load currents. Three-phase supply voltages are V^Sa, V^Sb, and V^Sc, whereas the phase-neutral voltages are V^Sα, V^Sβ. The instantaneous values of actual and unconsidered powers are determined using phase neutral voltages and load currents (Hari Prabhu and Sundararaju, 2020; Sureshkumar and Ponnusamy, 2020). In the shunt active filter, the actual and reactive power is determined using the below equation (Dashtdar et al., 2021a)

Using the below equation (Sharaf et al., 2010), the reference currents are evaluated

I^Ra, I^Rb, and I^Rc represent the reference currents of an HSHAPF. The reference current is used to calculate the erroneous current, which must be modified using the GWO-optimized PI controller. Based on system error reduction, the SHAPF creates optimal pulses. The GWO is utilized to compute the optimal solution and the best pulses for adjusting the FOPI controller. The next section describes a detailed description of the recommended strategy as well as a flow chart.

5 Gray Wolf Optimization Technique

GWO is new optimization that is supported by the swarm intelligence which is inspired by the psychology of GW to hunt prey illustrated in Figure 8. GWs are always in groups and adjusted in a location during the hunting process. To model the hunting procedure mathematically, the optimal best solution is given to the alpha group act following beta and delta packs (Goud et al., 2020). GWs create a kink around the injured to start hunting the prey, generally written as

FIGURE 8

‘t’ in Eq. 19 indicates the current iteration. The vectors x and x_p indicate the GW and the wound location, respectively, and coefficient vectors X and Y are framed from the below equations (Naresh et al., 2018; Goud and Rao, 2020)r₁ and r₂ indicate the random vector, which varies between (0, 1), while the component “a” falls from 2 to 0 throughout the iteration. Using the below equations (Durairasan and Balasubramanian, 2020; Kuchibhatla et al., 2020; Goud and Rao, 2021), the hunting process is calculated

Using the below equation (Durairasan and Balasubramanian, 2020), the α, β, and γ mean value positions are found

5.1 Fractional Order Proportional Integral Controller

The FOPI controller’s transfer function is represented by the below equation (Goud et al., 2021a; Dashtdar et al., 2021b; Goud et al., 2021b; Goud et al., 2021c). The FOPI controller design is seen in Figure 9

FIGURE 9

The values of the controller depend on K_p, K_i, and fractional-order λ and are represented in Table 3.

6 Simulation Results

HSHAPF performance is analyzed in MATLAB/Simulink. Two different loads are considered: nonlinear load and unbalanced load. Without the filter, the THD was 27.43%, and after HSHAPF with the GWO-based FOPI controller, the THD is reduced to 1.74%. Similarly, with a passive filter, the THD is 7.67%, and with APF with the PI controller, the THD is 5.85%.

6.1 Case I: Without the Filter for Nonlinear Load

At PCC, nonlinear load is connected, which is generally time-varying and difficult to observe system dynamic performances. At the first diode, the rectifier load is connected to the PCC. During t = 0.01 s to t = 0.2 s, an additional RL segment is added. The figure shows that the inputs to PV and wind are 800–1000 w/m² and 12–15 m/s, respectively.

In this case, the system dynamic performance of the system without using the filter is analyzed. Figure 10 shows that the harmonics are not eliminated. It represents the source voltage (Vs.), source current (I_s), and load current (I_L). During time intervals t = 0.01 s to t = 0.04 s, harmonics are observed in both the source current and load current when the design is employed without the filter. Figure 8 represents the THD of about 27.43%. For the sudden change in load at the PCC, it is observed that the system has high dynamic performance.

FIGURE 10

6.2 Case II: Without the Filter for Unbalanced Load

Initially, the load connected at the PCC is the diode rectifier which is then replaced with a single-phase diode rectifier which behaves as an unbalanced load during t = 0.01 s and is removed at t = 0.2 s. From Figure 11, PCC voltage V_s, supply current I_s, and unbalanced current I_L show the dynamic performances of the system.

FIGURE 11

6.3 Case III: With the Passive Filter for Nonlinear Load

Sudden changes in loads are nonlinear, so it is important to analyze the system’s dynamic characteristics. A diode rectifier load is first connected to the PCC. From t = 0.01 s to t = 0.04 s, an extra load of the RL circuit is added to the previous load. During the nonlinear load, the current decreases from 45A to 5A at time t = 0.01 s and then climbs from 5 to 45A at time t = 0.04 s. The voltage at PCC V_s, supply current I_s, variable load current I_L, and compensating current I_c between t = 0.01 s and t = 0.04 s are shown in Figure 12. The findings show that nonlinear control has high dynamic performance for fast-changing loads.

FIGURE 12

6.4 Case IV: With Passive Filter Unbalanced Load

The imbalance, harmonics, and reactive power of an unbalanced nonlinear load must be rectified at PCC. A three-phase diode is used as the load at first. At t = 0.01 s, a one-phase rectifier is connected in series to the PCC and removed at t = 0.04 s. The input values for PV are 1000 w/m² and a wind speed of 12 m/s, depicted in Figure 13. Between t = 0.01 s and t = 0.04 s, the PCC is connected to a resistor between phases a and b and then withdrawn. In Figure 14, V_s represents the PCC voltage, I_s represents the source current, I_L represents the current at load, and I_c represents the inverter. Even with erratic supply currents, PCC’s source currents are balanced. As a consequence, the recommended control may be able to balance line currents while simultaneously correcting for reactive and harmonic components of a load. Figure 15 shows that the THD is 7.67%, which is lowered by using a passive filter.

FIGURE 13

FIGURE 14

6.5 Case V: With the Shunt Active Power Filter for Nonlinear Load

Because rapid change loads are nonlinear, time-varying loads, it is critical to analyze the system’s dynamic characteristics. The PCC is initially linked to a three-phase diode rectifier load. An extra load of the RL circuit is added to the current load from t = 4 s to t = 5 s. At time t = 0.01 s, the nonlinear load current rises from 45A to 5A, and at time t = 0.04 s, it climbs from 5 to 45A. Figure 16 represents the voltage at PCC V_s, the supply current I_s, the variable load current IL, and the compensating current I_c between periods t = 0.01 s and t = 0.04 s. The findings show that nonlinear control has high dynamic performance for fast-changing loads. As the PCC load current increases, the THD value rises. The THD is 27.43%, depicted in Figure 17 without the filter, 7.67% depicted in Figure 15 with the passive filter, and 1.74% with the suggested GWO-FOPI controller with SHAPF depicted in Figure 18. The power factors for phases A, B, and C are all 0.99, as shown in Figure 19.

FIGURE 15

FIGURE 16

FIGURE 17

FIGURE 18

FIGURE 19

6.6 Case VI: With Hybrid Shunt Active Power Filter Unbalanced Load

The variations, reactive power, and harmonics of an unbalanced load must be rectified at PCC. In the beginning, a single-phase diode is used as the load. A single-phase rectifier is connected in series to the PCC at = 0.01 s. Between t = 0.01 s and t = 0.04 s, the PCC is connected to a resistor between phases a and b and then withdrawn. Figure 20 represents the voltage at PCC V_s, the supply current I_s, the variable load current I_L, and the inverter current I_c. The supply current is balanced at PCC even during irregularities. As a consequence, the recommended control may be able to balance line currents while simultaneously correcting for reactive and harmonic load current components. Table 4 compares THDs without a filter to THDs with a filter.

FIGURE 20

Finally, under the IEEE 519 standards, the suggested GWO-based FOPI controller with decreased THD is proposed. With the suggested controller, the THD is decreased by 1.74%.

7 Conclusion

PQ in a grid-connected hybrid system with the battery as an energy storing device is proposed with the GWO-based FOPI controller with SHAPF circuit to mitigate the issues. The optimal pulses required for the FOPI controller are attained with the GWO technique. This system has been considered in three different practices: without a filter, the THD is 27.43%; with a passive filter, the THD is 7.67%; the APF with the PI controller is 5.85%, and with the proposed GWO-FOPI controller, it resulted in 1.74% total harmonic reduction. The recommended method’s simulation results are then validated in the MATLAB/Simulink software. The final results of the hybrid system proved the GWO controller’s practicality and effectiveness in decreasing PQ concerns including THD.

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