Chunyuan Zeng1
Bo Yang
Pulin Cao- 1Faculty of Electric Power Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- 2China Southern Power Grid EHV Transmission Company, Dali, China
Introduction
Owing to environment deterioration (Xi et al., 2016), fossil energy depletion, and air contamination, the reform of the energy structure and the development (Yang et al., 2020a; Sun and Yang 2020) of sustainable ecological (Kalyan and Rao 2021) are imminent in recent years, in which various renewable energy technologies (Yang et al., 2020b; Noman et al., 2021) as efficient alternative energy, for example, wind, solar (Iqbal et al., 2021), and hydropower, have attracted extensive focus. Particularly, as a decisive form of solar energy exploitation and utilization, photovoltaic (PV) systems (Bakeer et al., 2021) possess enormous social and economic benefits. Thus, the applications of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technologies (Yang et al., 2020c) are extremely crucial for PV systems owing to multiple local maximum power points (LMPPs) and a global maximum power point (GMPP) under partial shading conditions (PSCs) (Zhao et al., 2021). However, due to the high nonlinearity of power and voltage (P-V) characteristics resulting in power loss and hot spot effect under PSCs, the exploration of effective MPPT technology is hindered. For the purpose of obtaining MPPT technologies with better tracking accuracy and efficiency in PV systems, a large number of scholars have carried out extensive discussion and research, while the practical relevance of MPPT techniques faces several challenges. The first is that most of the existing research focuses on simulation, rather than the actual experiment. In addition, the subsequent research not only pursues the tracking accuracy but also explores the appropriate MPPT technology (Zhao et al., 2021) after fully considering the balance between the tracker cost and additional power income. This article clarifies the aforementioned matters and raises certain perceptive on multiple PV MPPT technologies.
Uniform Solar Irradiation
When PV systems work normally, the internal resistance of the PV cell will change with a change in solar irradiance and temperature. Based on the same solar irradiance and temperature, PV cells output various voltages, while only maximum power can be achieved at a certain voltage, which is called the maximum power point (MPP) (Liu et al., 2016). It is obvious that the essence of MPPT is self-optimized, which is realized by adjusting the output voltage of the PV cells (i.e., matching the P-V operating point with a relevant power converter). Especially, the PV systems can obtain a single GMPP under uniform irradiation, which is called a single peak characteristic (Ishaque and Salam 2013). The traditional MPPT technologies under uniform irradiation are extremely critical to the single-peak power extraction of PV systems. In addition, multitudinous MPPT technologies of PV systems have been advanced composed of two categories (Yang et al., 2019a; Yang et al., 2019b), that is, the conventional technology, namely, the perturb and observe (P&O), incremental conductance (INC), and the hill climbing (HC), and the improved conventional technology.
The conventional technologies obtained under uniform irradiation have excellent power enhancement performance of PV systems. In one cycle, P&O (Ahmed and Salam 2015; Alik and Jusoh 2018) adds a preset voltage increment (ΔV), causing disturbance to the PV cell voltage, while the output power before and after the disturbances is calculated and compared to determine the direction of the next disturbance. P&O is extensively adopted for engineering practicability, while the more complicated oscillation delay of P&O is an obstacle, leading to increased power loss and decreased stability. In addition, INC is a classical algorithm to fulfill the MPPT (Zakzouk et al., 2016; Harrag and Messalti 2019), whose principle is to change the PV control signal by comparing the derivative of the output power to the output voltage of the PV cell. There is no doubt that the voltage oscillation range of INC is smaller than that of P&O, but the hardware requirements of INC are higher according to the difficulty of calculating. Furthermore, HC applies for duty cycle disturbance (Lasheen and Abdel-Salam 2018), instead of voltage increment disturbance, which is inconsistent with P&O. Due to the limitation of step size and long calculation time (Lasheen and Abdel-Salam 2018), the aforementioned technologies are unobtainable to track the real-time GMPP.
For tackling these defects, the quantities of scholars have concentrated on satisfactory variant technologies achieved through different optimizations. Ahmed and Salam (2015) illustrated an adaptive variable step size strategy, which can intelligently convert the size of voltage disturbance by the adaptive mechanism to minimize the steady-state oscillation. In Ali and Mohamed (2022), a robust modified P&O based on an open-circuit voltage estimation is designed, upon which the GMPP is quickly tracked by subdividing the working area of the PV cell’s P-V curve. In Belkaid et al. (2016), the improved INC technology avoids divergences of MPP of the PV system by fine-tuning the duty cycle of the DC/DC converter, while it is the slow time response at the startup compared to other methods.
Both conventional technology and variant conventional technology have an inherent defect, that is, MPPT can only be performed on the PV system where only one MPP exists in the P-V curve under uniform irradiance (Belhachat and Larbes 2018; Yang et al., 2020d). This enormous defect leads to greater restrictions on its application in more practical engineering fields (Li et al., 2018). Therefore, researchers should focus on more advanced multi-peak MPPT strategies in the future, where all PV cells in the same module and all modules in the same string are exposed to different solar irradiation and temperatures.
Partial Shading Condition
In fact, when PV systems are affected by PSCs (Sangwongwanich and Blaabjerg 2019), their P-V characteristics will become nonlinear. Concretely, since the large-scale PV system will inevitably be obscured by passing clouds, building shadows, bird droppings, dust, etc., the irradiance and temperature of these parts are different from those of the other parts, which will engender multiple LMPPs and only one GMPP on the P-V curve. Distinctively, Figure 1 depicts the P-V characteristic curves of PV systems under uniform solar irradiation and PSCs, upon which the differences between the GMPP and LMPPs can be reflected intuitively. Furthermore, a series of problems such as output power losses, hot spot effects, and security and dependability issues also appear in the PV systems under PSCs. At present, the technological progress related to MPP subject has grown tremendously (Ahmad et al., 2019), upon which meta-heuristic algorithms (MhAs), artificial neural network (ANN), deep learning technologies, and so forth are explored and applied in PV systems.
FIGURE 1. P-V characteristic curves of PV systems.
The remarkable advantage of MhAs is that their efficiency is higher than that of blind search methods, which obtain an optimal solution in a short time due to no complex gradient information, uncomplicated operation mechanism, and easy modification. The classical meta-heuristic algorithms such as genetic algorithm (GA) (Hua and Zhan 2021), particle swarm optimization (PSO) (Alshareef et al., 2019), gray wolf optimization (GWO) (Pai and Tseng 2019), moth flame optimization (MFO) (Shi et al., 2019), and ant colony optimization (ACO) (Sundareswaran et al., 2020) have been applied for GMPP tracking to opportunely escape LMPPs. Nowadays, in order to balance local exploitation and global exploration, significant MhAs with promising experimental performance are studied, while the aforementioned algorithms are usually regarded as competition algorithm to compare the tracking ability of the GMPP. For example, the duty cycle of the converter is controlled based on the bat algorithm (BA) (Seyedmahmoudian et al., 2018), so that MPPT can be performed faster, more efficiently, and more sustainably under distinct PSCs. In Fares et al. (2021), the problem of excessive randomness in the initial stage is effectively alleviated by the improved squirrel search algorithm (ISSA), so that high disturbance and power loss are fully reduced.
Although the pure single meta-algorithms (MhAs) have proposed a decent performance of getting rid of LMPPs, the intrinsic imperfections are inescapable due to premature convergence and many computing iterations. It is worth affirming that a variety of optimization strategies are mixed to avoid the defects and intensify the superiorities of pure single MhAs. Among these, the improvements of several hybrid MhAs are purposed, for example, differential evolutionary algorithm and PSO (DEPSO) (Seyedmahmoudian et al., 2015), hybrid Jaya algorithm and differential evolution (Jaya-DE) (Kumar et al., 2017), and salp swarm algorithm with GWO (SSA-GWO) (Wan et al., 2019), and so on. For example, using the hybrid conventional technologies and meta-heuristic algorithms, Senniappan and Umapathy (2021) devised an exceptional hybridized human psychology optimization-P&O (HPO-PO) to achieve the GMPP by adjusting the optimal duty cycle of the boost converter. In addition, there are other optimization algorithms of this type, such as artificial bee colony-integrated P&O (ABC-PO) (Pilakkat and Kanthalakshmi 2020), PSO-combined P&O (PSO-PO) (Sundareswaran et al., 2015), and hybrid GWO–P&O (GWO-PO) (Mohanty et al., 2017). The aforementioned hybrid algorithms can enhance the tracking speed, tracking accuracy, and stability to a certain extent, but they are still unqualified when dealing with more extreme datasets and higher accuracy requirements.
It is worth mentioning that abundant studies have deliberated on the application of artificial intelligence (AI) methods in MPPT of PV systems. The ANN with prediction is conceived as the estimator of MPPT after comprehensive training, such as the GA optimized ANN (GA-ANN) (Bollipo et al., 2021), hybrid shuffled frog leaping and pattern search (HSFL-PS) algorithm-based neural network (Jiang et al., 2021), and Bayesian network (BN) (Jiang et al., 2021). In addition, fuzzy logic control (FLC) (Hassan et al., 2020) is a brilliant method since it tracks the GMPP without considering the possibility of losing source information obtained under different PSCs. Because of its brilliant benefits, a number of improved and hybrid variants of FLC are proposed; for example, Al-Gizi et al. (2018) revealed that hybrid P&O and FLC (PO-FLC) shows better tracking GMPP results than the pure traditional FLC. In addition, the other AI methods, including sliding mode control (SMC), Fibonacci series, memetic reinforcement learning (MRL), and transfer reinforcement learning (TRL) are developed to efficiently enhance the optimal quality with satisfactory tracking speed and stability (Yang et al., 2020d). AI methods can accomplish low oscillation rate and high tracking speed at GMPP, while it is worth noting that these methods are applied in a variety of system simulation experiments, rather than practical engineering.
Ultimately, each of the aforementioned technologies has its own relative merits in terms of component cost, implementation complexity, parameter optimization, tracking accuracy, tracking speed, etc. Thus, engineering application factors such as cost, complexity of hardware implementation, and measurement error should be comprehensively considered, while the current research lacks more rationale and equitable evaluation criteria to make an explicit and integrated comparison of various MPPT methods. Furthermore, research is deficient on whether the proposed methods perform notably for PV plants of different levels and scales, which is considered as an indispensable matter to be solved in the application of PV system MPPT. In addition, these kinds of studies do not point out the concrete impact of the actual data noise (extreme datasets) on MPPT in PV systems, so that the feasibility and practicability in industrial production are reduced. For this purpose, anti-interference and robustness experiments of numerous methods should be realized based on various types of general data noise to ensure the efficiency of MPPT in the specific application environment.
Conclusion
Improving the power generation efficiency of PV systems has become the main driving force to promote the development of solar energy, while the research and development of multiple MPPT technologies can be further strengthened under the dynamic PSCs. MPPT technologies based on comprehensive consideration indexes such as tracking speed, output power quality, vibration, and implementation complexity are still insufficient, upon which main conclusions are contained as follows:
• More practical experiments should be carried out to further test the performance of various MPPT technologies since most technologies are evaluated only through simulation tests.
• Comprehensive evaluation of the cost, accuracy, complexity, and other indicators of MPPT technologies instead of tracking speed and power output should be carried out, so that the proposed technologies have satisfied operability and practicability.
• Whether the proposed technologies have satisfactory compatibility in all-scale PV power stations is also under discussion after considering the balance between the tracker cost and the extra power revenue.
• The impact of objectively existing data noise on the MPPT is worth exploring by selecting several reasonable types of data noise to simulate, while various positive methods are probed to eliminate their disturbance.
Author Contributions
CZ: writing the original draft and editing. BY: conceptualization. PC: visualization and contributed to the discussion of the topic. QL: investigation and validation. JD: writing—reviewing and editing. ST: revised the draft according to others’ comments.
Funding
This work was supported by the 2021 Curriculum Ideological and Political Connotation Construction Project of Kunming University of Science and Technology (2021KS037), Yunnan Fundamental Research Project (202001AT070096), and Key Science and Technology Projects of China Southern Power Grid (CGYKJXM20210307, CGYKJXM20210309, and CGYKJXM20220052).
Conflict of Interest
Authors QL, JD and ST were employed by China Southern Power Grid EHV Transmission Company.
The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note
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Keywords: PV system, maximum power point tracking, uniform solar irradiation, partial shading condition, artificial intelligence methods
Citation: Zeng C, Yang B, Cao P, Li Q, Deng J and Tian S (2022) Current Status, Challenges, and Trends of Maximum Power Point Tracking for PV Systems. Front. Energy Res. 10:901035. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2022.901035
Received: 21 March 2022; Accepted: 30 March 2022;
Published: 29 April 2022.
Edited by:
Bin Zhou, Hunan University, ChinaReviewed by:
Si Chen, University of Glasgow, United KingdomYang Li, Northeast Electric Power University, China
Copyright © 2022 Zeng, Yang, Cao, Li, Deng and Tian. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Pulin Cao, 398713321@qq.com