Elena G. Popkova
Elena V. Karanina2
Galina V. Stankevich- 1MGIMO University, Moscow, Russia
- 2Vyatka State University, Kirov, Russia
- 3Pyatigorsk State University, Pyatigorsk, Russia
- 4Nevinnomyssk State Humanitarian and Technical Institute, Nevinnomyssk, Russia
- 5Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia
Introduction
Energy technology is high technology in the fuel and energy complex, which are to ensure its sustainable development. Similar to high-tech segments of other sectors of the economy, for example, high-tech finance (FinTech), high-tech education (EdTech), and high-tech medicine (MedTech), it is expedient to use the term “EnergyTech” for high-tech energy.
Clean energy powered by EnergyTech is the way to achieving SDG7. The essence, features, and accumulated experience of passing this way in the global economy are studied in sufficient detail from the standpoint of business and economy, society, and environmental protection. At the same time, clean energy based on EnergyTech remains poorly studied from the standpoint of legal regulation, although it plays an important role in its development since it forms the necessary institutional framework for this. The existing literature (Wei et al., 2019; Qu et al., 2021; Solgi et al., 2022) dwells on the technologies of clean energetics based on EnergyTech. These technologies are widely known and accessible, but the level of high technology does not explain the essence and regularities of the transition to clean energetics based on EnergyTech.
The problem is that high technologies in energetics could be used for various purposes. For example, in countries where the export of fossil fuels largely determines the international production specialization (e.g., countries of OPEC and OPEC+), high technologies could be used to optimize the production and distribution processes for oil and gas energy (Schwalm et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2021; Quan et al., 2022). Unlike them, countries that import energy resources demonstrate a striving toward successful results in the use of high technologies for the development of clean energetics (Yin et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2022).
Therefore, the high-tech character of the economy does not predetermine a quick rate of its transition to clean energetics and does not guarantee its contribution to the reduction of production waste and the fight against climate change. This means that the use of high technologies in the energy economy is a mandatory, but not sufficient, condition for assigning it to EnergyTech. There is a need for more complex criteria, which would allow for a more precise outlining of the sphere of EnergyTech and the determination of a path to it.
EnergyTech is a progressive concept that is based on the philosophy of sustainable development and envisages the systemic character of the advantages of high technologies in energetics for the economy, society, and environment (Jia et al., 2022a; Nasser et al., 2022a; Jamali and Yari, 2022; Khan et al., 2022; Li and Haneklaus, 2022; Ramli et al., 2022).
The existing views on the use of high technologies in energetics (Dinh et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2021) elaborate mainly on the socio-economic advantages, while environmental advantages remain poorly studied and uncertain—this is a research gap. The existing view of the development of energetics from the position of technologies does not describe the causal connections of the transition to clean energetics based on EnergyTech or the advantages for the environmental economy in the form of a decrease in production waste and the fight against climate change. Therefore, it should be replaced by a new—institutional—view, which describes systemic and in-depth causal connections.
This paper strengthens the scientific framework of the hypothesis based on the research materials of Bolgova (2017), Chen et al. (2022), Huang et al. (2022), Inshakova et al. (2020), and Li et al. (2022). The hypothesis is as follows: institutes play an important role in the process of the transition to clean energetics based on EnergyTech and greatly determine its contribution to the reduction of production waste and the fight against climate change. The purpose of this paper is to determine the institutes of transition to clean energetics based on EnergyTech. This paper is aimed at strengthening the scientific and methodological basis for the reduction of production waste and the fight against climate change from the position of legal regulation. For, we support the hypothesis on the institutional nature of the transition to clean energetics based on EnergyTech.
Literature review
The fundamental base of this paper is the theory of clean energetics. The issues of transition to clean energetics based on EnergyTech have been studied in detail in the existing literature. Haoyang et al. (2022) substantiate the predicament of clean energy technology promotion in China in the carbon neutrality context, describing lessons from China’s environmental regulation policies from the position of the evolutionary game theory.
Islam et al. (2022) prove the close interconnection between the demand for minerals and clean energy transitions. Naeem et al. (2022) substantiate the differences in the asymmetric efficiency of dirty and clean energy markets pre and during COVID-19. Doblinger et al. (2022) describe the substantial effect of global manufacturing shifts on long-term clean energy innovation (by the example of a study of wind energy suppliers).
Sun and Dong (2022) prove the connection between the decomposition of carbon emission reduction efficiency and the potential for clean energy power (based on the evidence from 58 countries). Martí-Ballester (2022) outlines renewable energy mutual funds as a prospective way toward clean energy-related sustainable development goals. Saleh (2022) sees clean energy and a green environment as global trends in technologies and nanomaterials for the removal of sulfur organic compounds. Nasser et al. (2022b) prove that techno-economic factors are of critical importance for clean hydrogen production and storage using a hybrid renewable energy system of PV/wind under different climatic conditions.
However, the causal connections of the transition to clean energetics remain unclear because the existing literature is limited by the technical issues of clean energetics. In practice, sustainable development of the energy economy based on clean energetics is a complex system, which includes the fuel and energy complex (SDG 7) and EnergyTech (SDG 9), aimed at the fight against climate change (SDG 13) and protection of ecosystems (SDG 14 and SDG 15) (Khoruzhy et al., 2022; Mustafin et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2022; Zhi et al., 2022).
This system is socio-economic and is, thus, based on social institutes—norms of law (SDG 16), sustainable territories (SDG 11), and responsible consumption and production (SDG 12) (Jia et al., 2022b; Fu et al., 2022; Wu et al., 2022). Inadequate elaboration and ambiguity of the specified social nature of clean energetics is a literature gap.
To fill in the revealed gap, this paper strengthens the scientific framework of the hypothesis on the existence of interconnection between social institutes and clean energetics based on EnergyTech. This hypothesis is supported from the position of legal regulation. Thus, this paper helps understand differences in the development of clean energetics based on EnergyTech in developed and developing countries, given the specifics of their institutes.
Materials and methods
This paper describes the strengths and weaknesses of the hypothesis on the existence of the interconnection between social institutes and clean energetics based on EnergyTech. To support the scientific evidence base of this hypothesis, this paper identifies the specific institutes that form the basis of the transition to clean energetics based on EnergyTech for the reduction of production waste and the fight against climate change.
This paper presents the authors’ view of the interpretation of recent results in the sphere of study of EnergyTech and demonstrates the strengths of this scientific hypothesis. The hypothesis is supported from the position of legal regulation, through the prism of which the interconnection between the institutes of EnergyTech and the transition to clean energetics is described. Determination of the institutes of transition to clean energetics based on EnergyTech is performed with the help of the methods of classification and systematization.
Results: Determining the institutes of transition to clean energetics based on EnergyTech
From the position of high technologies, the contribution of clean energetics to the reduction of production waste and the fight against climate change is studied and elaborated in the studies by D’Agata et al. (2020), Li et al. (2022), Rahman and Islam (2020), Salman and Ahmed (2020), and Wu et al. (2021). The essence of the scientific hypothesis is as follows: the connection between 1) the development of high technologies and the transition to clean energetics based on EnergyTech, and 2) this transition and its contribution to the reduction of production waste and the fight against climate change is explained and determined by the institutes. As a result of systematization and interpretation of recent results in the sphere of EnergyTech, we determined the following institutes of transition to clean energetics based on EnergyTech:
− Institute of modernization of infrastructure to accelerate the transition to clean energetics based on the expansion of access to electricity and information and communication technologies (EnergyTech). Energy transit requires the implementation of large infrastructural projects in the energy sphere and high-tech sphere, i.e., in EnergyTech;
− Institute of “healthy” competition in EnergyTech. Amid the Fourth Industrial Revolution, it is necessary to reconsider the principles of competition and anti-monopoly law;
− Institute of public–private partnership in EnergyTech as a market of tomorrow. The creation of a market of tomorrow in most cases—especially during the implementation of large infrastructural projects, in particular, in the energy sphere—requires cooperation between the public and private sectors.
Discussion
The results obtained contribute to the development of the theory of clean energetics by specifying the causal connections of the transition to it based on EnergyTech and the achievement of the advantages for the environmental economy in the form of reduction of production waste (pollution) and the fight against climate change.
This paper proves that the transition to clean energetics and its contribution to the reduction of pollution and the fight against climate change is determined not only by technologies (in addition to Qu et al., 2021; Solgi et al., 2022; Wei et al., 2019), corporate social responsibility (in addition to Davoodi et al., 2021; Ghanem and Crosbie, 2021), and state ecological standards (in addition to Jang and Yi, 2022) but also by EnergyTech institutes, the influence of which is undervalued in the existing literature.
The following hypothesis has been proven: the issues of legal regulation play an important role in the transition to clean energetics based on EnergyTech and its contribution to the reduction of production waste and the fight against climate change. Unlike Bolgova (2017), Chen et al. (2022), Huang et al. (2022), Inshakova et al. (2020), and Li et al. (2022), we provided reasoning in favor of the fact that this role is different in developed and developing countries.
Conclusion
The use of the institutional approach allowed revealing the specifics of developed and developing countries, which consists in different effectiveness of the institutes of the energy economy in the aspect of the support of EnergyTech. On the whole, in both categories of countries, an important role of the institutes of transition to clean energetics to production waste reduction and the fight against climate change was established, and the interconnection of these processes from the position of legal regulation was specified.
This paper’s contribution to the literature consists in demonstrating the advantage of the institutional approach to studying the transition to clean energetics and its contribution to the reduction of production waste and the fight against climate change, which lies in the possibility of a thorough study of the causal connections between these processes and their results.
The practical significance of the conclusions made is connected to the substantiation of the essential difference of the transition to clean energetics, which is manifested at the level of institutes. The strengthening of the hypothesis on the key results of institutes, which is achieved in this paper, allows improving the practice of legal regulation of EnergyTech through the development of its institutes and overcoming their limitations and ensuring systemic advantages: reduction of production waste and the fight against climate change at the same time. Due to this, the paper allows for a more detailed and effective program-targeted approach to the development of clean energetics based on EnergyTech institutes. The novelty and scientific contribution of this paper lie in its revealing the network effect of the institutes and substantiating their perspective role as a bridge between high technologies and sustainable development of energetics, which supports the complex advantages of production waste reduction and the fight against climate change.
However, the results obtained are limited by the institutes of the energy economy, while the development of EnergyTech can and probably is under the systemic influence of the whole set of institutes of the modern economic systems. New knowledge on the contribution of clean energetics based on EnergyTech to the reduction of production waste and the fight against climate change, which was obtained in this paper, raised a new question—on the presence of potential of this contribution with other institutes. This question remains open. In future studies, it is expedient to expand the list of the studied institutes and strengthen the evidential base of the offered hypothesis.
Author contributions
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors, and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
Bolgova, V. (2017). The legal forms of economic relations and their transformation in the modern economic conditions: Part One: The anti-crisis laws: Problems of financing and development in modern Russia. In Economic and legal foundations of modern Russian society. Charlotte, NC, USA, Information Age Publishing.
Chen, J., Wang, Q., and Huang, J. (2021). Motorcycle ban and traffic safety: Evidence from a quasi-experiment at zhejiang, China. Journal of advanced transportation. 2021. doi:10.1155/2021/7552180
Chen, L., Bai, X., Chen, B., and Wang, J. (2022). Incentives Green Low-Carbon Technol. Innovation Enterp. Under Environ. Regul. Perspective Evol. Game/Front. Energy Res., 9, 793667. doi:10.3389/fenrg.2021.793667
D’Agata, C., Diolaiuti, G., Maragno, D., Smiraglia, C., and Pelfini, M. (2020). Climate change effects on landscape and environment in glacierized alpine areas: Retreating glaciers and enlarging forelands in the bernina group (Italy) in the period 1954–2007. Geology, ecology, and landscapes, 4. doi:10.1080/24749508.2019.1585658
Davoodi, A., Reza Abbasi, A., and Nejatian, S. (2021). Multi-objective dynamic generation and transmission expansion planning considering capacitor bank allocation and demand response program constrained to flexible-securable clean energy. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assessments, 47, 101469. doi:10.1016/j.seta.2021.101469
Dinh, C. K., Ngo, Q. T., and Nguyen, T. T. (2021). Medium-and high-tech export and renewable energy consumption: Non-linear evidence from the ASEAN countries. Energies, 14(15), 4419. doi:10.3390/en14154419
Doblinger, C., Surana, K., Li, D., Hultman, N., and Anadón, L. D. (2022). How do global manufacturing shifts affect long-term clean energy innovation? A study of wind energy suppliers. Res. Policy, 51(7), 104558. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2022.104558
Fu, Z., Chen, Z., Sharif, A., and Razi, U. (2022). The role of financial stress, oil, gold and natural gas prices on clean energy stocks: Global evidence from extreme quantile approach. Resour. Policy, 78, 102860. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102860
Ghanem, D. A., and Crosbie, T. (2021). The transition to clean energy: Are people living in island communities ready for smart grids and demand response? Energies, 14(19), 6218. doi:10.3390/en14196218
Haoyang, W., Lei, G., and Ying, J. (2022). The predicament of clean energy technology promotion in China in the carbon neutrality context: Lessons from China's environmental regulation policies from the perspective of the evolutionary game theory. Energy Rep., 8, 4706–4723. doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2022.03.142
Huang, Y., Chen, F., and Wei, H., (...), Xu, Z., akram, R. (2022). the impacts of FDI inflows on carbon emissions: Economic development and regulatory quality as moderators. Front. Energy Res., 9, 820596. doi:10.3389/fenrg.2021.820596
Inshakova, A. O., Bogoviz, A. B., and Popkova, E. G. (2020). Preface. In A. O. Inshakova, and A. V. Bogoviz (Ed.) Alternative methods of judging economic conflicts in the national positive and soft law. Charlotte, NC, USA, Information Age Publishing.
International Monetary Fund (2022). World economic outlook database: October 2021, by countries. URL: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October[Accessed January 19, 2022].
Islam, M. M., Sohag, K., Hammoudeh, S., Mariev, O., and Samargandi, N. (2022). Minerals import demands and clean energy transitions: A disaggregated analysis. Energy Econ., 113, 106205. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106205
Jamali, S., and Yari, M. (2022). Recovery of liquefied natural gas cold energy in a clean cogeneration system utilizing concentrated photovoltaics. J. Clean. Prod., 350, 131517. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131517
Jang, S., and Yi, H. (2022). Organized elite power and clean energy: A study of negative policy experimentations with renewable portfolio standards. Rev. Policy Res., 39(1), 8–31. doi:10.1111/ropr.12449
Jia, W., Jia, X., Wu, L., Wang, E., and Xiao, P. (2022a). Research on regional differences of the impact of clean energy development on carbon dioxide emission and economic growth. Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun., 9(1), 25. doi:10.1057/s41599-021-01030-2
Jia, W., Jia, X., Wu, L., Wang, E., and Xiao, P. (2022b). Research on regional differences of the impact of clean energy development on carbon dioxide emission and economic growth. Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun., 9(1), 25. doi:10.1057/s41599-021-01030-2
Khan, I., Zakari, A., Zhang, J., Dagar, V., and Singh, S. (2022). A study of trilemma energy balance, clean energy transitions, and economic expansion in the midst of environmental sustainability: New insights from three trilemma leadership. Energy, 248, 123619. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2022.123619
Khoruzhy, V. I., Lebedev, V. V., Farkova, N., and Pozharskaya, E. L. (2022). Global monitoring of the development of digital energetics based on the technologies of industry 4.0: IoT, blockchain, robots, and artificial intelligence. Front. Energy Res., 10, 932229. doi:10.3389/fenrg.2022.932229
Li, B., and Haneklaus, N. (2022). Reducing CO2 emissions in G7 countries: The role of clean energy consumption, trade openness and urbanization. Energy Rep., 8, 704–713. doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2022.01.238
Li, C., Zhang, Y., Pratap, S., Liu, B., and zhou, G. (2022). Regulation effect of smart grid on green transformation of electric power enterprises: Based on the investigation of “leader” trap. Front. Energy Res., 9, 783786. doi:10.3389/fenrg.2021.783786
Li, H., Hou, K., Xu, X., Jia, H., Zhu, L., and Mu, Y. (2022). Probabilistic energy flow calculation for regional integrated energy system considering cross-system failures. Applied Energy, 308. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118326
Liu, Y., Tian, J., Zheng, W., and Yin, L. (2022). Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of haze and pollution particles in China based on spatial statistics. Urban Climate, 41. doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2021.101031
Martí-Ballester, C.-P. (2022). Do renewable energy mutual funds advance towards clean energy-related sustainable development goals? Renew. Energy, 195, 1155–1164. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2022.06.111
Mustafin, T. A., Kuprianova, L. M., Ladogina, A. Y., and Pyatkova, O. N. (2022). Smart grid: Leading international experience of marketing and its contribution to sustainable and environmental development of energy economy. Front. Energy Res., 10, 944798. doi:10.3389/fenrg.2022.944798
Naeem, M. A., Karim, S., Farid, S., and Tiwari, A. K. (2022). Comparing the asymmetric efficiency of dirty and clean energy markets pre and during COVID-19. Econ. Analysis Policy, 75, 548–562. doi:10.1016/j.eap.2022.06.015
Nasser, M., Megahed, T. F., Ookawara, S., and Hassan, H. (2022a). Techno-economic assessment of clean hydrogen production and storage using hybrid renewable energy system of PV/Wind under different climatic conditions. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assessments, 52, 102195. doi:10.1016/j.seta.2022.102195
Nasser, M., Megahed, T. F., Ookawara, S., and Hassan, H. (2022b). Techno-economic assessment of clean hydrogen production and storage using hybrid renewable energy system of PV/Wind under different climatic conditions. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assessments, 52, 102195. doi:10.1016/j.seta.2022.102195
Numbeo (2022). Quality of life index by country 2022. URL: https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp [Accessed February 5, 2022].
Popkova, E. G., Inshakova, A. O., Bogoviz, A. V., and Lobova, S. V. (2021). Energy efficiency and pollution control through ICTs for sustainable development. Front. Energy Res., 2021, 9. doi:10.3389/fenrg.2021.735551
Popkova, E. G., and Sergi, B. S. (2021). Energy efficiency in leading emerging and developed countries. Energy, 2021, 221, 119730. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2020.119730
Qu, F., Chen, Y., and Zheng, B. (2021). Is new energy driven by crude oil, high-tech sector or low-carbon notion? New evidence from high-frequency data. Energy 230, 120770. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2021.120770
Quan, Q., Liang, W., Yan, D., and Lei, J. (2022). Influences of joint action of natural and social factors on atmospheric process of hydrological cycle in Inner Mongolia, China. Urban Climate, 41. doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2021.101043
Rahman, M. M., and Islam, I. (2020). Exposure of urban infrastructure because of climate change-induced flood: Lesson from municipal level planning in Bangladesh, Ecofeminism Clim. Change, 1(3), 107–125. doi:10.1108/EFCC-05-2020-0011
Ramli, M., Mardlijah, M., Ikhwan, M., and Umam, K. (2022). Fuzzy entropy type II method for optimizing clean and renewable solar energy. Glob. J. Environ. Sci. Manag., 8(3), 389–402. doi:10.22034/GJESM.2022.03.07
Saleh, T. A. (2022). Global trends in technologies and nanomaterials for removal of sulfur organic compounds: Clean energy and green environment. J. Mol. Liq., 359, 119340. doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119340
Salman, M. A., and Ahmed, F. (2020). Climatology in barishal, Bangladesh: A historical analysis of temperature, rainfall, wind speed and relative humidity data. Malays. J. Geosciences (MJG), 4(1), 43–53. doi:10.26480/mjg.01.2020.43.53
Schwalm, C. R., Huntinzger, D. N., Michalak, A. M., Fisher, J. B., Kimball, J. S., Mueller, B., et al. (2013). Sensitivity of inferred climate model skill to evaluation decisions: A case study using CMIP5 evapotranspiration. Environmental research letters, 8(2). doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024028
Solgi, E., Gitinavard, H., and Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, R. (2022). Sustainable high-tech brick production with energy-oriented consumption: An integrated possibilistic approach based on criteria interdependencies. Sustain. Switz. 14(1), 202. doi:10.3390/su14010202
Sun, J., and Dong, F. (2022). Decomposition of carbon emission reduction efficiency and potential for clean energy power: Evidence from 58 countries. J. Clean. Prod., 363, 132312. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132312
Wang, X., Li, J., and Ren, X. (2022). Asymmetric causality of economic policy uncertainty and oil volatility index on time-varying nexus of the clean energy, carbon and green bond. Int. Rev. Financial Analysis, 83, 102306. doi:10.1016/j.irfa.2022.102306
Wei, Z., Han, B., Han, L., and Shi, Y. (2019). Factor substitution, diversified sources on biased technological progress and decomposition of energy intensity in China's high-tech industry. J. Clean. Prod., 231, 87–97. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.223
World Economic Forum (2022). Global competitiveness report special edition 2020: How countries are performing on the road to recovery. URL: https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-competitiveness-report-2020[Accessed February 2, 2022].
Wu, X., Liu, Z., Yin, L., Zheng, W., Song, L., Tian, J., et al. (2021). A haze prediction model in chengdu based on LSTM. Atmosphere, 12(11). doi:10.3390/atmos12111479
Wu, Y., Liao, Y., and Xu, M., (...), Zhou, J., Chen, W. (2022). Barriers identification, analysis and solutions to rural clean energy infrastructures development in China: Government perspective. Sustain. Cities Soc., 86, 104106. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2022.104106
Yang, Y., Zhang, Q., Yu, H., and Feng, X. (2021). Tech-economic and environmental analysis of energy-efficient shale gas and flue gas coupling system for chemicals manufacture and carbon capture storage and utilization. Energy, 217, 119348. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2020.119348
Yin, L., Wang, L., Huang, W., Liu, S., Yang, B., and Zheng, W. (2021). Spatiotemporal analysis of haze in beijing based on the multi-convolution model. Atmosphere, 12(11). doi:10.3390/atmos12111408
Keywords: clean energetics, EnergyTech, fight against climate change, legal regulation, clean energy
Citation: Popkova EG, Karanina EV, Stankevich GV and Shaimardanov TR (2022) The contribution of clean energetics based on energy technology (EnergyTech) to the reduction of production waste and the fight against climate change: Legal regulation issues. Front. Energy Res. 10:1025441. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2022.1025441
Received: 22 August 2022; Accepted: 11 November 2022;
Published: 24 November 2022.
Edited by:
Bamidele Victor Ayodele, University of Technology Petronas, MalaysiaReviewed by:
Ivan Milenkovic, University of Novi Sad, SerbiaCopyright © 2022 Popkova, Karanina, Stankevich and Shaimardanov. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Elena G. Popkova, ZWxlbmFwb3Brb3ZhQHlhaG9vLmNvbQ==