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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Endocrinol.
Sec. Bone Research
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1467825
This article is part of the Research Topic Imaging-Based Methods for Fracture Risk Assessment View all articles

Five-Year Evaluation of Bone Health in Liver Transplant Patients: Developing a Risk Score for Predicting Bone Fragility Progression Beyond the First Year

Provisionally accepted
Ejigayehu Gigi Abate Ejigayehu Gigi Abate 1*Amanda Mckenna Amanda Mckenna 1Liu Yang Liu Yang 1Colleen T Ball Colleen T Ball 1Ann E Kearns Ann E Kearns 2
  • 1 Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, United States
  • 2 Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    Introduction: Liver transplant (LT) recipients have a substantial risk of bone loss and fracture. An individual's risk is highest before and within the first year after transplantation and returns to baseline in some patients but not all. We aim to identify risk factors for bone loss and fracture beyond the first year LT and to create a risk-scoring tool to aid clinicians in identifying those at high risk for bone loss and fracture.We conducted a retrospective review of 264 liver transplant recipients between 2011 and 2014, who were followed in our transplant clinic for an additional five years. Clinical records were evaluated at the one-year post-LT visit and subsequently on an annual basis for up to five years.Results: Over a median follow-up of 3.6 years post-liver transplantation, 40 out of 264 patients experienced disease progression, defined as worsening bone mineral density (BMD), initiation of osteoporosis treatment, or a new fracture. Factors associated with BMD progression included female sex, Caucasian race, new fractures, number of acute rejection events requiring treatment, and lower dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scores after the first year post-LT. A risk model was developed using multivariable analysis, with a risk score based on BMD categories. The concordance index was 0.771, indicating good discrimination between those who progressed and those who did not. Risk categories were defined as low (0-4 points), medium (5 points), and high (6-9 points) based on model coefficients. The probability of progression-free survival at two years post-LT was 96.7% for low-risk, 83.1% for medium-risk, and 59.1% for high-risk groups.We developed a simple, clinically applicable risk score that predicts bone disease progression beyond the first year after LT. This tool may help guide appropriate bone health follow-up, although prospective validation is necessary.

    Keywords: liver transplant, transplant related bone disease, Osteoporosis, bone risk factors, fractures, post liver transplant related bone loss, Glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis Liver transplant [LT], Bone Mineral Density (BMD)

    Received: 21 Jul 2024; Accepted: 02 Jan 2025.

    Copyright: © 2025 Abate, Mckenna, Yang, Ball and Kearns. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence: Ejigayehu Gigi Abate, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, United States

    Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.