Effects of FSHR and FSHB Variants on Hormonal Profile and Reproductive Outcomes of Infertile Women With Endometriosis

Background: Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) FSHB:c.-211G>T, FSHR:c.919G>A, and FSHR:c.2039G>A were reported to be associated with the variability in FSH and LH levels, and in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of FSHB:c.-211G>T, FSHR:c.919G>A, and FSHR:c.2039G>A variants, alone and combined, on the hormonal profile and reproduction outcomes of women with endometriosis.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed comprising 213 infertile Brazilian women with endometriosis who underwent IVF treatment. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan real-time PCR. Variables were compared according to the genotypes of each variant and genetic models, and the combined effects of the SNVs were evaluated using the multifactorial dimensionality reduction method.

Results: FSHB:c.-211G>T affected LH levels in women with overall endometriosis and minimal/mild disease. FSHR:c.919G>A affected FSH levels in women with overall endometriosis and the number of oocytes retrieved in those with moderate/severe endometriosis. Moreover, the FSHR:c.2039G>A affected FSH levels in women with overall endometriosis, LH levels and total amount of rFSH in those with minimal/mild disease, and number of follicles and number of oocytes retrieved in those with moderate/severe endometriosis. No effect on hormone profile or reproductive outcomes was observed when the genotypes were combined.

Conclusions: Variants of the FSHB and FSHR genes separately interfered with the hormonal profiles and IVF outcomes of women with endometriosis.

Background

Endometriosis is one of the most common diseases associated with infertility, affecting 5–10% women of reproductive age. Endometriosis is heterogeneous in presentation, and its pathogenesis remains still elusive (1). Among the different subtypes, deep infiltrating endometriosis and ovarian endometriomas are associated with a clear fertility impairment (2), whereas less robust data are available for peritoneal superficial lesions (3).

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is essential for the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and plays a key role in human reproductive processes, such as follicle development, oocyte maturation, regulation of steroid synthesis, granulosa cell growth, and induction of the synthesis of the androgen-converting enzyme aromatase (4). The hormone is a heterodimer comprising a hormone-specific β-chain that is associated with an α-chain and exerts its biological activities by binding to the FSH receptor (FSHR). The β-subunit encoded by the FSHB gene is responsible for ensuring the binding specificity to FSHR, a transmembrane glycoprotein encoded by the FSHR gene (5–7).

Accumulating evidence suggests that a number of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in genes involved in FSH signaling, estrogen biosynthesis, folliculogenesis, and folate metabolism, in association with other factors, can influence the ovarian response to exogenous gonadotropins in assisted reproductive treatment (ART) (8, 9). Therefore, the molecular biology of the triggered cellular pathways for these medications has attracted more attention in clinical investigations (10). Among the variants in the coding region of FSHR, two (c.919G>A, p.Ala307Thr and c.2039G>A, p.Ser680Asn) have been extensively studied in ART protocols to evaluate the stimulation of FSH receptors by gonadotropins (11). These FSHR variants were previously associated with variability in the serum FSH levels and reproductive outcomes. They seem to influence the ovarian sensitivity to exogenous gonadotropin and to play a significant role in determining the ovarian response to controlled ovarian stimulation. So, these FSHR variants may influence the response to ovarian stimulation in terms of FSH consumption and duration of stimulation, and number of metaphase II oocytes retrieved after IVF treatment (12–16). In addition, an SNV in the FSHB gene promoter, c.-211G>T, has already been associated with lower FSH levels, age at menopause, polycystic ovary syndrome, luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, and in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes in women (13, 17–22).

Inspired by these findings, we aimed to evaluate the effects of FSHB:c.-211G>T, FSHR:c.919G>A, and FSHR:c.2039G>A variants, alone and combined, on the hormonal profile and reproduction outcomes of women with endometriosis.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 213 infertile women with endometriosis who underwent IVF treatment at the Human Reproduction and Genetics Center of the Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil, between September 2014 and September 2019. The design, analysis, interpretation of data, drafting, and revisions followed the Helsinki Declaration and the strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement, available through the enhancement of the quality and transparency of health research (EQUATOR) network (www.equator-network.org). The study design was approved by the independent Research Ethics Committee of the “Centro Universitário Saúde ABC” (approval code CAEE CAAE 62507216.8.0000.0082). Each patient enrolled in this study signed an informed consent form for all procedures and to allow data and biological sample collection and analysis for research purposes. No remuneration was offered to enter or continue the study.

Patients

The inclusion criteria were endometriosis diagnosed using laparoscopy and histological confirmation, classified according to the revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine (rASRM) score (23); age ≤38 years, FSH (≤12.0 IU/L), TSH (≥0.5 ≤ 4 IU/L), and serum prolactin levels (<25 ng/mL), body mass index (BMI; >18.5<30), ovulatory cycles (25–35 days), and the presence of both ovaries without any malformations. Patients with a history of ovarian surgery, who underwent chemo/radiotherapy, with endometrial polyps, hydrosalpinx, and submucosal and/or intramural fibroids, as well as couples whose partners underwent invasive procedures for sperm retrieval were excluded from the study.

The investigation into the cause(s) of infertility included a hormonal and biochemical profile, testing for sexually transmitted diseases, imaging examinations, investigation of genetic and/or immunological abnormalities, hysterosalpingography, hysteroscopy, laparoscopy, and semen analysis of the partner (24, 25).

We considered women who had undergone laparoscopy/laparotomy to treat endometriosis and who had failed to achieve pregnancy spontaneously or by IVF treatment after surgery within a maximum period of 12 months, as infertile.

Clinical data, hormonal profiles, and reproductive outcomes were collected from the medical records of the participants.

Hormone Measurement

FSH and LH levels were measured during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, while progesterone and prolactin levels were measured during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.

Antral Follicle Counting

The ovaries were evaluated before the initiation of COS on the second day of the menstrual cycle using a conventional two-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound at 7 MHz (Philips^®). The antral follicle counting (AFC) was performed on each ovary for follicles that were ≥10 mm in length (26).

Controlled Ovarian Stimulation

COS was performed using exogenous recombinant FSH (rFSH) at a fixed dose of 150/200 UI per day that was administered, on average, for 8 to 14 days, starting on the second or third day of the menstrual cycle. When the largest follicle reached 14 mm, the GnRH antagonist (Orgalutran^®) was also administered until the largest follicles reached between 17 and 20 mm, as determined by transvaginal ultrasonography. At this time, the patient was administered chorionic gonadotropin (HCG-Choriomon^®) at a dose of 5000 IU or recombinant HCG (Ovidrel^® 250 mcg). After 34–36 h, transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicular puncture for oocyte retrieval was performed.

A maximum of two embryos were transferred, guided by transabdominal ultrasound on the third- or fifth-day post-fertilization. Embryos were not evaluated using preimplantation genetic screening. Luteal phase support was carried out with vaginal progesterone at a dose of 600 mg/day starting on the day of oocyte retrieval. Pregnancy was confirmed by the serum beta-hCG level (>25 mIU/mL) on the 12th day after embryo transfer.

Genotyping

Peripheral blood samples were collected in an EDTA-containing tube, and DNA was extracted from peripheral lymphocytes using the standard salting out method. Genotyping of NG_008144.1:g.4790G>T (FSHB:c.-211G>T, rs10835638:G>T) of the FSHB gene, and NM_000145.3:c.919G>A (FSHR:c.919G>A, rs6165:C>T, p.Ala307Thr) and NM_000145.3:c.2039G>A (FSHR:c.2039G>A, rs6166:C>T, p.Ser680Asn) of the FSHR gene was performed using the TaqMan system and real-time PCR. Assays were performed using primers, probes, and Master Mix (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with 25 ng of DNA per reaction. The PCR conditions were performed as follows: 50 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 15 s and annealing/extension at 60°C for 90 s.

Statistical Analyses

Statistical analyses were performed using the R programming language (27). The normality of the data was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The descriptive analysis was presented by the absolute and relative frequency for the qualitative data, and by the median and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the quantitative data. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) for each variant was verified using the chi-square test. The Mann-Whitney test was used in the dominant and recessive models, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used in the additive model followed by the Dunn test to analyze the difference between the three genotypes on hormone levels and reproductive outcomes. The chi-square test was used to assess the association between the variants and pregnancy rate.

The combined genotypes of the studied variants and the clinical, hormonal, and reproductive variables were determined using the multifactorial dimensionality reduction (MB-MDR) method (28). MB-MDR allows the analysis of gene-gene interactions with adjustment for covariates and validation by the permutation test.

Missing values police was through median imputation. Statistical significance was set at 5%, or p <0.05.

Results

Patients’ Characteristics

Two hundred and thirteen women took part of this study. In this group, minimal/mild (stage I and II) endometriosis was found in 82 cases (38.5%), and moderate/severe (stage III and IV) endometriosis in 131 cases (61.5%). The clinical parameters, hormonal profile, and reproductive outcomes of the infertile women with endometriosis are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1

Table 1 The clinical parameters, hormonal profile and reproductive outcomes of the infertile women with endometriosis.

Regarding reproductive outcomes, 35 (16.4%) women did not transfer the embryos. Among these, 13 presented a poor response to controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) (only up to 3 follicles smaller than 14mm had developed when after 6 days of ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins), with eight cycles canceled and five that did not result in embryos. Among the 16 women who showed a satisfactory response to COS, in four cases, metaphase II oocytes were not obtained for fertilization; in 10 cases, there was no development of the embryos, and two women did not transfer for personal reasons. Six women presented with excessive response (not ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome) and had not yet transferred embryos that remain frozen. Thus, the pregnancy rate was 30.5% (65/213) and considering the total of 178 participants who transferred embryos, the pregnancy rate was 36.5% (65/178).

Single Nucleotide Variant Frequencies and Analysis

The frequencies of the genotypes of the variants studied are listed in Table 2. Considering the FSHB:c.-211G>T variant, only two women presented the homozygous variant genotype; therefore, the data was presented according to the dominant model (GG versus GT + TT). In addition, 202 out of 213 women were genotyped for this variant due to the limited sample size.

TABLE 2

Table 2 The genotype frequencies of the FSHB and FSHR variants in Brazilian women with endometriosis.

The characteristics of women with overall endometriosis based on the presence of the FSHR and FSHB variants and their genetic models are shown in Tables 3–5, and in Figure 1. The characteristics of women with endometriosis according to the stage of the disease and the genetic models of the FSHR and FSHB variants are shown in Supplementary Tables 1–3 and Figure 1.

TABLE 3

Table 3 Characteristics of women with endometriosis according to dominant model of the FSHB:c.-211G>T variant.

TABLE 4

Table 4 Characteristics of women with endometriosis according to genetic models and genotypes of the variants c.919G>A and c.2039G>A of the FSHR gene.

TABLE 5

Table 5 Analysis of the interaction model between the FSHB:c.-211G>T, FSHR:c.919G>A and FSHR:c.2039G>A variants in women with endometriosis, according to the MB-MDR model.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1 Effect of the FSHB:c.-211G>T, FSHR:c.919G>A and FSHR:c.2039G>A variants on hormone levels and reproductive outcomes of women with endometriosis. (A) Luteinizing hormone concentrations according to rs10835638 (FSHB:c.-211G>T) in overall and endometriosis´ stage. (B) Follicle-Stimulating Hormone concentrations according to rs6165 (FSHR:c.919G>A) in overall endometriosis. (C) Mean oocyte retrieved according to rs6165 (FSHR:c.919G>A). (D) Mean oocyte retrieved according to rs6166 genotypes (FSHR:c.2039G>A) in moderate/severe endometriosis. (E) Follicle-Stimulating Hormone concentrations according to rs6166 (FSHR:c.2039G>A) in in overall endometriosis. (F) Luteinizing hormone concentrations according to rs6166 (FSHR:c.2039G>A) in minimal/mild endometriosis. (G) Mean number of follicles visualized at the ultrasound according to rs6166 (FSHR:c.2039G>A) in moderate/severe endometriosis. (H) Mean number of oocytes retrieved according to rs6166 (FSHR:c.2039G>A) in moderate/severe endometriosis. (I) Mean dose of recombinant Follicle-Stimulating Hormone according to rs6166 (FSHR:c.2039G>A) in minimal/mild endometriosis. (J) Mean number of oocytes retrieved according to rs6166 (FSHR:c.2039G>A) in moderate/severe endometriosis.

In relation to FSHB:c.-211G>T SNV (rs10835638), women carrying the T allele had significantly higher serum LH levels in overall (p=0.025) and minimal/mild endometriosis (p=0.036) in the dominant model (Table 3 and Supplementary Table 1, respectively, and Figure 1A).

Considering the FSHR:c.919G>A SNV (rs6165, p.Ala307Thr), women with overall endometriosis carrying the GA genotype had significantly higher serum FSH levels than those with the AA genotype (p=0.032) in the additive model (Table 4 and Figure 1B). The GG+GA genotypes were also associated with higher serum FSH levels compared to AA genotype in the recessive model (Table 4), the same was observed in minimal/mild disease (Supplementary Table 2). In addition, women with moderate/severe endometriosis carrying the A allele had a significantly lower number of oocytes retrieved (p=0.048) in the dominant model (Supplementary Table 2 and Figure 1C).

Regarding the FSHR:c.2039G>A SNV (rs6166, p.Ser680Asn), women with moderate/severe endometriosis carrying the AA genotype had a significantly higher number of oocytes retrieved than those carrying the GG genotype (p=0.024) in the additive model (Supplementary Table 3 and Figure 1D). Moreover, in the dominant model, women carrying the A allele showed significantly higher FSH levels (p=0.016) in overall endometriosis (Table 4 and Figure 1E), while women with minimal/mild endometriosis showed significantly higher LH levels (p=0.045) (Supplementary Table 3 and Figure 1F), and women with moderate/severe endometriosis showed a statistically greater number of follicles visualized by ultrasound and a higher number of oocytes retrieved (p=0.010 and p=0.028, respectively) (Supplementary Table 3 and Figures 1G, H). In the recessive model, women with minimal/mild endometriosis carrying the AA genotype used a higher dose of recombinant FSH (rFSH) (p=0.040), while those with moderate/severe disease showed a greater number of oocytes retrieved (p=0.026) (Supplementary Table 3 and Figures 1I, J).

Analysis of gene interactions among the three variants, FSHB:c.-211G>T, FSHR:c.2039G>A, and FSHR:c.919G>A, according to the MB-MDR model, showed that the combination of these variants did not interfere with the hormonal or reproductive characteristics of the women studied (Table 5).

Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effect of the variants of FSHB and FSHR on the hormonal profile and reproductive outcomes of infertile women with endometriosis. The A allele of the FSHR:c.919G>A SNV was associated with a lower number of oocytes retrieved in women with moderate/severe endometriosis and the GA genotype was associated with higher FSH levels in overall endometriosis. The A allele of the FSHR:c.2039G>A SNV was associated with higher FSH levels in overall endometriosis and higher LH levels in minimal/mild disease, while in moderate/severe endometriosis it was associated with a greater number of follicles visualized by ultrasound and a higher number of retrieved oocytes. The AA genotype was associated with a higher dose of rFSH to perform COS in minimal/mild disease and a greater number of oocytes retrieved in moderate/severe endometriosis. The T allele of the FSHB:c.-211G>T SNV was associated with higher serum LH levels in women with overall and minimal/mild endometriosis. Taken together, the interactions among the three variants studied showed no association.

The allelic frequencies of the SNVs studied were similar to those found in the Brazilian Online Archive of Mutations (ABraOM), the Project “1000 genomes”, and Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed), representative of the global population. The minor allele frequency (MAF) of the FSHB (rs10835638:G>T) SNV was 9.9% in the present study, 10.8% in the ABraOM, 8.4% in the 1000 genomes, and 11.2% in TOPMed. Regarding the FSHR (rs6165: C>T) SNV, MAF was 48.8% in the present study, 49.3%, 49.2%, and 47.8% in ABraOM, 1000 genomes, and TOPMed, respectively. The MAF of the FSHR (rs6166:C>T) SNV was 42.7% in our study, 51.6% in the ABraOM, 40.7% in the 1000 genomes, and 42.5% in TOPMed.

Previous studies have shown an association between the T allele of the FSHB:c.-211G>T and lower levels of FSH and LH (13, 17–22), longer intervals between menstrual cycles (20), idiopathic infertility (29), and IVF outcomes (7, 13, 17–22). Moreover, in a study from the UK Biobank, the T allele was associated with longer menstrual cycles and increased age at menopause. Moreover, although it showed detrimental effects on fertility, it was protective against endometriosis (21). However, no study has evaluated the effect of this variant on the reproductive outcomes of women with endometriosis.

Recently, our group (7) studied the effect of FSHB:c.-211G>T SNV on the reproductive outcomes in 140 Brazilian women with infertility mainly caused by males or tuboperitoneal abnormalities (except endometriosis). Women carrying the GT genotype had poorer responses to COS when compared to those with the GG genotype (47.4% vs. 26.5%), significantly higher LH levels (3.1 IU/mL vs. 2.4 IU/mL), lower AFC (8.0 vs. 10.0), oocytes retrieved (3.0 vs. 5.0), MII (3.0 vs. 4.0), and embryos (2.0 vs. 3.0). Despite these findings, no difference was observed in pregnancy rates. In the present study, the T variant allele was significantly associated only with higher LH levels in overall endometriosis (5.6 mUI/mL vs 4.6 mUI/mL) and minimal/mild disease (6.3 mUI/mL vs. 4.8 mUI/mL).

FSHR:c.919G>A and FSHR:c.2039G>A were previously associated with variability in serum FSH levels and reproductive outcomes in different populations (11–13, 15, 30–34). These SNVs are located in the coding region of the FSHR gene and have been well characterized (13). The SNV known as Serine680 (FSHR:c.2039G>A, rs6166:C>T, p.Ser680Asn) variant is a missense mutation that causes the replacement of asparagine (Asn) for serine (Ser) at the 680 position, which is located in the intracellular domain of the FSHR protein, introducing a potential phosphorylation site. The rs6165 SNV (FSHR:c.919G>A, rs6165:C>T, p.Ala307Thr) is also a missense mutation that replaces threonine (Thr) with alanine (Ala), 6165), a non-polar hydrophobic amino acid, which removes a potential O-linked glycosylation site (13, 35).

The FSHR:c.2039G>A shows a high degree of linkage disequilibrium with FSHR:c.919G>A many ethnic groups (36), segments of the genome in which a given combination of alleles or genetic markers is inherited coordinately. In the present study, these two FSHR variants are not in linkage disequilibrium. Different allele frequencies between populations arise from different genetic ancestors, so the racial origins of the studied population may be responsible for the divergent results. The Brazilian population has contributions from three main parental groups (Amerindian, European and African), and this heterogeneity can produce allele frequencies different from those presented by non-mixed populations (37–39).

Recently, a systematic review followed by a meta-analysis was performed by Alviggi et al. (2018) (16), aiming to define the impact of specific genotype profiles of FSH, LH, and their receptors (FSHR, LHR, and LHCGR) on ovarian stimulation outcomes. The results suggest that more oocytes were retrieved from FSHR (rs6165) AA homozygotes, and stimulation duration was shorter in FSHR (rs6165) AA homozygotes. In vitro studies using human granulosa cells showed that GG carriers of the FSHR:c.2039G>A genotype have greater resistance to FSH than AA carriers (35, 40). In the present study, the A allele of the FSHR:c.919G>A SNV was associated with a lower number of oocytes retrieved in moderate/severe endometriosis, and no association was found between genotypes or alleles of this SNV and the duration of COS. Concerning FSHR:c.2039G>A SNV, AA genotype was associated with a higher amount of rFSH for COS in women with minimal/mild disease and a greater number of oocytes retrieved in women with moderate/severe endometriosis.

Anagnostou et al. (2020) (11) evaluated the impact of the rs6166 variant of the FSHR gene and the rs10835638 variant of the FSHB gene in a Greek population of women undergoing IVF/ICSI. The results showed that the FSHB polymorphism appears to be quite rare in the infertile Greek population. In addition, the two polymorphisms separately showed statistically significant differences in LH levels, and women with 2-3 combined polymorphic alleles needed more days of stimulation, but there were no differences in pregnancy rates. In the present study, the TT genotype of the FSHB SNV was also rare and was found in only two women. The T allele of the FSHB:c.-211G>T SNV and the A allele of the FSHR:c.2039G>A SNV were associated with higher LH levels. However, the combined alleles of the SNVs showed no association.

Polyzos et al. (2021) (41) conducted a multicenter multinational prospective study, including 368 patients from Vietnam, Belgium, and Spain (168 from Europe and 200 from Asia), to verify whether the presence of SNVs in the FSHR gene (rs6165, rs6166, and rs1394205) and/or FSHB gene (rs10835638) influence ovarian response in predicted normal responders treated with rFSH. They found that the presence of FSHR SNPs has a statistically significant impact on ovarian response, although this effect is of minimal clinical relevance in predicted normal responders treated with a fixed dose of 150 IU rFSH. In the present study, the A allele of the FSHR:c.919G>A SNV was associated with a lower number of oocytes only in women with moderate/severe disease, while the AA genotype of the FSHR, c.2039G>A SNV, was associated with a lower amount of rFSH for COS in women with minimal/mild disease and a greater number of oocytes retrieved in women with moderate/severe endometriosis.

Interestingly, the findings were quite different considering the effect of the FSHR:c.2039G>A variant on endometriosis stage. This SNV was found to affect LH levels and total amount of rFSH in those with minimal/mild disease, and number of follicles and number of oocytes retrieved in those with moderate/severe endometriosis. Considering this, we may speculate that this subpopulation of infertile women may obtain best results during COS when stimulated with higher dosage of gonadotropins, especially in terms of number of oocytes retrieved. Besides this, a potential consideration for the clinical practice is that our data may improve the patient counseling regarding the results of COS in this subpopulation.

Although we acknowledge that this type of genetic investigation is currently limited to research activities, and it may be not cost-effective in the clinical practice, we take the opportunity to solicit further analysis to assess whether infertile women with endometriosis carrying FSHR:c.2039G>A SNV should undergo different COS strategies according to the stage of the disease in order to obtain the best outcomes.

Concerning the study limitations, our study was performed in relatively young women with normal ovarian reserve to eliminate biases related to age-related fertility decline. In addition, we found only two women with variant homozygote genotype of the FSHB:c.-211G>T SNV, which limited the analysis. Moreover, only infertile women with endometriosis were included.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggest that, when examined individually, the presence of the variant T allele in the FSHB:c.-211G>T SNV affected LH levels in women with overall endometriosis and minimal/mild disease. FSHR:c.919G>A SNV affected FSH levels in women with overall endometriosis and the number of oocytes retrieved in those with moderate/severe endometriosis. Moreover, the FSHR:c.2039G>A SNV affected FSH levels in women with overall endometriosis, LH levels and total amount of rFSH in those with minimal/mild disease, and number of follicles and number of oocytes retrieved in those with moderate/severe endometriosis. No effect on hormone profile or reproductive outcomes was observed when the genotypes were combined.

Taken together, our findings show that it is of paramount importance to investigate more genes and their variants in different ethnicities and identify the causes of infertility to understand the mechanisms by which they interact and affect the hormones and the response to COS.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets used in this study are available at 10.17632/2yhwkbw74m.1.

Ethics Statement

The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the “Faculdade de Medicina do ABC/Centro Universitário FMABC” (approve code #039/2011 and date of approval 04/27/2011, and CAEE CAAE 64167716.9.1001.0082 and date of approval 05/19/2017). Each patient enrolled in this study signed an informed consent for all the procedures and to allow data and biological sample collection and analysis for research purposes. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: BB. Methodology: BB, DC, and CB. Software: CT and EM. Validation: BB, FL, and CT. Formal analysis: BB, CT, and EM. Investigation: FL, CT, and CP. Resources: BB, DC, and CB. Data curation: BB, CT, and EM. Writing – original draft preparation: BB and FL. Writing – review and editing: BB, EM, and AL. Supervision: BB. Visualization: BB and EM. Project administration: BB. Funding acquisition: BB. All authors critically reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Funding

This work was supported by The São Paulo Research Foundation-FAPESP research grant #2016/25953-9.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank The São Paulo Research Foundation-FAPESP #2019/16463-6 for granting FL a student scholarship.

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2021.760616/full#supplementary-material

Abbreviations

AFC, Antral follicle counting; ART, Assisted Reproductive Treatment; COS, Controlled ovarian stimulation; FSH, Follicle-stimulating hormone; FSHB, hormone-specific β-chain; FSHR, Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor; HWE, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; IVF, In vitro fertilization; LH, Luteinizing Hormone; MB-MDR, Multifactorial dimensionality reduction; rFSH, recombinant Follicle-stimulating hormone; SNV, Single Nucleotide Variants.

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