Study on the CM EMI Generation Characteristics of the Si/SiC Hybrid Switch at Different Switching Patterns and Gate Resistors

The switching patterns and gate resistor of the Si/SiC hybrid switch are the key to realizing its own highly efficient and reliable operation. However, as an important performance indicator, the common mode (CM) electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise caused by the Si/SiC hybrid switch lacks comprehensive research, which means that it is not clear how the switching patterns and gate resistor affect CM EMI. In this paper, the Si/SiC hybrid switch-based boost converter is established at first. Then, by analyzing the spectral characteristics of the CM voltage of the Si/SiC hybrid switch, the CM EMI generation characteristics of the Si/SiC hybrid switch at different switching patterns and gate resistors are revealed. Furthermore, the analysis and experimental results can be used to comprehensively guide the design of the gate drive pattern, gate resistor, and EMI suppression strategy.

1 Introduction

The hybrid structure comprising a Si IGBT and a SiC MOSFET in parallel, which is called the Si/SiC hybrid switch, was first proposed in 1993 (Jiang et al., 1993). With the help of the higher switching speed of the SiC MOSFET and the lower cost of the Si IGBT, the Si/SiC hybrid switch is proved to be promising in the application of power converters (Rahimo et al., 2015; Song and Huang, 2015). Switching patterns and gate resistors are the two important factors that can change the switching speed of the Si/SiC hybrid switch and the conduction time of each device inside the Si/SiC hybrid switch, which can directly affect its own power loss (Minamisawa et al., 2016; Li et al., 2019; Peng et al., 2020). Meanwhile, the dv/dt of the Si/SiC hybrid switch can be changed by its own switching speed, resulting in the variation of the conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) generation in the application of the power converters. Because the CM EMI issue is one of the big concerns in the design of Si/SiC hybrid switch-based power converters, corresponding research is necessary (Gong et al., 2012; Roscoe et al., 2015; Han et al., 2017a; Zhang et al., 2017; Du et al., 2021).

In recent years, in order to improve the performance and reliability of Si/SiC hybrid switch-based power converters, the reported research studies on the Si/SiC hybrid switch have been focused on the loss, junction temperature, and reliability issue of the overcurrent (Oswald et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2015; Zhao and He, 2015; He et al., 2017; Ueno et al., 2017; Li et al., 2018a; Li et al., 2018b; Li et al., 2018c; He et al., 2018). In (Oswald et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2015; Ueno et al., 2017; Li et al., 2018a; Li et al., 2018c), the switching pattern, switching delay time, and gate resistor of the Si MOSFET and Si IGBT were studied to achieve low loss of the Si/SiC hybrid switch. In (Li et al., 2018b; He et al., 2018), the junction temperature balance of the Si/SiC hybrid switch can be achieved by the optimal delay time or integrated gate driver. Furthermore, these methods can also prevent the junction temperature of the SiC MOSFET from getting too high. In (Zhao and He, 2015; He et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2019), a current-dependent switching strategy is proposed to improve the reliability of the SiC MOSFET inside the Si/SiC hybrid switch when the inverters operate under a heavy load condition. However, the studies of the CM EMI caused by the Si/SiC hybrid switch is neglected by these researchers, which means that the design of high-performance and high-reliability power converters is not considered comprehensively. In fact, CM EMI is one of the most important factors affecting the reliability of power converters (Oswald et al., 2011; Domurat-Linde et al., 2012; Ji et al., 2015; Cui et al., 2017); the study of the CM EMI noise caused by the Si/SiC hybrid switch is desired.

Until now, the mechanism study of the CM EMI noise caused by the Si/SiC hybrid switch is still in its infancy. In (Deshpande and Luo, 2019), researchers have simply studied the CM EMI generation characteristics of the Si/SiC hybrid switch-based boost converter at two different switching patterns. However, there are four different switching patterns; each of these switching patterns will change the switching characteristics of the Si/SiC hybrid switch. Meanwhile, different delay times inside these switching patterns will also bring different switching characteristics. Therefore, the analysis of the CM EMI noise in this article is uncomprehensive. In (Minamisawa et al., 2016), the effect of the gate resistor on CM EMI is briefly mentioned when the Si/SiC hybrid switch is adopted. However, there is lack of detailed theoretical and experimental analysis about the relationship between the gate resistor and CM EMI generation characteristics. In conclusion, in order to guide the design of switching patterns and gate resistors in the application of Si/SiC hybrid switch-based power converters, comprehensive research about the CM EMI caused by the Si/SiC hybrid switch is important and necessary.

In this paper, in order to solve the above problems, the CM EMI generation characteristics of the Si/SiC hybrid switch-based boost converter at different switching patterns and gate resistors are analyzed. First, the spectral envelope equation of the CM voltage of the Si/SiC hybrid switch is obtained. Then, the switching characteristics of the Si/SiC hybrid switch at different switching patterns and gate resistors are analyzed. Meanwhile, the spectral envelope of the CM voltage is analyzed to predict the CM EMI noise caused by the Si/SiC hybrid switch at different switching patterns and gate resistors. Finally, the corresponding experiments are provided to verify the theory.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In CM EMI Analysis of the Si/SiC Hybrid Switch-Based Boost Converter, the structure of the Si/SiC hybrid switch-based boost converter is presented. Then, the spectral function of the CM voltage of the Si/SiC hybrid switch is established. In Experimental Results, the influence of the Si/SiC hybrid switch at different switching patterns and gate resistors on the CM EMI noise is analyzed. In Discussion, spectrum analysis based on CM voltage and the corresponding CM electromagnetic interference experiment are given. Conclusion concludes the paper.

2 CM EMI Analysis of Si/SiC Hybrid Switch Based Boost Converter

In this section, the interference propagation path of the Si/SiC hybrid switch-based boost converter is analyzed at first. Then, the spectral characteristics of the CM voltage of the Si/SiC hybrid switch are analyzed. Meanwhile, the CM EMI noise caused by the switching pattern and gate resistor is explained. Details are shown as follows.

2.1 Interference Propagation Path of Si/SiC Hybrid Switch Based Boost Converter

In this paper, the Si/SiC hybrid switch is configured by a Si IGBT [IGW25N120H3, 1200V/25A at 100°C (Infineon, 2019)] and a SiC MOSFET [C2M0160120D, 1200V/12.5A at 100°C (Rohm, 2019)] in parallel. The structure of the Si/SiC hybrid switch-based boost converter is shown in Figure 1. As can be seen from Figure 1, U_in, U_out, C_in, C_out, L, R, S_n1, and D₁ represent the input voltage, output voltage, capacitor of the input terminal, capacitor of the output terminal, inductor, load, Si/SiC hybrid switch, and SiC SBD, respectively. C_SiC,D1-H, C_IGBT,C1-H, and C_H-G represent the parasitic CM capacitance between the drain of the SiC MOSFET and heat sink, parasitic CM capacitance between the collector of the Si IGBT and heat sink, and parasitic CM capacitance between the heat sink and ground, respectively. In addition, G_SiC, G_Si, R_{g_SiC}, and R_{g_Si} represent the gate drive signal of the SiC MOSFET, gate drive signal of the Si IGBT, gate resistor of the SiC MOSFET, and gate resistor of the Si IGBT, respectively. As a major source of interference, the Si/SiC hybrid switch will propagate the CM EMI noise through the parasitic capacitors. Moreover, the corresponding propagation path is Si/SiC hybrid switch → CM capacitance between the collector of the Si IGBT/SiC MOSFET and heat sink → heat sink → CM capacitance between the heat sink and ground → ground → LISN → Si/SiC hybrid switch.

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1. Structure of the Si/SiC hybrid switch-based boost converter.

According to the above analysis, the value of the CM current is affected by the value of the CM capacitance, the structure and material of the radiator, and the switching characteristics of the Si/SiC hybrid switch. For the Si/SiC hybrid switch, the CM capacitance of the Si/SiC hybrid switch consists of C_SiC,D1-H and C_IGBT,C1-H, which means that the switching patterns, delay time, and gate resistor of the Si/SiC hybrid switch can change the CM EMI noise. In this paper, the Si/SiC hybrid switch is the main interference source of the boost converter, so the CM EMI noise that is affected by the switching characteristics of the Si/SiC hybrid switch is considered.

2.2 Analysis of Spectral Characteristics of CM Voltage

In order to avoid the influence of the DC source on the CM EMI analysis of the Si/SiC hybrid switch-based boost converter, the line impedance stabilization network (LISN) is connected between the DC source and boost converter. The Si/SiC hybrid switch is the interference source in the boost converter; its switching waveform is the fundamental element of CM voltage, which can directly reflect the variation characteristics of the CM EMI (Kim et al., 2017). In fact, the CM voltage of the Si/SiC hybrid switch can be equivalent to an asymmetrical trapezoid, which is illustrated in Figure 2. In Figure 2, A, t_r, t_f, and τ represent the amplitude, rise time, fall time, and pulse width of the CM voltage, respectively. In order to better explain the CM EMI noise caused by the Si/SiC hybrid switch, spectral analysis of the CM voltage is necessary. According to the Fourier series, the Fourier coefficient in the asymmetrical trapezoidal waveform is written as (Igarashi et al., 2007; Qi et al., 2010; Han et al., 2017b; Fang et al., 2018).

$C_n\left(f_h\right)=\frac{A{f}_s^3}{2f_h^2{\pi }^{2}EF}\left|\frac{F}{f_s}\left(e^{-j2\pi E{f}_h/f_s}-1\right)+\frac{E}{f_s}{e}^{-j\pi \left(2D+E-F\right)f_h/f_s}\left(1-e^{-j2\pi F{f}_h/f_s}\right)\right|(1)$

where

$\{\begin{array}{l}E=\frac{t_r}{T_s}\\ F=\frac{t_f}{T_s}\\ D=\frac{\tau }{T_s}\end{array}(2)$

In (1) and (2), f_h and f_s represent the harmonic frequency and switching frequency, respectively. There are f_s = 1/T_s and f_h = n/T_s (n = 1, 3, 5, … ). Meanwhile, the coefficient D represents the duty cycle. According to (1), there are three kinds of methods for changing the spectral characteristics of the CM voltage in the frequency range of 150 kHz–30 MHz.

1) As the rise time or fall time increases, the value of the Fourier coefficient will be reduced, which means that the spectrum amplitude of the CM voltage in the frequency range of 1/t_r or 1/t_f to 30 MHz will be reduced. In addition, if the rise time or fall time is decreased, the spectrum amplitude of the CM voltage in the frequency range of 1/t_r or 1/t_f to 30 MHz will be increased.

2) As the duty cycle increases, the spectrum amplitude of the CM voltage in the frequency range of 150 kHz–30 MHz will be reduced. Conversely, the spectrum amplitude of the CM voltage will be increased.

3) As the switching frequency increases, the spectrum amplitude of the CM voltage will be increased. In addition, the spectrum amplitude of the CM voltage will be reduced with the decrease in the switching frequency.

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 2. Asymmetrical trapezoid representing the CM voltage of the Si/SiC hybrid switch (Han et al., 2017b).

In conclusion, the CM EMI noise can be effectively changed by changing the switching speed and pulse width of the Si/SiC hybrid switch.

2.3 Analysis of the CM EMI Noise Caused by Switching Pattern and Gate Resistor

There are four different switching patterns for the Si/SiC hybrid switch, which will change its own switching speed, so the CM EMI noise caused by the Si/SiC hybrid switch will be affected by its own switching pattern. Meanwhile, the gate resistor in the Si/SiC hybrid switch will also affect the CM EMI noise by changing the switching speed. This section will analyze how different switching patterns and gate resistors affect the CM EMI noise. Details are shown as follows.

2.3.1 Analysis of Switching Pattern

The switching patterns of the Si/SiC hybrid switch are shown in Figure 3. As can be seen from Figure 3, T_{on_delay} and T_{off_delay} represent the turn-on delay time and turn-off delay time between the Si IGBT and SiC MOSFET, respectively. There are four different switching patterns for the Si/SiC hybrid switch, and details about how the influence of different switching patterns on the CM EMI noise are presented as follows.

Pattern 1: Si IGBT is turned on earlier and turned off later

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 3. Switching patterns of the Si/SiC hybrid switch. (A) Pattern 1, (B) pattern 2, (C) pattern 3, and (D) pattern 4.

In this switching pattern, no matter how T_{off_delay} is changed, the turn-off characteristic of the Si/SiC hybrid switch always reflects the turn-off characteristic of the Si IGBT, which means that the influence of T_{off_delay} on the switching speed is too small to be considered. Therefore, only T_{on_delay} should be considered. The CM voltage waveforms of the Si/SiC hybrid switch under different T_{on_delay} are shown in Figure 4A. As can be seen from Figure 4A, the Si/SiC hybrid switch will reflect the turn-on characteristic of the SiC MOSFET when T_{on_delay} is small, while its turn-on speed will be gradually reduced (the fall time of the CM voltage will be increased) with the increase in T_{on_delay}. This means that the CM EMI noise caused by the Si/SiC hybrid switch will be reduced. However, when the turn-on speed of the Si/SiC hybrid switch is close to that of the Si IGBT, even when T_{on_delay} is further increased, its turn-on speed will not be obviously changed, which means that the CM EMI noise will not be obviously changed.

Pattern 2: Si IGBT is turned on and turned off earlier

FIGURE 4

FIGURE 4. CM voltage waveforms of the Si/SiC hybrid switch. (A) Only Ton_delay is changed (pattern 1), (B) both Ton_delay and Toff_delay are changed (pattern 2), and (C) different Toff_delay in pattern 4.

The switching speed of the Si/SiC hybrid switch adopting this switching pattern is affected by T_{on_delay} or T_{off_delay}. When T_{on_delay} and T_{off_delay} are increased simultaneously, the CM voltage waveform of the Si/SiC hybrid switch under different T_{on_delay} is shown in Figure 4B. As can be seen from Figure 4A, when T_{on_delay} and T_{off_delay} are small, the Si/SiC hybrid switch reflects the turn-on characteristic of the SiC MOSFET and turn-off characteristic of the Si IGBT. As T_{on_delay} and T_{off_delay} increase simultaneously, the turn-on speed of the Si/SiC hybrid switch will be gradually reduced (the fall time of the CM voltage will be increased), and its turn-off speed will be gradually increased (the rise time of the CM voltage will be decreased), resulting in the variation of the CM EMI noise. However, the CM EMI noise caused by the Si/SiC hybrid switch will not be obviously changed when its turn-on speed is close to that of the Si IGBT and its turn-off speed is close to that of the SiC MOSFET. The CM EMI noise caused by the Si/SiC hybrid switch at different T_{on_delay} and T_{off_delay} will be discussed in the following experiments.

Pattern 3: SiC MOSFET is turned on and turned off earlier

In this switching pattern, no matter how T_{on_delay} and T_{off_delay} are changed, the turn-on characteristic of the Si/SiC hybrid switch always reflects the turn-on characteristic of the SiC MOSFET, and its turn-off characteristic always reflects the turn-off characteristic of the Si IGBT, which means that the CM EMI noise is almost not affected by T_{on_delay} and T_{off_delay}. In fact, pattern 3 is the special switching pattern of pattern 1, pattern 2, and pattern 4, so this switching pattern is not separately discussed in this paper.

Pattern 4: SiC MOSFET is turned on earlier and turned off later

In this switching pattern, the influence of T_{on_delay} on the turn-on characteristic of the Si/SiC hybrid switch is unchanged. Therefore, only T_{off_delay} should be considered. The CM voltage waveforms of the Si/SiC hybrid switch under different T_{off_delay} are shown in Figure 4C. As can be seen from Figure 4C, the Si/SiC hybrid switch will reflect the turn-off characteristic of the Si IGBT when T_{off_delay} is small, while its turn-off speed will be gradually increased (the rise time of the CM voltage will be decreased) with the increase in T_{off_delay}, which means that the CM EMI noise will be increased. In fact, when the turn-off speed of the Si/SiC hybrid switch is close to that of the SiC MOSFET, with a further increase in T_{off_delay}, the CM EMI noise will not be obviously changed.

Because the turn-on speed and turn-off speed of pattern 4 is faster than those of the other three patterns, the EMI noise caused by pattern 4 is worse than that of patterns 1 and 2. In addition, according to the above analysis, only pattern 1, pattern 2, and pattern 4 are considered in the following theoretical analysis.

2.3.2 Analysis of Gate Resistor

1) Gate resistors of the Si IGBT and SiC MOSFET are changed simultaneously

The CM voltage waveforms of the Si/SiC hybrid switch under different gate resistors are shown in Figure 5. As can be seen from Figure 5, as all the gate resistors (R_{g_Si} and R_{g_SiC}) increase, the switching speed of the Si/SiC hybrid switch at all switching patterns will be gradually reduced, which means that the rise time and fall time of the CM voltage at all switching patterns will be gradually decreased. Therefore, the CM EMI noise will be reduced.

2) Gate resistors of the Si IGBT and SiC MOSFET are changed independently

FIGURE 5

FIGURE 5. CM voltage waveforms of the Si/SiC hybrid switch.

When pattern 1 is adopted, as the gate resistor of the Si IGBT increases, the switching speed of the Si/SiC hybrid switch will be reduced. This means that the CM EMI noise caused by the Si/SiC hybrid switch will be reduced. When T_{on_delay} is large enough, as the gate resistor of the SiC MOSFET increases, the switching speed of the Si/SiC hybrid switch will not be changed, which means that the CM EMI noise caused by the Si/SiC hybrid switch will be unchanged.

When pattern 2 is adopted, whether the gate resistor of the Si IGBT or SiC MOSFET is increased, the CM EMI noise will be reduced.

When pattern 4 is adopted, as the gate resistor of the SiC MOSFET increases, the switching speed of the Si/SiC hybrid switch will also be reduced. This means that the CM EMI noise caused by the Si/SiC hybrid switch will be reduced. When T_{off_delay} is large enough, as the gate resistor of the Si IGBT increases, the switching speed of the Si/SiC hybrid switch will not be changed, which means that the CM EMI noise will be unchanged.

3 Experimental Results

In order to analyze the CM EMI generation characteristics of the Si/SiC hybrid switch-based boost converter at different switching patterns and gate resistors, the corresponding experimental platform is established, which is shown in Figure 6. As can be seen from Figure 6, it comprises a personal computer (PC), a DSP controller, a boost converter, a LISN, a spectrum analyzer, and a load box, and the experimental parameters are described in Table 1. Details about the CM EMI noise analysis and experiments at different switching patterns and gate resistors are presented as follows.

FIGURE 6

FIGURE 6. Experimental platform.

TABLE 1

TABLE 1. Parameters of the experimental platform.

3.1 Experimental Results of Pattern 1 (Different T_{on_delay})

In this condition, when T_{on_delay} is changed from 0us to 3us and T_{off_delay} is set as 0us, the waveforms of the CM voltage and its spectral envelope at different T_{on_delay} are shown in Figure 7. As can be seen from Figure 7A, the turn-off characteristic of the Si/SiC hybrid switch always reflects the turn-off characteristic of the Si IGBT, and its turn-on characteristic reflects the turn-on characteristic of the SiC MOSFET when T_{on_delay} is set as 0us. When T_{on_delay} is increased from 0us to 3us, the fall time of the CM voltage will be increased, and the spectral envelope in the frequency range of 1–30 MHz will be decreased by 0∼6 dB, which is shown in Figure 7B. In fact, when T_{on_delay} is increased from 1us to 3us, the Si/SiC hybrid switch always reflects the turn-on characteristic of the Si IGBT, which means that the spectral envelope is almost unchanged. Therefore, when T_{on_delay} is increased from 1us to 3us, the EMI noise characteristics will be unchanged.

FIGURE 7

FIGURE 7. Waveforms of CM voltage and its spectral envelope at different T_{on_delay} (pattern 1). (A) Fall time tf and (B) spectral envelope.

The test results of CM EMI at different T_{on_delay} (from 0us to 3us) are shown in Figure 8. As can be seen from Figure 8, when T_{on_delay} is increased from 0us to 1us, the CM EMI noise in the frequency range of 6–8 MHz will be reduced by 0∼2 dB, and the CM EMI noise in the frequency range of 12–30 MHz will be reduced by 0∼8 dB. This means that the influence of the CM EMI noise caused by the Si/SiC hybrid switch will be gradually decreased. However, when T_{on_delay} is increased from 1us to 3us, the CM EMI noise is almost unchanged. This also means that when T_{on_delay} is close to 1us, the turn-on characteristic of the Si/SiC hybrid switch has little changed.

FIGURE 8

FIGURE 8. Test results of CM EMI at different T_{on_delay} (pattern 1).

According to Figures 7, 8, the influence of T_{on_delay} on the EMI noise is limited, because the turn-on speed of the Si/SiC hybrid switch will change little with the increase in T_{on_delay}.

3.2 Experimental Results of Pattern 2 (T_{on_delay} and T_{off_delay} are Changed Simultaneously)

In this condition, when T_{on_delay} and T_{off_delay} are changed from 0us to 3us, the waveforms of the CM voltage and its spectral envelope at different T_{off_delay} are shown in Figure 9. As can be seen from Figures 9A,B, the turn-on characteristic of the Si/SiC hybrid switch reflects the turn-on characteristic of the SiC MOSFET when T_{on_delay} is set as 0us, and its turn-off characteristic reflects the turn-off characteristic of the Si IGBT when T_{off_delay} is set as 0us. When T_{on_delay} and T_{off_delay} are increased from 0us to 2us, the rise time of the CM voltage will be increased, and the fall time of the CM voltage will be decreased. The spectral envelope in the frequency range of 1–8 MHz will be increased by 0∼3 dB, and the spectral envelope in the frequency range of 8–30 MHz will be decreased by 0∼1 dB. When T_{on_delay} and T_{off_delay} are increased from 2us to 3us, the variation of the spectral envelope is small (smaller than 1 dB).

FIGURE 9

FIGURE 9. Waveforms of CM voltage and its spectral envelope at different T_{on_delay} and T_{off_delay} (pattern 2). (A) Rise time tr, (B) fall time tf, and (C) spectral envelope.

The test results of CM EMI at different T_{on_delay} and T_{off_delay} are shown in Figure 10. As can be seen from Figure 10, when T_{on_delay} and T_{off_delay} are increased from 0us to 2us, the CM EMI noise in the frequency range of 1–4 MHz will be increased by 1∼9 dB, the CM EMI noise in the frequency range of 7–18 MHz will be increased by 1∼5 dB, and the CM EMI noise in the frequency range of 19–30 MHz will be reduced by 1∼7 dB. This means that the influence of the CM EMI noise will be gradually decreased. When T_{on_delay} and T_{off_delay} are increased from 1us to 2us, the difference of the CM EMI noise is small (smaller than 1dB). This means that when T_{on_delay} and T_{off_delay} are increased from 1us to 2us, the turn-on and turn-off characteristic of the Si/SiC hybrid switch has little changed.

FIGURE 10

FIGURE 10. Test results of CM EMI at different T_{on_delay} and T_{off_delay} (pattern 2).

3.3 Experimental Results of Pattern 4 (Only T_{off_delay} is Changed)

In this condition, when T_{off_delay} is changed from 0us to 3us and T_{on_delay} is set as 0us, the waveforms of the CM voltage and its spectral envelope at different T_{off_delay} are shown in Figure 11. As can be seen from Figure 11A, when T_{on_delay} and T_{off_delay} are set as 0us, the turn-on characteristic of the Si/SiC hybrid switch reflects the turn-on characteristic of the SiC MOSFET, and its turn-off characteristic reflects the turn-off characteristic of the Si IGBT. When T_{off_delay} is increased from 0us to 2us, the rise time of the CM voltage will be decreased, and the spectral envelope in the frequency range of 4–30 MHz will be increased by 6dB, which is shown in Figure 11B. When T_{off_delay} is increased from 2us to 3us, the spectral envelope is slightly changed (smaller than 1dB).

FIGURE 11

FIGURE 11. Waveforms of CM voltage and its spectral envelope at different T_{off_delay} (pattern 4). (A) Rise time tr and (B) spectral envelope.

The test results of CM EMI at different T_{off_delay} (from 0us to 3us) are shown in Figure 12. As can be seen from Figure 12, when T_{off_delay} is increased from 0us to 1us, the CM EMI noise in the frequency range of 5–8 MHz will be increased by 1∼3 dB, and the CM EMI noise in the frequency range of 23–26 MHz will be increased by 1∼5 dB. Therefore, the influence of the CM EMI noise will be gradually increased. When T_{off_delay} is increased from 1us to 3us, the CM EMI noise is slightly changed (smaller than 1dB). This means that when T_{off_delay} is increased from 1us to 3us, the turn-off characteristic of the Si/SiC hybrid switch has little changed.

FIGURE 12

FIGURE 12. Test results of CM EMI at different T_{off_delay} (pattern 4).

3.4 Different Gate Resistors

The relationship between the gate resistor inside the Si/SiC hybrid switch-based boost converter and the CM EMI noise and power losses is shown in the following.

3.4.1 All gate resistors are changed simultaneously

As can be seen from Figure 13 and Table 2, when all gate resistors increase simultaneously, the generated CM EMI noise will be decreased, but the switching loss of the Si/SiC hybrid switch will be increased, resulting in an increasing loss of the boost converter.

1) Figure 13A shows the CM EMI test results for different gate resistors in pattern 1. When all gate resistors are increased from 5 to 10Ω, the CM EMI noise in the frequency range from 1 to 7 MHz will be reduced by 1∼6 dB, and in the frequency range from 8 to 30 MHz, it will be reduced by 2∼13 dB. When all gate resistors are increased from 10 to 20Ω, the overall CM EMI noise generated does not change much. The overall CM EMI noise generated does not change much.

2) Figure 13B shows the CM EMI test results for different gate resistors in pattern 2. When all the gate resistors are increased from 5 to 20Ω, the CM EMI noise will be reduced by 2∼10 dB in the frequency range from 1 to 7 MHz and by 1∼17 dB in the frequency range from 8 to 30 MHz.

3) Figure 13C shows the CM EMI test results for different gate resistors in pattern 3. When all the driving resistors are increased from 5 to 10Ω, the CM EMI noise will be reduced by 1∼9 dB in the frequency range from 1 to 7 MHz and by 2∼12 dB in the frequency range from 8 to 30 MHz.

4) Figure 13D shows the CM EMI test results for different gate resistors in pattern 4. When all the driving resistors are increased from 5 to 20Ω, the CM EMI noise will be reduced by 1∼11 dB in the frequency range from 1 to 7 MHz and by 1∼17 dB in the frequency range from 8 to 30 MHz.

FIGURE 13

FIGURE 13. Relationship between the gate resistor and CM EMI noise (all gate resistors are changed simultaneously). (A) Pattern 1, (B) pattern 2, (C) pattern 3, and (D) pattern 4.

TABLE 2

TABLE 2. Relationship between gate resistor and total loss of boost converter (all gate resistors are changed simultaneously).

In fact, the total loss of the boost converter will be increased with the increase in gate resistor.

3.4.2 Gate Resistor of the SiC MOSFET is Changed

When the gate resistor of the SiC MOSFET is changed, the relationship between the Si/SiC hybrid switch-based boost converter and the CM EMI noise and power losses is shown in the following (Figure 14; Table 3).

1) When pattern 1 is taken, the Si/SiC hybrid switch reflects the switching speed of pure Si IGBT, so changing the gate resistor of the SiC MOSFET does not affect the switching characteristics of pattern 1. A comparative study is not conducted here.

2) Figure 14A shows the CM EMI test results of changing the gate resistor of SiC MOSFET in pattern 2. The CM EMI noise decreases by about 0∼5 dB in the frequency range of 1∼30 MHz as the gate resistor of SiC MOSFET is increased.

3) From Figure 14B, when the SiC MOSFET gate resistor is increased in pattern 3, the CM EMI noise is decreased by about 0∼9 dB in the frequency range of 1∼30 MHz.

4) From Figure 14C, the CM EMI noise in pattern 4 decreases by about 0∼7 dB in the frequency range of 1∼30 MHz as the gate resistor of SiC MOSFET is increased.

FIGURE 14

FIGURE 14. Relationship between the gate resistor and CM EMI noise (changing gate resistor of SiC MOSFET). (A) Pattern 2, (B) pattern 3, and (C) pattern 4.

TABLE 3

TABLE 3. Relationship between the gate resistor and total loss of boost converter (changing gate resistor of SiC MOSFET).

3.4.3 Gate Resistor of the Si IGBT is Changed

When the gate resistor of the Si IGBT is changed, the relationship between the Si/SiC hybrid switch-based boost converter and the CM EMI noise and power losses is shown in the following (Figure 15; Table 4).

1) When pattern 4 is taken, the Si/SiC hybrid switch reflects the switching speed of the pure SiC MOSFET, so the change of the gate resistor of the Si IGBT does not affect the switching characteristics of pattern 4, which is not studied here for comparison.

2) Figure 15A shows the CM EMI test results of the Si/SiC hybrid switch-based boost converter, when the gate resistor of the Si IGBT in pattern 1 is changed. The CM EMI noise is decreased by about 0∼2 dB in the frequency range of 1∼10 MHz as the gate resistor of Si IGBT is increased.

3) Figure 15B shows the CM EMI test results of changing the gate resistor of the Si IGBT in pattern 2. The CM EMI noise is decreased by about 0∼6 dB in the frequency range of 150kHz∼10 MHz as the gate resistor of the Si IGBT is increased.

4) From Figure 15C, the CM EMI noise in pattern 3 is decreased in the frequency range of 1∼4 MHz and 5∼30 MHz as the Si IGBT gate resistor is increased.

FIGURE 15

FIGURE 15. Relationship between the gate resistor and CM EMI noise (changing gate resistor of Si IGBT). (A) Pattern 1, (B) pattern 2, and (C) pattern 3.

TABLE 4

TABLE 4. Relationship between the gate resistor and total loss of boost converter (changing gate resistor of Si IGBT).

In fact, the total loss of the boost converter will be increased with the increase in gate resistor.

3.5 Different Frequencies

The comparison experiments of CM EMI at different switching patterns are shown in Figure 16. Details are shown in the following.

1) As can be seen from Figure 16A, when the switching frequency is set as 20 kHz, the CM EMI noise caused by pattern 4 (T_{on_delay} and T_{off_delay} are set as 0us and 2us, respectively) in the frequency range of 3–8 MHz is 0∼5 dB smaller than that of pattern 1 (T_{on_delay} and T_{off_delay} are set as 2us and 0us, respectively). In the frequency range of 11–30 MHz, the CM EMI noise caused by pattern 4 is 1∼10 dB smaller than that of pattern 1. The CM EMI noise caused by pattern 4 in the frequency range of 3–8 MHz is 0–5 dB smaller than that of pattern 2 (T_{on_delay} and T_{off_delay} are set as 2us and 2us, respectively). In the frequency range of 11–30 MHz, the CM EMI noise caused by pattern 4 is 1∼9 dB smaller than that of pattern 2. Meanwhile, the CM EMI noise caused by pattern 4 in the frequency range of 3–8 MHz is 0–3 dB smaller than that of pattern 3 (T_{on_delay} and T_{off_delay} are set as 0us and 0us, respectively). In addition, in the frequency range of 11–30 MHz, the CM EMI noise caused by pattern 4 is 1∼7 dB smaller than that of pattern 3.

2) A scan be seen from Figures 16B,C, as the switching frequency increases, the differences in the CM EMI noise caused by different switching patterns are similar.

FIGURE 16

FIGURE 16. Comparisons of different frequencies. (A) 20kHz, (B) 40kHz, and (C) 60kHz.

4 Discussion

According to the above experiments, the following conclusions can be drawn.

1) For different switching patterns, when the delay time increases to the point where the switching characteristic of the Si/SiC hybrid switch does not change, a further increase in the delay time will not cause a significant change in CM EMI noise.

2) The CM EMI noise caused by pattern 4 is worse than that of pattern 1, pattern 2, and pattern 3. The CM EMI noise caused by pattern 1 is better than that of pattern 2 and pattern 3. Furthermore, the CM EMI noise caused by pattern 3 is slightly better than that of pattern 2.

3) Different driving patterns reflect different switching characteristics, the hybrid switch uses different driving resistors in different driving modes, and the resulting CM EMI noise and losses are different. With the gradual increase in gate resistor, the switching speed of the hybrid switch will be reduced, resulting in a longer switching time and increased losses in the hybrid switch. At the same time, the lower switching frequency means a smaller dv/dt. The CM EMI noise of the hybrid switch is reduced.

4) In order to ensure a lower loss, pattern 4 should be taken, and T_{on_delay} and T_{off_delay} can be set as 0us and 2us, respectively. Based on the choice of switching mode and switching delay time, a large gate resistance is feasible on the premise that the low EMI noise is suppressed.

5 Conclusion

In this paper, the spectral characteristics of the CM voltage of the Si/SiC hybrid switch at different switching patterns and gate resistors are analyzed to predict the variation of the CM EMI noise. Then, the experimental platform of the Si/SiC hybrid switch-based boost converter is established to verify the correctness of the theory analysis.

The experimental results demonstrate that when the switching delay time exceeds 2us, the EMI noise characteristics have little changed. Moreover, an increase in the gate resistor will result in effective suppression of the EMI noise. Meanwhile, a slower switching speed results in lower CM EMI noise and the rise time has a greater impact on CM EMI than the fall time. The effect of different switching patterns on the CM EMI noise and loss of the Si/SiC hybrid switch is greater than the effect of different gate resistors; although taking the appropriate drive pattern will reduce the switch loss by an order of magnitude, the severe EMI noise generated in this mode is unacceptable.

Pattern 4 is the best choice when the switching mode of the Si/SiC hybrid switch cannot be changed with low loss being a priority. Moreover, T_{on_delay} can be set as 0. If the switching mode of the Si/SiC hybrid switch can be changed, pattern 1 (low current level) and pattern 4 (high current level) can be considered at different current levels. In fact, the research contents will also be applicable to other types of Si/SiC hybrid switch-based converters.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

Author Contributions

All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.

Funding

Project supported by State Key Laboratory of Power System and Generation Equipment (SKLD21KM05), Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 2019JJ60034), and Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincial Department of Education (No. 19A106).

Conflict of Interest

Author YZ was employed by the company Shenzhen Jingquanhua Electronics Co., Ltd.

The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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