Geochronology and geochemistry of Late Triassic granitoids in Harizha Cu polymetallic deposit (East Kunlun Orogen) and their metallogenic constraints

The large Harizha copper (Cu) polymetallic deposit is located in the eastern section of East Kunlun Orogen. The ore-related lithologies include mainly the granodiorite, monzogranite, and their porphyries. Zircon U-Pb dating of the ore-bearing granodiorite porphyry and granite porphyry yielded Late Triassic age of 217 Ma. The rocks are characterized by being rich in SiO₂ (68.44–78.13 wt%) and high alkali (4.03–8.33 wt%) and peraluminous (A/CNK = 1.02–1.68). In general, the granite samples are peraluminous and high-K calc-alkaline. The rocks are significantly enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE), large ion lithophile elements (e.g., K, Rb, Ba) and other incompatible elements (e.g., U, Th), but are depleted in heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), with weakly negative Eu and Ce anomalies, resembling I-S transitional granite. The zircons have ε_Hf (t) = -8 to -4, and the corresponding zircon two-stage Hf model age (T_DM2) from 1.5 to 1.8 Ga. We speculated that the ore-forming materials in the mining area were mainly from partial remelting of crustal materials, and that the tectonic regime was post-collisional extension.

1 Introduction

Porphyry copper deposit is the world’s most important copper deposit type, and is characterized by being large-scale, low-grade (Zhai et al., 2011; Park et al., 2021). Porphyry copper deposits in the region were mainly formed in the late Mesozoic (Yanshanian) and Cenozoic (Himalayan), when the Indian plate subducted northward and collided with Eurasia, resulting in multiphase tectonism and magmatism that provided favorable metallogenic conditions (Tang et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2019). Typical porphyry Cu deposits include the Aktogai in Kazakhstan (Chen et al., 2010), the Escondida porphyry copper deposit and Collahuasi porphyry Cu-Mo in northern Chile (Urqueta et al., 2009; Karl et al., 2021), Saindak and Rekodiq in Pakistan (Yao et al., 2013; Lv et al., 2017), and Zhunuo in Tibet, China (Sun et al., 2021).

The large Harizha Cu-polymetallic deposit is located in the East Kunlun metallogenic belt, with estimated ore resource of 505 kt. Ore deposits in the district include those of porphyry, skarn, and medium-low temperature hydrothermal-altered rock types (Song et al., 2013; Sun et al., 2016; Yan, 2019). In recent years, the Harizha mining district has attracted much research attention. Previous studies were mainly focused on the geological-metallogenic conditions and the ages of the ore-related magmatic rocks. Tectonism at Harizha is relatively complex: NW-trending faults are the main structures, while the NE trending faults are secondary structures. Previous works have zircon U-Pb dated the ore-bearing granodiorite porphyry (234.5 ± 4.8 Ma; Song et al., 2013) and the quartz diorite (239.3 ± 2.2 Ma; Guo et al., 2016) at Harizha to be Middle Triassic (Indosinian Orogeny). However, some workers have reported older magmatic ages (diorite: 424.7 ± 4.8 Ma; granite porphyry: 242.6 ± 2.6 Ma) at Harizha, and proposed multi-stage mineralization and a diorite and/or granite porphyry ore-material source (Wang et al., 2017). In terms of metallogenesis, geochemical analysis shows that the northern Harizha mining area in Qinghai contains mainly porphyry-hydrothermal vein-skarn polymetallic deposits (Ma et al., 2016). Lithogeochemistry research and its relationship with the Cu-polymetallic mineralization is largely inadequate, and the mineralization age remains controversial. In this study, we conducted LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating and whole-rock geochemical analysis on the Harizha deposit, and discuss the ore genesis and tectonic setting.

2 Geological background

2.1 Geologic setting

The East Kunlun Orogen is a key metallogenic belt in China, and is located in the tectonically active belt of the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The belt is located in the southern margin of the Chaidam basin and the northern margin of the Paleo-Tethys tectonic domain (Qian et al., 2000; Pan et al., 2009; Shao et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2020). The strong magmatism has led to the formation of a giant granite belt and many sizeable hydrothermal deposits (Figure 1) (Li, 2010; Du et al., 2012; Wang, 2014), including those of shallow low-temperature hydrothermal, orogenic, and hydrothermal-sedimentary types. Many metal and non-metallic minerals with development value had been discovered. It is one of the most important Mo-polymetallic metallogenic belts in Qinghai Province (Qi, 2015; Han J. J. et al., 2020; Lei et al., 2020; Li Y. J. et al., 2020). Under the influence of Elashan collision-extensional orogeny, the intermediate-felsic magma in the eastern East Kunlun ore belt may have ascent along the regional NW-trending deep faults, and produce strong dissolution to surrounding strata, forming the widely-distributed intermediate-felsic plutonic and volcanic rocks. During this period, granitic magma may have formed by partial melting of crustal material under intraplate extension. During the late Indosinian to early Yanshanian orogeny (227–205 Ma), the intermediate-felsic magma may have formed the granite-granodiorite porphyries of various sizes (Wang K. et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2020). At present, the porphyry deposits are mainly concentrated in the western part of the belt, with the Harizha deposit being a rare exception in the eastern part of the belt.

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1. Geotectonic location map of the eastern East Kunlun Orogen (modified after Yang et al., 2017).

At Harizha (Dulan County, Qinghai Province), the main tectonic-magmatic activities occurred mainly in the Caledonian-Yanshanian (Yang et al., 2015; Feng et al., 2017). The deposit is 7.8 km long, 7.1 km wide, 4,200 m in elevation (max 4,767 m) (Zhong, 2018; Zhang et al., 2019). Exposed strata include mainly the Paleoproterozoic Baishahe Formation, Upper Triassic Elashan Formation, Neogene Youshashan Formation, and Quaternary sediments (Figure 2). The ore-related lithologies include mainly the granodiorite, monzogranite, and their porphyries. The wallrocks have undergone varying degrees of alteration, including mainly chlorite, epidote, sericite, and silicic.

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 2. (A) Geotectonic map of Harizha; (B) Geological map of the Harizha deposit, showing the sampling locations (modified after Ma et al., 2016).

The deposit is located between the northern Kunlun fault and central Kunlun fault, and has recorded multi-stage of tectonic-magmatic activities in the Early Paleozoic (Caledonian), Late Paleozoic (Variscan), and Triassic (Indosinian). Structures are well-developed and complex, and are dominated by compressional/transpressional faults with rare folds. The faults are NE-, NW-, and EW-trending, among which the NE- and NW-trending ones are ore-hosting (Ma et al., 2013).

Magmatic rocks are multiphase and widely distributed. Intrusive rocks include mainly gabbro, granodiorite (porphyry) and monzogranite (porphyry). The volcanic rocks include mainly the Elashan Formation dacite crystal tuff and (minor) dacite. Our study focused mainly on the ore-related granodiorite porphyry and granodiorite porphyry, whose petrographic features are described below:

Granodiorite porphyry (Figure 3A) is grayish-white (Figure 3B) and massive, and comprises phenocrysts (∼40 vol%) and groundmass (∼60 vol%). The phenocrysts (size: 0.1–3.5 mm) include mainly quartz, plagioclase, and biotite, and minor muscovite, hornblende, and K-feldspar. The phenocrysts are randomly distributed and euhedral-subhedral. The groundmass is composed mainly of plagioclase and quartz, with minor dark minerals. Secondary minerals include kaolinite, calcite and sericite.

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 3. Representative photographs of rock and ore samples and corresponding micrographs of major mineral assemblages of the Harizha Cu deposit (A). granodiorite porphyry; (B). porphyritic texture; (C). granite porphyry; (D). porphyritic-matrix microcrystalline texture; (E). copper ore samples; (F). microscopic image of copper ore; (G). lead ore samples;(H) microscopic image of lead ore; Pl-Plagioclase; Kfs-K-feldspar; Qz-Quartz; Bt-Biotite; Hbl-Hornblende; Py-Pyrite; Gn-Galena; Ccp-Chalcopyrite).

The granite porphyry (Figure 3C) is grayish-white/pink (Figure 3D) and massive, and comprises phenocrysts (∼25 vol%) and groundmass (∼75 vol%). The phenocrysts (size: 0.2–2.5 mm) include plagioclase, K-feldspar, quartz, and biotite. The phenocrysts are randomly distributed. The groundmass is composed of quartz and feldspar laths with minor biotite. Secondary minerals include mainly sericite and kaolinite.

2.1.1 Mineralization

A total of seven mineralization belts (zone I-Ⅶ) have been identified (Figure 1). Mineralization belt I occurs in the granodiorite porphyry, and the alteration styles include mainly silicic, sericite, K-feldspar, propylitic, and kaolinite. Mineralization belt II occurs in the biotite plagioclase gneiss, and the alteration style is mainly silicic. Mineralization belt III is hosted in the granodiorite and the biotite plagioclase gneiss. Mineralization belt IV is located in the northeast tectonic fracture zone. Mineralization belt V and VI occur in the altered fracture zone and crystal tuff, respectively. Ore minerals include mainly chalcopyrite, pyrite, and malachite. Ore minerals include mainly chalcopyrite, pyrite, and malachite. (Xia, 2018; Guo et al., 2019; Li, 2019).

The copper ore samples have vein-disseminated structure (Figure 3E) and are semi-automorphic-heteromorphic granular. The ores (Figure 3F) contain mainly pyrite (25 vol%), galena (10 vol%), and chalcopyrite (1 vol%), together with non-metallic minerals (55 vol%) of plagioclase, quartz, and biotite.

The lead ore samples have also vein-disseminated structure (Figure 3G) and are semi-automorphic-heteromorphic granular. The ores (Figure 3H) have mainly galena (30 vol%), pyrite (15 vol%), sphalerite (2 vol%), arsenopyrite (8 vol%), and chalcopyrite (1 vol%), and non-metallic minerals (about 38 vol%) of plagioclase, quartz, and calcite. Lead mineralization occurs mainly in zones VI to Ⅵ.

2.1.2 Alteration

The wallrock alterations include silicic, sericite, potassic, kaolinite, chlorite and carbonate. Among which the former two are closely ore-related and widely developed. Quartz veins are relatively well-developed (Figure 4A), and often accompanied by pyritization (Figure 4B). Secondly, kaolinization, potassium and chloritization are developed (Figure 4D). Malachite (Figure 4C) and limonite supergene ores are developed on/near the surface. Therefore, the alteration zoning can be divided into: K-felsparization-sericitization-propylitization (Figure 5). The main orebodies are located in the outer part of the potassic zone and the sericite zone, similar to typical porphyry copper deposits (Lv et al., 2017).

FIGURE 4

FIGURE 4. Photos showing the characteristics of ores and wallrock alteration at the Harizha deposit: (A). Quartz veins; (B). Pyrite associated with quartz veins; (C). Malachite; (D). Chloritization.

FIGURE 5

FIGURE 5. Geological profile of the Harizha mineralization zone I and orebodies.

3 Samples and methods

The sampling locations are shown in Figure 2. The samples were collected for thin-section petrography, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating, and whole-rock geochemical analysis. The ore-related granodiorite porphyry and monzogranite porphyry were zircon U-Pb dated, whilst samples analyzed for whole-rock geochemistry include monzogranite, (altered/mineralized) granodiorite porphyry, and syenogranite porphyry.

3.1 Zircon U-Pb dating

The selected zircon was mounted with epoxy resin, and is then polished into half the thickness. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating used an Agilent 7500 ICP-MS, a Geo Las 200 M optical system, and a Com Pex 102 ArF excimer laser. Helium was used as the carrier gas. 91500 were used as the external standards, and each standard was measured once every six samples. GJ-1 zircon standard sample was analyzed as an unknown to monitor the stability of the test process. NIST610 is used as an external standard to calculate the content of U and Th in zircon to ensure the accuracy of the test process. NIST610 and GJ-1 were measured once every 20 samples. Detailed analytical procedures are as described in Horn, Rudnick, and McDonough (2000) and Yuan et al. (2003). The data were processed using the Glitter program, and the age calculation and concordia plotting were conducted using Isoplot 3 (2006).

3.2 Zircon Hf isotope analysis

Based on zircon U-Pb dating, LA-MC-ICP-MS Hf isotope analysis was performed on the same or nearby zircon spots on the granodiorite porphyry and granite porphyry. This study was performed using a GeoLas Pro laser-ablation system coupled to a Neptune multiple-collector ICP-MS. A stationary laser ablation spot with a beam diameter of 32 μm was used for the analyses. The ablated aerosol was carried by helium and then combined with argon in a mixing chamber before being introduced to the ICP-MS plasma. A total of 10 spots were analyzed for each sample, and the raw data were processed with the Hfllow macro program.

3.3 Whole-rock geochemical analysis

Whole-rock major element contents were measured with an Axiosmax X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer. First, 500–1,000 mg samples were place in an oven for 200 min. After cooling to room temperature, the samples were weighed and the loss on ignition was calculated. Then, 600 mg of the sample was added with Li₃BO₃ and cosolvent, and the mixture was fully mixed and fused into a glass disc at high temperature. After cooling, the sample was analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The analysis accuracy is better than 1%. The trace element compositions were analyzed with an X Series 2 ICP-MS. HNO₃, HF, and HClO₄ were added to 50 mg sample to dissolve it completely, and then the solution was analyzed after cooling and dilution. The analysis accuracy is better than 5–10%. The ambient temperature of chemical analysis was 18–27 °C, with relative humidity of 25–50%.

4 Results

4.1 LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating

Zircon U-Pb dating was carried out on two samples from Harizha. The data are presented in Table 1, whilst representative zircon cathodoluminescence (CL) images and analytical spots are shown in Figure 6. The analyzed zircons are euhedral long columnar and (minor) short columnar, with aspect ratios of 1:1 to 3:1. Oscillatory zoning is well developed, and the high Th/U values (0.3–1.1) resemble typical magmatic zircons. Therefore, the U-Pb age can reflect the rock crystallization age (Hoskin and Schaltegger 2003; Wang et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2020).

TABLE 1

TABLE 1. LA-MC-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb isotope dating results for the Harizha.

FIGURE 6

FIGURE 6. Representative zircon CL images of the Harizha granitoids. Solid-line and dotted-line circles denote the locations of U–Pb and Hf isotopic analysis spots, respectively.

A total of 33 spots were measured for the granodiorite porphyry (HRZ-3) (Table 1). The zircons have Th = 116.99–610.14 ppm, U = 177.49–1,416.97 ppm, Th/U = 0.20–1.27, and ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U = 211.9–219.9 Ma. All the 33 zircon spots are concordant and plot on/near the concordia (Figures 7A, B). The weighted average age (217.3 ± 1.8 Ma; MSWD = 0.17) likely represents the crystallization age of the granodiorite porphyry.

FIGURE 7

FIGURE 7. Zircon U–Pb concordia age and weighted mean age diagrams of the Harizha granitoids. (A–D) MSWD, mean square weighted deviation.

A total of 33 spots were measured for the granite porphyry (HRZ-12) (Table 1). The zircons have Th = 75.54–635.59 ppm, U = 140.56–804.24 ppm, Th/U = 0.52–0.79, and ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U = 211.9–225.9 Ma. All the 33 zircon spots are concordant and plot on/near the concordia (Figure 7C, D). The weighted average age (217.0 ± 1.7 Ma; MSWD = 0.35) likely represents the crystallization age of the granite porphyry.

4.2 Zircon Hf isotopes

The study performed 40 Hf isotope spot analyses on the granodiorite porphyry and granite porphyry (20 spots each) (Table 2). Twenty analyses on the granodiorite porphyry yielded ¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf = 0.000611–0.001957, ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf = 0.282,417–0.282,510, and ε_Hf(t) = -7.98 to -4.58, f_Lu/Hf = -0.98 to -0.94. Calculated zircon two-stage Hf model age (T_DM2) = 1.5 to 1.8 Ga. Twenty analyses on the granite porphyry yielded ¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf = 0.000585–0.001118, ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf = 0.282,442–0.282,509, and ε_Hf(t) = -6.89 to -4.65, f_Lu/Hf = -0.98 to -0.97. Calculated zircon two-stage Hf model age (T_DM2) = 1.5 to 1.7 Ga.

TABLE 2

TABLE 2. Results of LA-ICP-MS Hf isotopes of zircon from the Harizha.

4.3 Whole-rock geochemical compositions

The rock samples have SiO₂ = 68.44–78.13 wt% (avg. 73.06 wt%), K₂O = 0.75–5.46 wt% (avg. 4.22 wt%), total alkali (K₂O+Na₂O) = 4.03–8.33 wt% (avg. 7.09 wt%), Al₂O₃ = 12.22–15.17 wt% (avg. 13.86 wt%), CaO = 0.44–3.65 wt% (avg. 1.50 wt%), and A/CNK = 1.02–1.68 (avg. 1.18) (Table 3). In the total alkali-silica (TAS) classification diagram (Figure 8A), the rock samples plot in the subalkaline granite field. In the A/NK-A/CNK (Figure 8B) and SiO₂-K₂O (Figure 8C) diagrams, the rocks are classified as peraluminous and high-K calc-alkaline. In the (Na₂O+K₂O-CaO)/SiO₂ diagram (Figure 8D), the data points fall into the calc-alkaline field.

TABLE 3

TABLE 3. Major and trace element data for the Harizha.

FIGURE 8

FIGURE 8. Geochemical classification diagrams for the Harizha granitoids: (A) TAS (after Middlemost and Sun 1985); (B) Al₂O₃/(Na₂O+K₂O) versus Al₂O₃/(CaO+Na₂O+K₂O) (Maniar and Piccoli, 1989); (C) K₂O versus SiO₂ (after Middlemost 1985); (D) (Na₂O+K₂O-CaO) versus SiO₂ (Frost et al., 2001).

The rocks have total rare earth element (REE) contents of 46.13–211.16 ppm (avg. 132.05 ppm), and negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.21–0.60, avg. 0.41). In the chondrite-normalized REE plot (Figure 9A), the rocks show right-inclining patterns (LREE/HREE enrichment), with LREE/HREE = 4.30–12.82, (La/Yb)_N = 3.34–19.67, indicating significant fractionation (Han Z. H. et al., 2020). The rocks have slightly negative Ce anomalies (δCe = 0.89–1.07, avg. 0.98), indicating that the oxidized conditions were relatively stable during the magmatic evolution (Wang P. X. et al., 2020). In the primitive mantle-normalized multi-element spider diagram (Figure 9B), the element distribution curves of the different rock samples are similar, and are featured by enrichments in large ion lithophile elements (LILE; e.g., Rb, K), other incompatible elements (e.g., Th and U), and depletions in high field strength elements (HFSE; e.g., Nb, Th) (Table 3).

FIGURE 9

FIGURE 9. (A) Chondrite-normalized REE patterns; (B) Primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns. Chondrite and primitive-mantle normalizing values are from Sun and McDonough (1989) and Rudnick and Gao (2004), respectively.

5 Discussion

5.1 Petrogenesis and magma source

-From the diagram of Zr+Nb+Ce+Y−(K₂O+Na₂O)/CaO (Figure 10A), it can be seen that most of the samples fall into the I-, S- and M-type regions of the undifferentiation granite. In the diagram of SiO₂–Zr (Figure 10B), most of the samples fall into the S-type region. In general, A/CNK = 1.1 is the threshold for distinguishing I- from S-type granite (Sylvester, 1998). The aluminum saturation index of Harizha samples is between 1.02 and 1.68 (avg. 1.18). Therefore, we speculated that the Harizha samples have the characteristics of I- to S-type transitional granite.

FIGURE 10

FIGURE 10. (Zr+Nb+Ce+Y) versus (K₂O+Na₂O)/CaO diagrams of Harizha (A—A-type granite; FG—Fractionated I, S, M-type granite; OGT—Non-fractionated I, S, M-type granite; I—I-type granite). (A,B) S-S-type granite.

When discussing the magma source region, previous studies suggested that Rb/Sr > 0.5 and Nd/Th ≈ 3 indicate likely crustal material remelting during orogenic process (Gibbs, 1986; McDonough and Sun 1995; Xiao et al., 2002), similar to our samples (Rb/Sr = 0.44–2.69 (avg. 1.53); Nd/Th = 0.31–1.72 (avg. 1.15)), which indicates a crustal source for the Harizha granitoids. Meanwhile, the rocks have low Sr (56.20–306.50 ppm) but high Y (13.50–34.70 ppm) and Yb (1.04–3.51 ppm), consistent with the content of mafic rocks in the crust. The high SiO₂ and K₂O but low MgO contents, and the LREE/HREE enrichment again support a crustal magma source (Gao and Sun, 2021).

The zircon Lu-Hf isotope system has high closure temperature, and can reflect the Hf isotopes during petrogenesis (Wu et al., 2007). In this study, the ¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf ratios of the two samples were <0.002, and the variation range is very small. It shows that Hf isotopes are rarely accumulated after zircon formation, which can represent Hf isotopic composition of magmatic system during zircon formation (Zhang et al., 2020). The f _Lu/Hf ratios are significantly lower than the average continental crust (-0.55) (Griffin et al., 2000). Thus, its two Hf model ages (T_DM2) can better reflect the average crustal retention age of the source material (Huang et al., 2016). In the Age-ε_Hf (t) diagram (Figure 11), the granodiorite porphyry and granite porphyry samples from Harizha fall below the meteorite evolution line. The ε_Hf (t) value is mainly distributed between -8 and -4, and the corresponding T_DM2 is mainly concentrated between 1.5 and 1.8 Ga. In this study, the ε_Hf (t) values of granodiorite porphyry and granite porphyry are negative, indicating that the ancient crustal material was remelted.

FIGURE 11

FIGURE 11. U–Pb age versus ε_Hf(t) diagram of Lu-Hf isotopic evolution of zircon from the Harizha (Belousova et al., 2010)

5.2 Tectonic setting

Previous studies have shown that tectonic evolution of the East Kunlun Orogen mainly involved four stages: 1) ocean basin opening and expansion (Neoarchean–Proterozoic), 2) ocean basin subduction (Early Paleozoic), 3) continent-continent collision (Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic), and 4) post-collisional extension (Cenozoic-Mesozoic) (Liu et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2016). The Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic was the Paleo-Tethys orogenic period and was the main granite emplacement period in the East Kunlun (Xia et al., 2014; Feng et al., 2017; Xu et al., 2021). Some workers proposed that the Late Carboniferous-Late Permian (309–260 Ma) was the ocean-ridge formation and expansion stage. The Late Permian-Middle Triassic (260–230 Ma) was the ocean subduction stage. The Middle Triassic-Early Jurassic (230–190 Ma) was the intraplate orogenic stage (Guo and Deng, 1998; Li X. R. et al., 2020; Li et al., 2021). It is widely accepted that the Paleotethys have begun subduction in the East Kunlun in the Late Permian, and have changed from a subduction to a collision setting in the Middle Triassic (Guo et al., 2016; Wang K. et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2020). During the tectonic evolution, regional mantle-derived magma underplating, accompanied by partial melting of crustal rocks, may have formed voluminous calc-alkaline magmas (Figures 8C,D), and also many mafic rock units (Xin et al., 2019). In Yanshanian period, plate collision was close to the late stage, and the magmatism was mainly driven by crustal delamination in an extensional environment (Yang et al., 2010). The ore-bearing rocks in the East Kunlun Orogen were mainly formed in the Early-Middle Triassic subduction-continental collision stage (235–248 Ma), but a few of them were also formed in the Late Triassic post-collisional stage (204–219 Ma). For example, the Jiangjunmu ore-bearing granodiorite porphyry in the eastern East Kunlun was dated at 218 Ma (Yu et al., 2020), whilst the Huanglonggou granodiorite (also in eastern East Kunlun) was dated at 220 Ma (Zhang et al., 2017). In this study, emplacement of the ore-related Harizha granodiorite porphyry (217.3 ± 1.8 Ma) and granite porphyry (217.0 ± 1.7 Ma) was coeval with the post-collision stage in the East Kunlun Orogen (Gao et al., 2017). In addition, the samples plot in the volcanic arc-collisional granites field in the Nb-Y discrimination plot (Figure 12A) and in the post-collisional granites field in the Y+Nb-Rb discrimination plot (Figure 12B)), which also suggests that the Harizha granites were formed in a post-collisional extension environment (Han J. J. et al., 2020).

FIGURE 12

FIGURE 12. Tectonic discrimination diagrams for the Harizha granitoids: (A) Nb versus Y (Pearce, Harris, and Tindle, 1984); (B) Rb versus (Y + Nb) (Pearce, Harris, and Tindle, 1984). Abbreviations: Syn-COLG, syn-collisional granites; Post-COLG, post-collisional granites; WPG, within-plate granites. VAG, volcanic arc granites; ORG, ocean ridge granites.

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Author contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by WZ and CX. The first draft of the manuscript was written by WZ. CX, WZ, and ZH made field investigation and collected samples; SZ and CQ took part in the experiments; CX and WZ interpreted all the data and finished the original draft of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by the Application Basic Research Project of Qinghai Science and Technology Plan (2020-ZJ-762).

Acknowledgments

We thank the Laboratory of the Hebei Institute of Regional Geology and Mineral Resources Survey, the State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics (Northwest University), and the Department of Geological Engineering (Qinghai University) for providing technical and platform support for the analyses in this study.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

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