Eliane Porto Barboza1*
Gustavo Oliveira dos Santos1†
Caroline Montez2†
Luiza Abreu Sendra2†Esio de Oliveira Vieira1†Waldimir Carvalho1†
Vinicius Farias Ferreira2†- 1Department of Dental Clinic, Federal Fluminense University School of Dentistry, Niterói, Brazil
- 2Graduate Program, Federal Fluminense University School of Dentistry, Niterói, Brazil
Personal protective equipment is used to prevent healthcare workers from contaminants. With the advent of COVID-19 pandemic, the use of effective PPE becomes more critical to avoiding infection by SARS-CoV-2. This preclinical double-blind study evaluated the performance of surgical gown textiles for penetration resistance against aerosols. The different textiles were divided into seven groups: (1) SMS PP OE Phobic; (2) Laminated Phobic; (3) Medical Barrier; (4) Trilayer Fabric; (5) Impermeable gown; (6) Impermeable with heat sealing tape; and (7) Clean Wear. All groups were exposed to aerosol-generating procedure for 5 min, according to Barboza et al. 2020. All measurements were recorded and exported to a datasheet for analysis using SPSS software. The groups showed significant differences (p < 0.01). Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 proved to be effective barriers against aerosols and presented a constant behavior. Groups 1 and 7 showed pigmented areas of 13.05 and 48.23%, respectively, suggesting that, in the present test model, these water-repellent and antimicrobial fabrics were not effective barriers against 5-min aerosols generated by a high-speed dental handpiece. Polyethylene or polyurethane laminated fabrics were efficient against 5-min aerosols. The SMS textile, globally used for surgical gowns, and the cotton fabric, impregnated with nanoparticles, were not effective barriers. The breathability and comfort of these textiles should be tested in future studies. Healthcare workers should be aware of the exact specifications of their surgical gown textiles.
Introduction
The global contamination of thousands of healthcare professionals by SARS-CoV-2 has stimulated research on personal protective equipment—PPE (1), which includes gloves, face shields, aprons, gowns, protective glasses, and masks. With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of effective PPE becomes more critical to avoiding contamination and spread of the coronavirus (2–4).
The challenge for some healthcare workers has been even greater due to exposure to aerosol-generating procedures (5). For these reasons, surgical gowns should be liquid-proof, not only to prevent blood-borne pathogens, but also to protect aerosol particles from penetrating through the protective clothing (6, 7). Besides, protective gowns should be breathable to promote comfort of healthcare workers for long hours (6, 8).
Our recent study evaluated three different weights of non-woven textiles (spunbond 40, 60, and 80 g/m2). The aerosol was able to penetrate all samples in single or folded formats, except for 80 g/m2 folded. Our findings suggested that healthcare workers exposed to daily aerosol-generating procedures should be aware of the exact specification and performance of the textiles used in the manufacture of their disposable garments (9). If it is not possible to wear an impermeable surgical gown during aerosol-generating procedures, a plastic garment associated with a disposable garment should be worn, as recommended by the World Health Organization (9–11).
This study evaluated the penetration resistance against aerosols of textiles used in the manufacture of surgical gowns.
Materials and Methods
This preclinical double-blind study compared different textiles used to manufacture medical gowns. Seven groups were analyzed (Table 1). All groups were exposed to aerosol-generating procedures for 5 min (Figure 1), according to Barboza et al. (9). All measurements were recorded and exported to a datasheet for analysis using SPSS software (SPSS Statistics for Mac Version 22.0, IBM Corp. Armonk, NY, USA). The measured areas were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis test.
Table 1. Characteristics of test groups.
Figure 1. Study model. Note the standardized positions of the mannequin, high speed hand-piece and textile sample (9).
Results
Table 2 presents the mean, standard deviation, and percentage of pigmented area for each group. The groups presented significant differences (p < 0.01). Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 showed no pigmented areas, acting as a constant. However, groups 1 and 7 allowed the penetration of aerosol, suggesting that these fabrics, although water-repellent, were not effective barriers. Figure 2 shows pigmentations in groups 1 and 7 after natural drying. Figure 3 shows the distribution of pigmented areas for all groups.
Table 2. Pigmented area mean, standard deviation, and percentage.
Figure 2. Representative images of pigmentations after natural drying. (A) Group 1; (B) Group 7.
Figure 3. Distribution of pigmented areas for all groups.
Discussion
The present work evaluated the penetration resistance against aerosols of different textiles used in the manufacture of medical gowns. With the advent of COVID-19, the challenge of self-protection by some healthcare workers has been even greater given their exposure to aerosol-generating procedures, their close proximity to the patient, and the impossibility for the patient to wear a mask during the procedure (1–4).
Seven different fabrics commercially used in the manufacture of surgical gowns were analyzed. The samples of SMS (six layers—SSMMMS—Spunbond, Spunbond, Meltblown, Meltblown, Meltblown, Spunbond), globally used in the manufacture of surgical gowns, did not produce an effective barrier against aerosols. Similarly, group 7 was not efficient as a barrier against aerosols. Interestingly, both fabrics are described as water-repellent. The Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation has issued a standard for liquid barrier performance and classification of protective apparel, including surgical gowns (10). Four levels of liquid barrier performance were defined based on liquid impact penetration, hydrostatic pressure, and blood penetration properties using the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) tests. The AATCC 42 water resistance impact penetration test determines the ability of a material to resist water penetration under spray impact (11). In addition, the AATCC 127 water resistance hydrostatic pressure test determines the ability of a material to resist water penetration under constant contact with increasing pressure (12). Both tests aim to provide materials certification (11, 12). However, the time of exposure to the liquid (<5 s) by either impact or spray in those tests does not simulate the daily exposure of healthcare workers, especially dentists, to aerosol-generating procedures. The present study is a continuation of our previous work that evaluated three different non-woven weights, in single and folded formats (9). Except for the group of 80 g/m2 folded, all groups presented pigmented areas ranging from 16.18 to 35.68%, suggesting that the one-layer non-woven textiles were not effective barriers against uninterrupted 5-min aerosol-generating procedures. In both studies, we did not aim to certify the investigated products, but to inform the aerosol barrier property of the product that healthcare workers are possibly purchasing as an item of their PPE. An innovative methodology, simulating a dental procedure, using an aerosol-generating apparatus was used (9). A visual method was chosen to test the capacity of the samples to act as an effective barrier. A better visualization of the area (mm2) passing through the textiles and pigmenting the paper sheet was possible by tinting the water with a red dye. Group 1 and 7 resulted in 13.05 and 48.23% of pigmented areas, respectively (9). Although the methodology used simulates a dental procedure using aerosol from a high-speed dental handpiece, other apparatuses generate aerosols, exposing other professionals such as medical and laboratory workers.
Gowns with barrier protection levels 1, 2, and 3 have specific test requirements. However, gowns with protection levels 1 to 3 can provide increasing resistance to liquids. Only level 4 gowns are tested for viral penetration resistance using the ASTM F1671 test. The present study did not evaluate the microorganism penetration, but groups 4 and 7 presented viral barrier certificates against many bacteria (13). One of the benefits of fabrics with antiviral properties is the reduction of the risk of cross-contamination (14). The impermeable samples containing one layer of polyethylene (groups 2, 3, 5, and 6) or polyurethane (group 4) were effective against aerosols. Group 6, with a heat seal tape in the seams, promoted a better protection. For Unsal et al. (15), the most important factors for textile wettability are surface tension and pore width. Lamination or the use of membranes seems to give textiles waterproof ability (15). Nevertheless, the textile per se can be an efficient barrier. However, a protective barrier can be obtained by associating different materials in specific areas of greater exposure (15).
Another important factor to be considered is textile breathability, which is evaluated by ISO 11092 standards (16). A breathable textile allows healthcare workers to wear PPE comfortably for several hours without excess perspiration and with a significant reduction of the risk of hyperthermia. This factor is essential for a textile to be used in PPE (17, 18). The present study evaluated four polyethylene laminated textiles (groups 2, 3, 5, and 6) and found they are efficient barriers against aerosols. However, the comfort and breathability of the textiles were not evaluated. Group 4 was described as “breathable fabric,” according to a certificate of fabric breathability (class 3-−180 min of continuous work at a temperature of 25°C). This fabric is composed of polyester, a waterproof and breathable polyurethane membrane, and polyester. The fabric in group 7 (100% cotton) has also been used in the manufacture of masks, which suggests its breathability. Studies comparing the breathability of fabrics for the manufacture of PPE for healthcare workers have regained popularity as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Long hours of work in hospitals require breathable garments.
It should be highlighted that dentists should wear garments that provide barriers against microorganisms and aerosols. This may be different for some physicians, who require only microbial barrier protection. In this context, textiles with different weights and different waterproofing layers should provide the final product with different use capabilities, thereby meeting the needs of each healthcare worker (14, 15).
This study only evaluated protection against aerosol penetration. A suction device was not used in this methodology. This could be interpreted as a limitation of this work. However, in most countries, suction tip has been used to suction saliva, not the aerosol. A common misunderstanding among many users is that they are protected from body fluids, blood, and other potentially infectious materials when they wear any type of fluid-resistant garment. Water repellency may be mistaken for impermeability. (19) A water-repellent material may allow fluid penetration depending upon the amount of liquid and time of exposure, as shown in the present study. Nevertheless, healthcare professionals who work with aerosols should wear impermeable gowns. Several studies have also reported that when liquid containing microorganisms penetrate a material, microorganisms are carried along with the liquid, and penetration is possible without liquid being visible (20–22). However, future research should test not only the wettability of surgical gown textiles, but also microorganism barrier protection, breathability, and comfort.
Conclusion
The SMS and cotton fabrics impregnated with nanoparticles did not offer protection against aerosols. Non-woven laminated textiles with polyethylene and Trilayer Fabric with a polyurethane membrane proved to be efficient barriers against the 5-min aerosol-generating procedure. We suggest that healthcare workers, when exposed to aerosols, be aware of the exact specifications of their surgical gown material, for their safety. If the professional does not have access to an impermeable gown, wearing a plastic garment associated with a disposable gown is mandatory, following the WHO standards (2014, 2020).
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.
Author Contributions
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Fitesa® (Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil) for the SMS PP OE Phobic and Laminated Phobic samples; EzdocBrazil (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil) for the Medical Barrier samples; Maior Proteção (Taubaté, SP, Brazil) for the Trilayer Fabric; Cotebras (São Paulo, SP, Brazil) for the impermeable heat seal tape samples, and Nanowear (Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil) for the Clean Wear samples. The authors have purchased the impermeable gowns (group 5) from Americanas.com (Brazil). The product is distributed by FA Maringa (Maringá, PR, Brazil).
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Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, personal protective equipment, health personnel, dental infection control
Citation: Barboza EP, dos Santos GO, Montez C, Sendra LA, Vieira EdO, Carvalho W and Ferreira VF (2021) Evaluation of Surgical Gown Textiles for Resistance Against Aerosols: A Preclinical Double-Blind Study. Front. Dent. Med. 2:654911. doi: 10.3389/fdmed.2021.654911
Received: 17 January 2021; Accepted: 09 March 2021;
Published: 06 April 2021.
Edited by:
Kristina Bertl, Malmö University, SwedenReviewed by:
Gaetano Isola, University of Catania, ItalyRenato Correa Viana Casarin, Campinas State University, Brazil
Copyright © 2021 Barboza, dos Santos, Montez, Sendra, Vieira, Carvalho and Ferreira. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Eliane Porto Barboza, ZWxpYW5lcG9ydG8udWZmJiN4MDAwNDA7Z21haWwuY29t
†These authors have contributed equally to this work