Global research status analysis of the association between aortic aneurysm and inflammation: a bibliometric analysis from 1999 to 2023

Background: Aortic aneurysm is a chronic arterial disease that can lead to aortic rupture, causing severe complications and life-threatening risks for patients, and it is one of the common causes of death among the elderly. Increasing evidence suggests that inflammation plays an important role in the progression of aortic aneurysm. However, there is a lack of literature-based quantitative analysis in this field.

Methods: Up to March 30, 2023, we collected 3,993 articles related to aortic aneurysm and inflammation from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database for bibliometric analysis. The collected literature data were subjected to visual analysis of regional distribution, institutions, authors, keywords, and other information using tools such as CiteSpace, VOSviewer, the R package “bibliometric,” and online platforms.

Results: The number of publications in this research field has been steadily increasing each year, with the United States and China being the main contributing countries. Harvard University in the United States emerged as the most active and influential research institution in this field. Jonathan Golledge and Peter Libby were identified as the authors with the highest publication output and academic impact, respectively. Researchers in this field tend to publish their findings in influential journals such as the Journal of Vascular Surgery and Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. “Abdominal aortic aneurysm,” “giant cell arteritis,” “arterial stiffness,” and “smooth muscle cells” were identified as the hottest topics in the field of aortic aneurysm and inflammation. In terms of keyword co-occurrence analysis, “Clinical relevant studies of AA“ (red), “Inflammatory activation” (green), “Inflammatory mechanisms related to pathogenesis” (dark blue), “Cytokines” (yellow), “Risk factors” (purple), and “Pathological changes in vascular wall” (cyan) formed the major research framework in this field. “Inflammation-related pathogenesis” and “inflammation activation” have emerged as recent hot research directions, with “monocytes,” “progression,” and “proliferation” being the prominent topics.

Conclusion: This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the knowledge network framework and research hotspots in the field of aortic aneurysm and inflammation through a literature-based quantitative approach. It offers valuable insights to guide scholars in identifying meaningful research directions in this field.

1. Introduction

The aortic aneurysm (AA) refers to the abnormal dilation of the arterial wall caused by structural abnormalities or damage, characterized by an expansion exceeding 50% of the original diameter of the artery. It commonly occurs in the abdominal and thoracic aorta. AA is a vascular disease of the aorta with insidious onset, lack of specific symptoms, and signs. As AA progresses, it may lead to aortic rupture or formation of an aortic dissection, resulting in high mortality and morbidity rates. Age (>60 years), hypertension, smoking, and multifactorial degenerative changes in the aorta are known important risk factors contributing to the development of AA (1). With the global ageing population and increased prevalence of hypertension, the incidence and detection rate of AA are gradually rising. Therefore, investigating the mechanisms underlying the development of AA is of great significance. Smooth muscle cell (SMC) loss, extracellular matrix degradation, and endothelial cell injury are considered the major pathological features and key factors in the development of AA. The activation of inflammatory cells and associated inflammatory mechanisms are believed to contribute to the aforementioned pathological changes and drive the progression of AA (2–4). An increasing number of studies are focusing on the role and mechanisms of inflammatory cells and inflammatory responses in the pathogenesis of AA, aiming to explore novel therapeutic approaches for AA.

Bibliometrics is an interdisciplinary science that utilizes mathematical and statistical methods to quantitatively analyze the interrelationships among various knowledge sources. It has been widely applied in analyzing research characteristics and trends, playing a crucial role in scientific research. Through the analytical methods of bibliometrics, we can gain a more comprehensive and clear understanding of the current status of a research field. Despite significant advances in the pathology and etiology research of AA, our understanding of the inflammatory cells and related inflammatory responses contributing to the onset of arterial aneurysm remains limited, lacking systematic and specialized analysis. Therefore, we employed common visualization analysis tools in bibliometrics, such as CiteSpace, VOSviewer, the “bibliometric” package in R, as well as online platform (https://bibliometric.com/app) to conduct a visual analysis of relevant literature on AA and inflammation from 1999 to 2023. Through analyzing the research characteristics and identifying the hot trends in this field, we aim to provide valuable insights for future studies.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Data source and collation

As of March 30, 2023, we conducted a literature search in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E) of the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. The search query used was TS = (aortic aneurysm OR AAA OR thoracic aneurysm OR abdominal aneurysm) and TS = (inflammatory OR inflammation OR inflammations). We only included literature data that met the criteria of being original articles and reviews, written in English. In total, 3,993 articles were collected (Figure 1). The literature full records, along with their cited references, were exported and organized in plain text format. The organized literature data was subjected to visual analysis using tools such as CiteSpace, VOSviewer, the “bibliometric” package in R, and online platforms.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. The Literatures screening flowchart.

2.2. Bibliometric analysis and visualization

CiteSpace and VOSviewer are powerful and commonly used bibliometric tools that facilitate the analysis and visualization of academic literature (5, 6). They enable us to gain a deeper understanding of the knowledge structure and research trends in the academic field, as well as discover new research directions and opportunities. We utilized CiteSpace (version 6.2.R4) to conduct keyword clustering analysis and explore evolutionary paths in the literature, including the dual-map overlay visualization and citation bursts of publications. Additionally, we used VOSviewer [Version 1.6.18(0)] to analyze the literature for the country and inter-institutional collaboration networks, to build networks of cited authors and co-cited authors and co-cited journals, and to analyze keywords for co-occurrence. we utilized the R package “bibliometric” to analyze the international collaborations and to analyze the influence of authors. Furthermore, we organized the literature data and imported it into the online platform (https://bibliometric.com/app) to generate a world map visualization of the literature. We also imported the data on the number of publications in different years into Microsoft Office Excel [version 16.73(23051401)] to create fitted curves representing the publication trends over time.

3. Results

3.1. Annual trend of publications

We conducted a search in the WoSCC database for research literature related to aortic aneurysm and inflammation and identified a total of 3,993 original articles and reviews published between 1999 and 2023. From 1999 to 2019, the number of publications showed a steady growth trend. In contrast, the growth in the number of papers accelerated significantly from 2019 onwards, with the peak year being 2022 (n = 354, 8.86%). As of 2022, the average annual publication rate was 164.96 papers (Figure 2A). Based on the fitted curve (R² = 0.9591), we predict that in the next decade (2032), the number of publications in the field could reach 732 papers (Figure 2B).

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. (A) Line diagram of the number of annual publications in the field. (B) Trend forecast of annual output volume (R² = 0.9591) with an anticipated 732 publications in 2032.

3.2. Countries/regions and institutions analysis

In the field, a total of 76 countries and regions have published 3,993 papers between 1999 and 2023 (Figure 3A). Among them, the United States (1,163 papers, 29.13%), China (711 papers, 17.81%), Japan (527 papers, 13.20%), the United Kingdom (319 papers, 7.99%), and Germany (263 papers, 6.59%) are the top five countries in terms of publication volume. They are also the top five countries with the highest citation counts (Table 1). Through co-occurrence analysis of the countries, it was found that the United States and China serve as the research cores in this field, with Japan, the United Kingdom, and Germany forming research cores of their own. There is close collaboration between high-publishing countries and other nations, particularly among the United States, China, Japan, and the United Kingdom (Figures 3B–D). By analyzing the literature, we found that the top ten institutions with the highest publication volume are primarily from the United States and China (Table 2). Among them, Harvard University, Peking Union Medical College, and Stanford University are the top three institutions in terms of publication output. It is noteworthy that China has experienced rapid growth in research output since 2016 and has become the leading country in terms of publication volume in recent years. Chinese universities and research institutions have gradually become popular research entities in this field (Figures 4A,B).

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. (A) Bar chart of the top 10 countries in annual research paper output. (B) Co-occurrence analysis of countries with research paper output exceeding 10. (C) Chord diagram of international collaborations among countries. (D) World geographic network map of research in this field.

TABLE 1

Table 1. Top 10 countries in number of publications and citations in the field of AA research related to inflammation.

TABLE 2

Table 2. Top 10 institutions in numbers of papers and citations in the field.

FIGURE 4

Figure 4. Visualization analysis of institutional collaborations in the field of AA research related to inflammation (A), as well as visual analysis of research institutions’ publications and collaborations in different time periods (B).

3.3. Co-authorship and co-citation authors

A total of 18,161 authors were included in the literature on AA and inflammation research. Approximately 4.23% of the authors had completed five or more papers. Using the “bibliometric” package in R, we conducted an analysis of the top 10 authors with the highest productivity and citation counts, as shown in Table 3. The majority of highly productive and influential scholars were from the United States and China. Jonathan Golledge, an Australian scholar, had the highest number of published papers, followed by Alan Daugherty and Gilbert R. Upchurch Jr., both from the United States. In terms of academic impact in the field, the top three authors were Peter Libby, Alan Daugherty, and Robert W. Thompson, all from the United States. Figure 5A illustrates the collaborative relationships among authors who have published ten or more papers. The main contributors to research achievements in this field were Peter Libby, Alan Daugherty, and Guoping Shi, forming a core scientific collaboration group. Additionally, they had collaborative relationships with Jonathan Golledge and Gilbert R. Upchurch Jr., who formed their own collaboration group. Furthermore, we identified the emergence of new collaborative groups after 2018, primarily represented by scholars Wei Wang and Nobuhiro Zaima from China and Japan (Figure 5B), respectively. In the author co-citation analysis (Figure 5C), it was observed that Jonathan Golledge and Alan Daugherty had similar research trends and formed the most influential research cluster in this field.

TABLE 3

Table 3. Top 10 authors in the number of publications and total co-citations in the field.

FIGURE 5

Figure 5. Visualization analysis of author collaborations in the field (A), publication volume and collaborations in different time periods (B), and visualization analysis of co-cited authors (C).

3.4. Analysis of journals and research domains

According to the statistics, a total of 3,993 literature documents in this field were included in the study, which were published in 974 different journals. We conducted a visualization analysis of the journals in this field (with publication of 10 or more papers) using VOSviewer software (Figure 6A). The top 10 journals with the highest publication output in this field are currently the Journal of Vascular Surgery, Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Annals of Vascular Surgery, and European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, all of which have published over 100 papers (Table 4). Co-cited journals refer to a group of journals that are simultaneously cited by other articles. The visualization analysis software constructs a network of journal nodes based on the citation relationships among the literature, displaying the influence and importance of these journals in the relevant field. The Journal of Vascular Surgery, Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Circulation, and Journal of Clinical Investigation are the most influential core journals in this field (Figure 6B; Table 5).

FIGURE 6

Figure 6. (A) Visualization analysis of journals with publication volume ≥10 articles. (B) Visualization analysis of journals with co-citations ≥200 times, and (C) dual-map overlay of journals in this research field.

TABLE 4

Table 4. Top 10 journals in the number of publications in the field.

TABLE 5

Table 5. Top 10 journals in the number of co-citations in the field.

The dual-map overlay of journals provides valuable insights for researchers to gain a deeper understanding of citation and collaboration relationships among different journals in the academic field, revealing the structure and dynamics of the academic network (5). Figure 6C depicts the overlay of journals based on the literature data in this study, with the left and right sides representing citing and cited journals, respectively. The colored lines connecting from citing to cited journals represent citation links, indicating the citation relationships among the journals. It is noteworthy that the elliptical shape of the journal labels vertically expands with the increasing number of published papers, while the horizontal axis widens with a greater number of authors. Figure 6C highlights four main citation pathways in orange and green. The literature published in the fields of Molecular/Biology/Immunology and Medicine/Medical/Clinical is cited by literature published in the fields of Molecular/Biology/Genetics and Health/Nursing/Medicine.

3.5. Citation and co-citation analysis

In this research field, a total of 278 articles have been cited 100 times or more (Figure 7A). Further co-citation analysis was conducted using VOSviewer, visualizing influential articles (Figure 7B). Highly co-cited literature forms a crucial foundation in this investigative domain, providing substantial references and valuable insights. Among them, the top 10 most co-cited articles are listed in Table 6. The article titled “Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 work in concert to produce aortic aneurysms” has been co-cited 391 times, “Angiotensin II promotes atherosclerotic lesions and aneurysms in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice” has been co-cited 348 times, “Inflammation and cellular immune responses in abdominal aortic aneurysms” has been co-cited 296 times, “Inflammatory cytokines in vascular dysfunction and vascular disease” has been co-cited 268 times, and “Inflammation and matrix metalloproteinases in the enlarging abdominal aortic aneurysm” has been co-cited 256 times.

FIGURE 7

Figure 7. (A) Visualization analysis of documents with ≥100 citations. (B) Co-cited analysis of documents with ≥80 co-citations. (C) The top 25 references with the strongest bursts documents in this field.

TABLE 6

Table 6. The top 10 documents with the most co-citations in this field.

Additionally, we conducted burst citation analysis using CiteSpace to identify the reference articles that have captured researchers’ interest in the field of aortic aneurysm and inflammation within a certain period. The top 25 articles are displayed (Figure 7C). The paper titled “Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 work in concert to produce aortic” ranked first (Strength = 41.73) and was published in The Journal of Clinical Investigation in 2002, with a citation burst from 2003 to 2007. The most highly cited paper in recent years (Strength = 40.93) is “Abdominal aortic aneurysm: update on pathogenesis and medical treatments” by Jonathan Golledge, published in the journal Nature Reviews Cardiology in 2019, with citation burst continuing to the present.

3.6. Analysis of keywords and evolution of hotspots

A cluster analysis of all literature keywords in this study was conducted using the LSI algorithm based on CiteSpace keyword clustering analysis (Figure 8A). The keywords were divided into 16 clusters and named after the keyword with the highest frequency in each cluster. The smaller the ID number of the cluster, the larger the size of the cluster. Among them, “abdominal aortic aneurysm,” “giant cell arteritis,” “arterial stiffness,” and “smooth muscle cells” were among the largest clusters. Through CiteSpace, we performed keyword burst analysis on the top 35 keywords with the highest frequency (Figure 8B) to understand the frequency and duration of keyword appearances at different time points, thereby identifying the development trajectory of research hotspots. We found that “Monocytes,” “Progression,” and “Proliferation” were the most frequent and long-lasting research topics in the past five years.

FIGURE 8

Figure 8. (A) visualization analysis of keyword clustering in the field of AA research related to inflammation, resulting in a total of 16 clustered groups. (B) Top 35 keywords with the strongest citation burst in this field.

Keyword co-occurrence analysis is a bibliometric analysis method used to explore the association and common occurrence of keywords in a research field. It helps researchers discover the correlation between keywords, reveal the connections between research topics, and identify the hotspots and trends in the research field. Using VOSviewer, we performed co-occurrence analysis on keywords (709 in total) that appeared at least 10 times in the titles and abstracts of the literature (Figure 9A). The analysis identified six major categories: “Clinical relevant studies of AA” (red), “Inflammatory activation” (green), “Inflammatory mechanisms related to pathogenesis” (dark blue), “Cytokines” (yellow), “Risk factors” (purple), and “Pathological changes in vascular wall” (cyan). In the “Inflammatory activation” cluster, “smooth muscle” and “oxidative stress” were core keywords, while in the “Inflammatory mechanisms related to pathogenesis” cluster, “macrophages” and “matrix metalloproteinases” were highly frequent core keywords. As shown in Figure 9B, the appearance time of the keywords was color-coded, and the label size represented the frequency of keyword occurrence. “Inflammatory activation” and “Inflammatory mechanisms related to pathogenesis” are hot topics that have emerged in the field of arterial aneurysm research in recent years. In the timeline graph of keywords, we found that “Smooth Muscle Cells”, “Oxidative Stress” and “Experimental Animal” are the most frequently mentioned keywords in recent years (Figure 9C).

FIGURE 9

Figure 9. (A) Visualization analysis of keyword co-occurrence reveals six clustered groups based on keyword clustering. (B) Visualization of keywords at different time periods in keyword co-occurrence analysis. (C) The timeline graph of keyword clustering (LSI) was generated using CiteSpace.

4. Discussion

AA is a chronic arterial disease encompassing abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA). Typically, this condition presents without obvious symptoms. However, as the aortic pathology progresses, it can lead to aortic rupture and aortic dissection, posing severe complications and life-threatening risks to patients. In some developed countries, approximately 1%–2% of males over 65 years old suffered from AAA (6, 7), and AAA accounts for 1.3% of deaths in men aged 65–85 (8), making it one of the common causes of mortality in the elderly (9). In contrast, although the prevalence of TAA is lower than that of AAA, patients with ruptured TAA have a significantly higher risk of mortality compared to AAA patients (10–13). Due to the inconspicuous clinical features of AA, early diagnosis poses challenges. Currently, there are no effective pharmacological treatments for AA, and surgical intervention remains the only viable approach. Presently, inflammatory responses are widely recognized as typical pathological changes in the development of AA. Numerous studies have unequivocally demonstrated a close association between aortic structural alterations in AA and inflammatory responses, with significant progress made in understanding the role of inflammation in AA (14, 15). However, it was not until recent years that researchers began to consider inflammatory responses as a key initiating factor in the AA pathological process (16, 17). Nonetheless, there remains a degree of uncertainty regarding the activating factors of immune cells within AA and the mechanisms underlying inflammatory responses. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze the current research status of AA in the context of inflammation and identify more meaningful research directions related to AA and inflammation.

To address the aforementioned issues and meet the research needs, this study employed the method of bibliometric analysis for the first time. Using tools such as CiteSpace, VOSviewer, Bibliometric, and other online analysis tools, the literature in this research field was analyzed. Visual and quantitative analysis of basic information such as the number of publications, countries of publication, research institutions and authors, journals, and keywords was conducted to summarize and summarize the research outcomes and advancements.

4.1. General overview of the research field

From January 1999 to April 2023, a total of 3,993 research papers were published in the field of AA and inflammation. The number of publications has steadily increased each year, indicating a growing recognition and attention to research in this field. Statistics on the number of publications per year by country reveal that the United States, China, Japan, the United Kingdom, and Germany were the major contributing countries in this field. Among them, the United States had the highest publication output, which has remained stable in recent years. China ranked second, but since 2013, the number of publications from China has rapidly increased, surpassing the United States and becoming the country with the highest annual publication output after 2020 (Figure 3A). This indicates that scholars in the United States have continued to delve into this field, while Chinese scholars have actively engaged in related research, driven by increased research funding and scholarly attention. Close collaborations exist among high-output countries, especially with frequent exchanges involving Chinese scholars. Institution analysis revealed that research institutions such as Harvard University, University of Kentucky, Stanford University, and Washington University in the United States were at the forefront in terms of publication output and citations, indicating their authoritative research funding and achievements. As a rising star in this field, Chinese research institutions such as Capital Medical University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences emerged as the most influential and productive institutions in China, jointly leading the development of this field since 2016 with their counterparts in the United States (Figure 4). To gain a deeper understanding of the focal topics in this research field, researchers should explore the research directions and achievements of institutions such as Harvard University, University of Kentucky, Stanford University, and Washington University, while also paying attention to the current status and relevant literature of emerging research institutions like Capital Medical University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Establishing collaborative relationships and jointly exploring the hot topics in this field are crucial. Author analysis revealed that Jonathan Golledge from James Cook University in Australia had the highest number of publications, followed by Alan Daugherty and Gilbert R. Upchurch Jr from the United States, and Guoping Shi from China. Jonathan Golledge, Alan Daugherty, and Guoping Shi were the top three authors with the highest co-citations, indicating their significant impact and substantial academic contributions in this field (Table 3). Further analysis of co-citation among authors showed that Jonathan Golledge and Alan Daugherty formed the most influential research group. Impact Factor (IF) and Journal Citation Reports (JCR) ranking are indicators used to evaluate the influence of journals, with high IF values and higher-ranking JCR zones representing journals with greater impact. In the research on AA and inflammation, 60% of the top 10 most influential journals belonged to the highest JCR zone (JCR1) and had high IF values, with the highest impact factor observed in the New England Journal of Medicine (Table 5). Furthermore, research related to AA and inflammation was mainly published in high-impact journals in the fields of immunology, molecular biology, basic medicine, and clinical medicine, such as Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Circulation, Journal of Clinical Investigation, and Journal of Vascular Surgery (Figure 6B). These visualized analysis data provide valuable references for researchers to identify research directions, track research hotspots, and guide future journal submissions.

4.2. Research trends and exploration of hot topics

Highly cited literature not only reflects its influence in the research field but also represents the cornerstone of a specific research area within a certain timeframe (18). In the early studies of this field, G. Matthew Longo discovered that the occurrence of AAA was significantly reduced in MMP-9 KO and MMP-2 KO mice using a CaCl₂-induced AAA model. However, the occurrence of AAA in MMP-9 KO mice was significantly increased after reconstitution with wild-type macrophages, accompanied by inflammatory infiltration and aggravation of aortic pathology, suggesting the promotion of AAA development by MMP-9 secreted by macrophages (19). Additionally, in the early studies summarizing the role of inflammatory response in AAA, Koichi Shimizu pointed out, particularly in sporadic AA, the Th1-type immune response-related cytokines (such as IFN-γ) are crucial for inflammatory cell recruitment during early aortic pathology in AAA (20). In the continuous progression of AAA, Th2-type immune response-related cytokines and chemokines (such as IL-4) play an important role (21). It was suggested that early specific targeting of Th1-type cytokines, as well as inhibition of Th2-type immune response-related factors, could be potential therapeutic strategies for AAA progression.

In the past, the prevailing theory regarding the pathogenesis of AAA suggested that inflammation only played a significant role in about 5% of AAA cases (22). However, in 2019, Jonathan Golledge proposed a new theory on the pathogenesis of AAA in his paper titled “Abdominal aortic aneurysm: update on pathogenesis and medical treatments” published in the journal “Nature Reviews Cardiology”. In contrast to previous perspectives, Golledge emphasized the importance of disruption in the aortic immune environment mediated by genetic and environmental factors as key contributors to AAA development. He pointed out that innate immune cells such as neutrophils and monocyte/macrophages, as well as adaptive immune cells including T cells and B cells, may play crucial roles in the progression of AAA. Golledge also highlighted the potential of intervening in the innate or adaptive immune processes during AAA development as a promising direction for future therapeutic interventions (4). In his research, Golledge acknowledged that the efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs in treating AAA has shown limited results in some clinical trials (4). This may be due to the involvement of multiple inflammatory pathways in AAA pathogenesis, making it challenging to achieve satisfactory outcomes with anti-inflammatory treatments targeting a single inflammatory cell or mechanism. Additionally, for older patients with AAA, broad anti-inflammatory treatments may carry other risks. Therefore, the development of safer and more gentle novel anti-inflammatory approaches, including neutralizing key pathogenic inflammatory factors, holds promise as a prospective avenue for research and development.

In bibliometric studies, researchers typically utilize methods such as keyword clustering and co-occurrence analysis to outline the knowledge network framework in the field. Visual analysis of keyword bursts and timeline graphs effectively assists researchers in quickly understanding research trends and identifying new research directions (18). Through VOSviewer's co-occurrence analysis of keywords (Figure 8A), we identified that “clinical studies of aneurysms,” “inflammation activation,” “inflammation-related pathogenesis,” “inflammatory factors,” “risk factors,” and “vascular wall pathological changes” are the major research topics in this field.

In the clustering cluster of “Clinical relevant studies of AA,” high-frequency keywords include “Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm,” “Management,” “Diagnosis,” “Follow-Up,” and “Therapy,” which have been consistently appearing since 2010. This indicates that inflammation has received attention in the research field of abdominal aortic aneurysm and has been extensively studied in clinical observations. Some clinical studies have found that certain cytokines and inflammation-related factors, such as IL-6 and VEGF-2, are associated with the occurrence, development, and related severe complications of AAA (23, 24). Early animal model studies discovered that doxycycline can effectively inhibit the progressive dilation of the aorta (25–27). Subsequently, researchers intervened with different doses of doxycycline in patients undergoing elective open AAA repair, and they found that doxycycline can effectively reduce the infiltration of neutrophils and cytotoxic T cells in the diseased aortic wall, decrease IL-4, IL-13, and colony-stimulating factor levels in aortic tissue. Short-term doxycycline treatment was suggested to inhibit the occurrence and development of AAA through specific anti-inflammatory effects (28). Additionally, a study found that in patients undergoing open AAA repair surgery, the combined use of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (such as simvastatin) and cholesterol absorption inhibitors (such as ezetimibe) can effectively reduce MMP-9 and IL-6 levels in the aortic wall (29). The current research status mentioned above indicates that researchers dedicated to studying AAA may have realized the involvement of inflammatory responses as a crucial factor in the occurrence and development of AAA. Investigating the role and mechanisms of inflammatory responses during the development of AAA may better explain the causes of AAA occurrence, development, and related complications. However, the current relevant clinical research in this field is still insufficient, particularly lacking large-sample clinical randomized controlled trials, which would provide more reliable clinical evidence. In the next stage, multicenter collaborations and large-sample clinical randomized controlled studies may help address the research challenges in this field.

In the co-occurrence analysis clustering of keywords “Inflammation activation” and “Inflammation-related pathogenic mechanisms,” several high-frequency keywords emerged, such as SMC, Endothelial-Cell, Macrophage, Monocytes, T cell, and Extracellular Matrix. These keywords showed a concentrated appearance after 2015, indicating a strong correlation. On one hand, this suggests that research focuses on these keywords as hot topics. On the other hand, it indicates that the development of AAA is the result of multicellular interactions, rather than the sole influence of individual cells or factors. Studies have proposed a novel communication network between aortic endothelial cells, macrophages, and SMCs in AAA. Aortic endothelial cells release ATP to macrophages and SMCs through Pannexin-1 channels, promoting intercellular communication and facilitating AAA development. In this process, activation of macrophage P2X7 receptors triggers the release of mtDNA, increased secretion of IL-1β and HMGB1, thereby exacerbating local inflammation in the aorta. Additionally, activation of SMC P2Y2 receptors and TRPV4 channels leads to SMC phenotype transformation (30). Research by Bo Liu's team found that certain components in the extracellular matrix, such as platelet response protein-1, promote AAA development by regulating the physiological activity of monocyte macrophages (31). Emerging single-cell sequencing studies in recent years have revealed the heterogeneity of SMCs, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, macrophages, and other immune cells in AAA development. Single-cell sequencing analysis of mouse AAA tissue by Bo Liu's team revealed a decrease in the proportion of SMCs and fibroblasts in AAA, while an increase in the proportion of macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, accompanied by characteristic transcriptional changes compared to cells in the normal aorta (32).

As research advances, increasing attention is being directed towards immune cells in the progression of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AA). Among these cells, neutrophils, one of the largest subsets of immune cells, are gaining prominence. Neutrophils exhibit rapid response capabilities, swiftly migrating to sites of damage or infection, thereby initiating immune reactions. Within the aortic lesion sites of AA, neutrophils constitute a major component of inflammatory cells. They contribute to arterial wall damage by releasing substances such as myeloperoxidase, matrix metalloproteinases, elastase, among others (33–35). Furthermore, activated neutrophils at these lesion sites can exacerbate the inflammatory response by forming extracellular traps, promoting the activation of Th17 cells and macrophages, leading to increased release of pro-inflammatory factors, and a reduction in vascular smooth muscle cells, thereby driving the progression of AA (36). Additionally, monocytes and macrophages, as the principal inflammatory cell populations in AA, play pivotal roles in the disease's progression. Monocytes are typically categorized into three subtypes based on CD14 and CD16 expression: classical monocytes (CD14⁺⁺CD16⁻), intermediate monocytes (CD14⁺⁺CD6⁻), and non-classical monocytes (CD14⁺CD16⁺⁺⁾. Classical monocytes play a significant role in innate immunity and possess the potential to promote tissue repair (37, 38). CD14⁺⁺CD16⁻ monocytes, on the other hand, have been found to exhibit phagocytic and pro-inflammatory characteristics (39, 40). Relevant research has shown a significant increase in CD14⁺⁺CD16⁻ monocytes and a decrease in CD14⁺⁺CD16⁻ monocytes in the peripheral blood of AA patients compared to healthy individuals. However, studies on the CD14⁺CD16⁺⁺ monocytes have yielded inconsistent results (41, 42). The diversity of monocytes in AA indicates their relevance to the disease, and further investigation is warranted to comprehensively discuss the distinct functions of different monocyte subtypes in the pathogenesis of AA. Furthermore, with the continuous advancement of research techniques, there have been new insights into the origins of macrophages in tissue organs. Some macrophages in the heart and blood vessels originate from embryonic resident macrophages, which can self-renew through proliferation to maintain tissue homeostasis. Another portion of macrophages arises from the differentiation and residency of bone marrow-derived monocytes. These macrophages from different sources exhibit distinct physiological functions during the inflammatory response. Studies have indicated an increased number of macrophages with altered phenotypes in the full thickness of AA lesions, suggesting that macrophage increase and polarization play a critical role throughout the progression of AA (43). Both embryonic-origin and circulation-derived macrophages participate in macrophage infiltration and phenotypic changes in the diseased aorta (44). However, the role of macrophages from different sources, especially embryonic-origin macrophages, in the progression of AA has made some progress but still requires further research to elucidate their roles and pathogenic mechanisms in AA.

Based on the results of the keyword visualization analysis, it suggests that researchers may need to approach the study of AAA from multiple perspectives to better understand its dynamic process of occurrence and development. In the literature of this research field, “Cytokines” is one of the main keyword clusters in co-occurrence analysis. Additionally, in the timeline visualization of keywords, “plasma biomarkers” is a keyword cluster that has attracted researchers’ attention in the past 15 years. Increasing clinical and basic research has confirmed the relevance of inflammatory-related cytokines as important factors involved in the development of AA. For example, TNF can amplify immune response and inflammatory damage, leading to SMC injury or even death, promoting increased release of MMPs, and disrupting the extracellular matrix, playing a crucial role in the process of aortic dilation (45). Clinical studies have indicated that elevated levels of TNF in the serum of AAA patients are significantly associated with AAA symptoms, and levels of IL-6 and IL-8 are positively correlated with aneurysm diameter (46). Increased levels of IFN-γ in the serum of AAA patients are positively correlated with the rate of aneurysm expansion (47). IFN-γ is a signature cytokine of Th1 cells that can inhibit Th2 immune response. However, some studies have shown increased expression of Th2 cell inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10, in the diseased arterial tissues of AAA patients (48). In some AAA patients, plasma levels of IFN-γ, IL-17A, and C-reactive protein are positively correlated with the cross-sectional area of AAA, while IL-10 is positively correlated with the growth rate of the aneurysm, and increased CRP levels indicate an increased risk of death in AAA patients (49). Inflammatory response plays a significant role in the formation of AAA, and cytokines generated during the inflammatory response are gradually being recognized as biomarkers for assessing disease progression and risk levels (50–53). However, the exact role and mechanisms of inflammatory-related cytokines in AA disease have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, targeted intervention against inflammatory cytokines associated with AA holds great promise as a preventive and therapeutic approach for disease development and warrants further discussion.

We conducted a keyword burst analysis and found that “Monocytes,” “Progression,” and “Proliferation” have been frequent keywords in recent years. The inflammatory mechanisms of monocytes/macrophages have received significant attention in AA disease research. In an ANGII-induced mouse model of hypertension, inhibiting the polarization of M2 macrophages in the aorta reduced abnormal collagen deposition and alleviated elastin fiber fragmentation, effectively improving aortic vascular remodeling (54). M1 macrophages also play an important role in the development of AA. During AAA formation, damage to elastic fibers in the extracellular matrix leads to increased release of elastin-derived peptides, recruitment of monocytes/macrophages, and induction of their transformation into M1 phenotype, promoting AAA progression (55). Studies have also found that in a mouse model of CaCl₂-induced AAA, TNF-α plays a more significant role than IL-1β in polarizing M1 macrophages during disease progression, and blocking TNF-α activation in monocytes/macrophages can more effectively inhibit AAA development (56). Different phenotypes of macrophages (M1, M2) play important roles in different stages of AA development and in different regions of the diseased artery (57, 58). There is evidence to suggest that modulating macrophage polarization through targeted drug interventions or cell therapy effectively inhibits AA progression by maintaining their homeostasis (59–61). Therefore, maintaining the homeostasis of local macrophages may be an effective approach to restrain AA progression. T lymphocytes in adaptive immune cells play important roles in regulating the immune environment and promoting tissue repair in autoimmune and other inflammation-related diseases. Currently, there is some evidence suggesting that T cells also play a significant role in the development of AA, but more clinical and basic research is needed to explain their functions and effects in AA. Further in-depth research on the role and mechanisms of T cells in AA may provide more insights for interventions in AA.

SMCs constitute a major cellular component of the arterial wall and are primarily located in the middle layer of the aortic wall. With the progression of research, the heterogeneity of aortic SMCs has been gradually revealed. Aortic SMCs mainly originate from the secondary heart fields (SHF), cardiac neural crest (CNC), as well as somitic and splanchnic mesoderm layers (62). SMCs in the aortic root mainly arise from SHF, while those in the arch originate primarily from CNC (63). SMCs in the descending aorta below the arch are derived from the mesoderm (64). Recently, studies by Professor Alan Daugherty's team have indicated that SHF-derived SMCs play a crucial role in maintaining aortic vascular stability through the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathways (65). Research in ANGII-induced AA models, using TGF-β antibody 2G7 to block TGF-β and tamoxifen injection into Acta2-CreERT^2+/0 Tgfbr2^flox/flox mice, revealed that TGF-β exerts protective effects in the abdominal and thoracic aorta through distinct pathways (66). Further scRNA-seq analysis showed that Malat1⁺ SMCs are mainly distributed in the abdominal aorta, where they play a significant role in AAA. Knocking out the Malat1 gene in SMCs significantly inhibited ANGII-induced AAA formation, reducing aortic inflammation and MMP production in SMCs (67). Supplementary scRNA-seq results provided additional insights into the heterogeneity of aortic SMCs. Unlike traditional views, current research suggests significant intercellular differences among different subtypes of aortic SMCs, primarily related to genes associated with contraction, inflammation, migration, and proliferation (67–69). Clinical data indicate that the incidence of TAA is lower than that of AAA (10, 12, 13).

Combining these studies, we hypothesize that the different origins of aortic SMCs may lead to differences in the mechanisms and incidence rates between TAA and AAA. However, there is currently a lack of reliable research results to support this hypothesis, making it an intriguing research direction. Consequently, our current theoretical research revolves around this hypothesis. Although scRNA-seq technology has identified multiple subgroups of aortic SMCs, there is still a lack of related studies conducting in-depth analysis on SMCs from different parts of the aorta to clarify whether the differentiation of aortic SMCs in normal and pathological states is influenced by their origin and whether the mechanisms related to SMCs and inflammation are affected by the source of SMCs.

Additionally, our keyword clustering and burst analysis using CiteSpace indicate that keywords related to TAA, such as “Ascending Aorta,” and “Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm,” are highlighted. However, compared to keywords related to AAA, the frequency of TAA-related keywords is significantly lower (see Supplementary Table S1). This suggests a relatively low level of attention to TAA in this field, with research primarily focused on AAA. Furthermore, existing animal models for aortic aneurysms predominantly focus on AAA (70, 71), which may lead to some biases in the understanding of the mechanisms of TAA and AAA. Important reviews on AA and inflammation by Jonathan Golledge and Jean Senemaud respectively summarize common animal models involved in this field (4, 72). Currently, common animal models for TAA include BAPN, ANGII, and genetic TAA mice (FBN1^C1039G+/−), while common animal models for AAA are induced through high-fat diet, ANGII, CaCl₂, or elastase. However, these animal models cannot perfectly mimic the pathological processes of human TAA/AAA diseases. Therefore, improving animal models for TAA and AAA is crucial for further studying the pathogenic mechanisms of TAA and AAA.

4.3. Advantages and shortcomings

We conducted a systematic analysis of research in the field of AA and inflammation-related studies using bibliometric methods for the first time. In the analysis process, we employed various mainstream tools, including CiteSpace, VOSviewer, R package “bibliometric,” and online platforms, to conduct an in-depth analysis of the literature. The research results are stable and reliable. Through this bibliometric study, we are able to provide a more comprehensive and objective perspective than traditional review articles. This will contribute to a better and faster understanding of the research frontier by ourselves and other researchers in the field, collectively filling the gaps in research. However, due to the limitations of bibliometric tools, paper types, and language, we may overlook valuable newly published research findings and miss out on meaningful research papers published in languages other than English.

5. Conclusion

We conducted the first-ever bibliometric analysis of global research on AA and inflammation since 1999. We analyzed the publication trends, regional distribution, and collaboration among institutions in this research field. Additionally, we identified influential journals and valuable research findings, selecting interesting perspectives for discussion. Currently, there is an increasing focus on the relationship between AA and inflammatory responses. However, existing studies primarily focus on the impact of individual factors or single cells on AA, and the incomplete disease models may limit the comprehensive understanding of AA pathogenesis. In future research, researchers can strengthen national and institutional collaboration to facilitate multicenter cooperation and increase the clinical sample size for clinical trials. Furthermore, it is important to pay greater attention to the interactions between immune cells (including macrophages, T cells, and B cells) and endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells, as well as further refine the disease models for AA. This will provide more meaningful insights for exploring new therapeutic targets for AA.

Data availability statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

Author contributions

QW: Data curation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. GC: Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. ZQ: Data curation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. YZ: Data curation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. LT: Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. HT: Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing.

Funding

The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

The research, authorship, and publication of this article were supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province [Award No. 2019SK2022].

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to sincerely thank the Science and Technology Department of Hunan Province and the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Laboratory at Xiangya Second Hospital, Central South University for their support in this study. Additionally, we would like to express our gratitude to Professor Yerong Hu for her valuable suggestions on the writing and formatting of this manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Supplementary material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1260935/full#supplementary-material

References

1. Isselbacher EM, Preventza O, Hamilton Black J 3rd, Augoustides JG, Beck AW, Bolen MA, et al. 2022 ACC/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and management of aortic disease: a report of the American heart association/American college of cardiology joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. (2022) 146(24):e334–482. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001106

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

2. Quintana RA, Taylor WR. Cellular mechanisms of aortic aneurysm formation. Circ Res. (2019) 124(4):607–18. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313187

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

3. Gao J, Cao H, Hu G, Wu Y, Xu Y, Cui H, et al. The mechanism and therapy of aortic aneurysms. Signal Transduct Target Ther. (2023) 8(1):55. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01325-7

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

4. Golledge J. Abdominal aortic aneurysm: update on pathogenesis and medical treatments. Nat Rev Cardiol. (2019) 16(4):225–42. doi: 10.1038/s41569-018-0114-9

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

5. Chen C, Leydesdorff L. Patterns of connections and movements in dual-map overlays: a new method of publication portfolio analysis. J Assoc Inf Sci Technol. (2014) 65(2):334–51. doi: 10.1002/asi.22968

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

6. Oliver-Williams C, Sweeting MJ, Turton G, Parkin D, Cooper D, Rodd C, et al. Lessons learned about prevalence and growth rates of abdominal aortic aneurysms from a 25-year ultrasound population screening programme. Br J Surg. (2018) 105(1):68–74. doi: 10.1002/bjs.10715

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

7. Sampson UK, Norman PE, Fowkes FG, Aboyans V, Song Y, Harrell FE Jr, et al. Estimation of global and regional incidence and prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms 1990 to 2010. Glob Heart. (2014) 9(1):159–70. doi: 10.1016/j.gheart.2013.12.009

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

8. Sakalihasan N, Limet R, Defawe OD. Abdominal aortic aneurysm. Lancet. (2005) 365(9470):1577–89. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66459-8

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

9. Sakalihasan N, Michel JB, Katsargyris A, Kuivaniemi H, Defraigne JO, Nchimi A, et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysms. Nat Rev Dis Primers. (2018) 4(1):34. doi: 10.1038/s41572-018-0030-7

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

10. Guo DC, Papke CL, He R, Milewicz DM. Pathogenesis of thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Ann N Y Acad Sci. (2006) 1085:339–52. doi: 10.1196/annals.1383.013

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

11. Jana S, Hu M, Shen M, Kassiri Z. Extracellular matrix, regional heterogeneity of the aorta, and aortic aneurysm. Exp Mol Med. (2019) 51(12):1–15. doi: 10.1038/s12276-019-0286-3

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

12. Itani Y, Watanabe S, Masuda Y, Hanamura K, Asakura K, Sone S, et al. Measurement of aortic diameters and detection of asymptomatic aortic aneurysms in a mass screening program using a mobile helical computed tomography unit. Heart Vessels. (2002) 16(2):42–5. doi: 10.1007/s380-002-8315-1

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

13. Kalsch H, Lehmann N, Mohlenkamp S, Becker A, Moebus S, Schmermund A, et al. Body-surface adjusted aortic reference diameters for improved identification of patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms: results from the population-based heinz nixdorf recall study. Int J Cardiol. (2013) 163(1):72–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.05.039

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

14. Sawada H, Lu HS, Cassis LA, Daugherty A. Twenty years of studying ANGII (Angiotensin II)-induced abdominal aortic pathologies in mice: continuing questions and challenges to provide insight into the human disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. (2022) 42(3):277–88. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.121.317058

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

15. Lu H, Rateri DL, Bruemmer D, Cassis LA, Daugherty A. Novel mechanisms of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Curr Atheroscler Rep. (2012) 14(5):402–12. doi: 10.1007/s11883-012-0271-y

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

16. Dale MA, Ruhlman MK, Baxter BT. Inflammatory cell phenotypes in AAAs: their role and potential as targets for therapy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. (2015) 35(8):1746–55. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.305269

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

17. Marquez-Sanchez AC, Koltsova EK. Immune and inflammatory mechanisms of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Front Immunol. (2022) 13:989933. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.989933

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

18. Yang L, Han L, Liu N. A new approach to journal co-citation matrix construction based on the number of co-cited articles in journals. Scientometrics. (2019) 120(2):507–17. doi: 10.1007/s11192-019-03141-9

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

19. Longo GM, Xiong W, Greiner TC, Zhao Y, Fiotti N, Baxter BT. Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 work in concert to produce aortic aneurysms. J Clin Invest. (2002) 110(5):625–32. doi: 10.1172/JCI15334

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

20. Libby P, Sukhova G, Lee RT, Galis ZS. Cytokines regulate vascular functions related to stability of the atherosclerotic plaque. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. (1995) 25(Suppl 2):S9–12. doi: 10.1097/00005344-199500252-00003

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

21. Greaves DR, Hakkinen T, Lucas AD, Liddiard K, Jones E, Quinn CM, et al. Linked chromosome 16q13 chemokines, macrophage-derived chemokine, fractalkine, and thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine, are expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. (2001) 21(6):923–9. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.21.6.923

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

22. Walker DI, Bloor K, Williams G, Gillie I. Inflammatory aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. Br J Surg. (1972) 59(8):609–14. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800590807

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

23. Jones KG, Brull DJ, Brown LC, Sian M, Greenhalgh RM, Humphries SE, et al. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the prognosis of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Circulation. (2001) 103(18):2260–5. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.103.18.2260

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

24. Golledge J, Clancy P, Yeap BB, Hankey GJ, Norman PE. Increased serum angiopoietin-2 is associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm prevalence and cardiovascular mortality in older men. Int J Cardiol. (2013) 167(4):1159–63. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.03.120

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

25. Petrinec D, Liao S, Holmes DR, Reilly JM, Parks WC, Thompson RW. Doxycycline inhibition of aneurysmal degeneration in an elastase-induced rat model of abdominal aortic aneurysm: preservation of aortic elastin associated with suppressed production of 92 kD gelatinase. J Vasc Surg. (1996) 23(2):336–46. doi: 10.1016/s0741-5214(96)70279-3

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

26. Bartoli MA, Parodi FE, Chu J, Pagano MB, Mao D, Baxter BT, et al. Localized administration of doxycycline suppresses aortic dilatation in an experimental mouse model of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Ann Vasc Surg. (2006) 20(2):228–36. doi: 10.1007/s10016-006-9017-z

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

27. Manning MW, Cassis LA, Daugherty A. Differential effects of doxycycline, a broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, on Angiotensin II-induced atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. (2003) 23(3):483–8. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000058404.92759.32

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

28. Lindeman JH, Abdul-Hussien H, van Bockel JH, Wolterbeek R, Kleemann R. Clinical trial of doxycycline for matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibition in patients with an abdominal aneurysm: doxycycline selectively depletes aortic wall neutrophils and cytotoxic T cells. Circulation. (2009) 119(16):2209–16. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.806505

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

29. Dawson JA, Choke E, Loftus IM, Cockerill GW, Thompson MM. A randomised placebo-controlled double-blind trial to evaluate lipid-lowering pharmacotherapy on proteolysis and inflammation in abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. (2011) 41(1):28–35. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2010.08.023

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

30. Filiberto AC, Spinosa MD, Elder CT, Su G, Leroy V, Ladd Z, et al. Endothelial pannexin-1 channels modulate macrophage and smooth muscle cell activation in abdominal aortic aneurysm formation. Nat Commun. (2022) 13(1):1521. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29233-4

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

31. Liu Z, Morgan S, Ren J, Wang Q, Annis DS, Mosher DF, et al. Thrombospondin-1 (Tsp1) contributes to the development of vascular inflammation by regulating monocytic cell motility in mouse models of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Circ Res. (2015) 117(2):129–41. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.305262

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

32. Yang H, Zhou T, Stranz A, DeRoo E, Liu B. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals heterogeneity of vascular cells in early stage murine abdominal aortic aneurysm-brief report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. (2021) 41(3):1158–66. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.315607

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

33. Eliason JL, Hannawa KK, Ailawadi G, Sinha I, Ford JW, Deogracias MP, et al. Neutrophil depletion inhibits experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm formation. Circulation. (2005) 112(2):232–40. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.517391

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

34. Klopf J, Brostjan C, Neumayer C, Eilenberg W. Neutrophils as regulators and biomarkers of cardiovascular inflammation in the context of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Biomedicines. (2021) 9(9):1236. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9091236

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

35. Soehnlein O, Zernecke A, Eriksson EE, Rothfuchs AG, Pham CT, Herwald H, et al. Neutrophil secretion products pave the way for inflammatory monocytes. Blood. (2008) 112(4):1461–71. doi: 10.1182/blood-2008-02-139634

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

36. Plana E, Oto J, Medina P, Fernandez-Pardo A, Miralles M. Novel contributions of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm, the role of neutrophil extracellular traps: a systematic review. Thromb Res. (2020) 194:200–8. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.07.039

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

37. Idzkowska E, Eljaszewicz A, Miklasz P, Musial WJ, Tycinska AM, Moniuszko M. The role of different monocyte subsets in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes. Scand J Immunol. (2015) 82(3):163–73. doi: 10.1111/sji.12314

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

38. Wong KL, Tai JJ, Wong WC, Han H, Sem X, Yeap WH, et al. Gene expression profiling reveals the defining features of the classical, intermediate, and nonclassical human monocyte subsets. Blood. (2011) 118(5):e16–31. doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-12-326355

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

39. Ziegler-Heitbrock L, Ancuta P, Crowe S, Dalod M, Grau V, Hart DN, et al. Nomenclature of monocytes and dendritic cells in blood. Blood. (2010) 116(16):e74–80. doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-02-258558

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

40. Yang J, Zhang L, Yu C, Yang XF, Wang H. Monocyte and macrophage differentiation: circulation inflammatory monocyte as biomarker for inflammatory diseases. Biomark Res. (2014) 2(1):1. doi: 10.1186/2050-7771-2-1

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

41. Ghigliotti G, Barisione C, Garibaldi S, Brunelli C, Palmieri D, Spinella G, et al. CD16(+) monocyte subsets are increased in large abdominal aortic aneurysms and are differentially related with circulating and cell-associated biochemical and inflammatory biomarkers. Dis Markers. (2013) 34(2):131–42. doi: 10.1155/2013/836849

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

42. Rubio-Navarro A, Amaro Villalobos JM, Lindholt JS, Buendia I, Egido J, Blanco-Colio LM, et al. Hemoglobin induces monocyte recruitment and CD163-macrophage polarization in abdominal aortic aneurysm. Int J Cardiol. (2015) 201:66–78. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.08.053

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

43. Rao J, Brown BN, Weinbaum JS, Ofstun EL, Makaroun MS, Humphrey JD, et al. Distinct macrophage phenotype and collagen organization within the intraluminal thrombus of abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg. (2015) 62(3):585–93. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2014.11.086

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

44. Woollard KJ, Geissmann F. Monocytes in atherosclerosis: subsets and functions. Nat Rev Cardiol. (2010) 7(2):77–86. doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2009.228

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

45. Newman KM, Jean-Claude J, Li H, Ramey WG, Tilson MD. Cytokines that activate proteolysis are increased in abdominal aortic aneurysms. Circulation. (1994) 90(5 Pt 2):II224–7.7955258

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

46. Treska V, Topolcan O, Pecen L. Cytokines as plasma markers of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Clin Chem Lab Med. (2000) 38(11):1161–4. doi: 10.1515/CCLM.2000.178

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

47. Juvonen J, Surcel HM, Satta J, Teppo AM, Bloigu A, Syrjala H, et al. Elevated circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. (1997) 17(11):2843–7. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.17.11.2843

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

48. Schonbeck U, Sukhova GK, Gerdes N, Libby P. T(H)2 predominant immune responses prevail in human abdominal aortic aneurysm. Am J Pathol. (2002) 161(2):499–506. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64206-X

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

49. Liao M, Liu CL, Lv BJ, Zhang JY, Cheng L, Cheng X, et al. Plasma cytokine levels and risks of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a population-based prospective cohort study. Ann Med. (2015) 47(3):245–52. doi: 10.3109/07853890.2015.1019916

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

50. Hellenthal FA, Buurman WA, Wodzig WK, Schurink GW. Biomarkers of abdominal aortic aneurysm progression. Part 2: inflammation. Nat Rev Cardiol. (2009) 6(8):543–52. doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2009.102

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

51. Wanhainen A, Mani K, Golledge J. Surrogate markers of abdominal aortic aneurysm progression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. (2016) 36(2):236–44. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.306538

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

52. Tang W, Yao L, Hoogeveen RC, Alonso A, Couper DJ, Lutsey PL, et al. The association of biomarkers of inflammation and extracellular matrix degradation with the risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm: the aric study. Angiology. (2019) 70(2):130–40. doi: 10.1177/0003319718785278

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

53. De Haro J, Bleda S, Acin F. C-reactive protein predicts aortic aneurysmal disease progression after endovascular repair. Int J Cardiol. (2016) 202:701–6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.09.122

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

54. Moore JP, Vinh A, Tuck KL, Sakkal S, Krishnan SM, Chan CT, et al. M2 macrophage accumulation in the aortic wall during Angiotensin II infusion in mice is associated with fibrosis, elastin loss, and elevated blood pressure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. (2015) 309(5):H906–17. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00821.2014

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

55. Dale MA, Xiong W, Carson JS, Suh MK, Karpisek AD, Meisinger TM, et al. Elastin-derived peptides promote abdominal aortic aneurysm formation by modulating M1/M2 macrophage polarization. J Immunol. (2016) 196(11):4536–43. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502454

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

56. Batra R, Suh MK, Carson JS, Dale MA, Meisinger TM, Fitzgerald M, et al. IL-1β (interleukin-1β) and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) impact abdominal aortic aneurysm formation by differential effects on macrophage polarization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. (2018) 38(2):457–63. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.117.310333

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

57. Boytard L, Spear R, Chinetti-Gbaguidi G, Acosta-Martin AE, Vanhoutte J, Lamblin N, et al. Role of proinflammatory CD68(+) mannose receptor(-) macrophages in peroxiredoxin-1 expression and in abdominal aortic aneurysms in humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. (2013) 33(2):431–8. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.300663

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

58. Hasan D, Chalouhi N, Jabbour P, Hashimoto T. Macrophage imbalance (M1 vs. M2) and upregulation of mast cells in wall of ruptured human cerebral aneurysms: preliminary results. J Neuroinflammation. (2012) 9:222. doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-222

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

59. Moran CS, Jose RJ, Moxon JV, Roomberg A, Norman PE, Rush C, et al. Everolimus limits aortic aneurysm in the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse by downregulating C-C chemokine receptor 2 positive monocytes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. (2013) 33(4):814–21. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.301006

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

60. Yoshihara T, Shimada K, Fukao K, Sai E, Sato-Okabayashi Y, Matsumori R, et al. Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress the development of aortic aneurysms through the inhibition of macrophage-mediated inflammation. Circ J. (2015) 79(7):1470–8. doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-14-0471

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

61. Pope NH, Salmon M, Davis JP, Chatterjee A, Su G, Conte MS, et al. D-series resolvins inhibit murine abdominal aortic aneurysm formation and increase M2 macrophage polarization. FASEB J. (2016) 30(12):4192–201. doi: 10.1096/fj.201600144RR

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

62. Majesky MW. Developmental basis of vascular smooth muscle diversity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. (2007) 27(6):1248–58. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.141069

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

63. Sawada H, Rateri DL, Moorleghen JJ, Majesky MW, Daugherty A. Smooth muscle cells derived from second heart field and cardiac neural crest reside in spatially distinct domains in the media of the ascending aorta-brief report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. (2017) 37(9):1722–6. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.117.309599

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

64. Wasteson P, Johansson BR, Jukkola T, Breuer S, Akyurek LM, Partanen J, et al. Developmental origin of smooth muscle cells in the descending aorta in mice. Development. (2008) 135(10):1823–32. doi: 10.1242/dev.020958

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

65. Sawada H, Katsumata Y, Higashi H, Zhang C, Li Y, Morgan S, et al. Second heart field-derived cells contribute to angiotensin II-mediated ascending aortopathies. Circulation. (2022) 145(13):987–1001. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.058173

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

66. Angelov SN, Hu JH, Wei H, Airhart N, Shi M, Dichek DA. TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) signaling protects the thoracic and abdominal aorta from Angiotensin II-induced pathology by distinct mechanisms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. (2017) 37(11):2102–13. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.117.309401

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

67. Yu L, Zhang J, Gao A, Zhang M, Wang Z, Yu F, et al. An intersegmental single-cell profile reveals aortic heterogeneity and identifies a novel Malat1(+) vascular smooth muscle subtype involved in abdominal aortic aneurysm formation. Signal Transduct Target Ther. (2022) 7(1):125. doi: 10.1038/s41392-022-00943-x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

68. Kalluri AS, Vellarikkal SK, Edelman ER, Nguyen L, Subramanian A, Ellinor PT, et al. Single-cell analysis of the normal mouse aorta reveals functionally distinct endothelial cell populations. Circulation. (2019) 140(2):147–63. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038362

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

69. Dobnikar L, Taylor AL, Chappell J, Oldach P, Harman JL, Oerton E, et al. Publisher correction: disease-relevant transcriptional signatures identified in individual smooth muscle cells from healthy mouse vessels. Nat Commun. (2018) 9(1):5401. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07887-3

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

70. Molacek J, Treska V, Kobr J, Certik B, Skalicky T, Kuntscher V, et al. Optimization of the model of abdominal aortic aneurysm–experiment in an animal model. J Vasc Res. (2009) 46(1):1–5. doi: 10.1159/000135659

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

71. Anidjar S, Salzmann JL, Gentric D, Lagneau P, Camilleri JP, Michel JB. Elastase-induced experimental aneurysms in rats. Circulation. (1990) 82(3):973–81. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.82.3.973

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

72. Senemaud J, Caligiuri G, Etienne H, Delbosc S, Michel JB, Coscas R. Translational relevance and recent advances of animal models of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. (2017) 37(3):401–10. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.116.308534

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar