Tao Liu1,2,3†
Jin Xu2,3,4,5†Qingcheng Guo6†Dapeng Zhang2,3,4Jun Li4Weizhu Qian2,3,4Huaizu Guo2,3,4,5*
Xinli Zhou1*Sheng Hou2,3,4*- 1Department of Oncology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- 2State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, China
- 3NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
- 4School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- 5Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
- 6Taizhou Mabtech Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Taizhou, China
Succinimide (Asu) is the intermediate for asparagine deamidation in therapeutic proteins, and it can be readily hydrolyzed to form aspartate and iso-aspartate residues. Moreover, Asu plays an important role in the protein degradation pathways, asparagine deamidation, and aspartic acid isomerization. Here, Asu modification with a high abundance in the framework region (FR) of golimumab was first reported, the effect of denaturing buffer pH on the Asu modification homeostasis was studied, and the results revealed that it was relatively stable over a pH range of 6.0–7.0 whereas a rapid decrease at pH 8.0. Then, the peptide-based multi-attribute method (MAM) analyses showed that the Asu formation was at Asn 43 in the FR of the heavy chain. Meanwhile, the efficacy [affinity, binding and bioactivity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity] and stability of the Asu modification of golimumab were evaluated, and the current results demonstrated comparable efficacy and stability between the Asu low- and high-abundance groups. Our findings provide valuable insights into Asu modification and its effect on efficacy and stability, and this study also demonstrates that there is a need to develop a broad-spectrum, rapid, and accurate platform to identify and characterize new peaks in the development of therapeutic proteins, particularly for antibody drugs.
Introduction
Recombinant therapeutic proteins, mostly produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), murine NS0 cell line, or murine SP2/0 cell line, are becoming common to treat various diseases, such as autoimmune, neoplastic, and infectious diseases (Liu et al., 2014; Ruei-Min Lu et al., 2020; Shanmugaraj et al., 2020; Tambuyzer et al., 2020). To date, approximately 100 Fc-containing protein drugs have been approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for clinical use, and more than 70 are in late-stage development (Reichert, 2012; Ruei-Min Lu et al., 2020; Mullard, 2021; Kaplon et al., 2022).
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from different production systems display a much higher degree of heterogeneity due to their posttranslational modifications (PTMs). The PTMs are important product quality attributes that can potentially impact drug safety, efficacy, and stability (Xiaobin Xu et al., 2019). MAbs are subjected to PTMs and degradation during cell culture, purification, storage, and even after administration (Yingda Xu et al., 2019). PTMs, which includes deamidation, isomerization, methionine (Met) and tryptophan (Trp) oxidation, and unpaired cysteine and additional glycosylation in the variable domains, are unique to therapeutic mAbs which could potentially pose higher risk (Liu et al., 2014). The N-terminal pyroGlu formation and the partial removal of C-terminal Lys are two of the well-characterized modifications that cause molecule heterogeneity but have no impact on safety or efficacy. Deamidation, isomerization, and oxidation can compromise the potency, efficacy, and safety of therapeutic antibodies. Glycans attached to therapeutic antibodies might play an important role in their efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and stability (Yingda Xu et al., 2019; Mastrangeli et al., 2020; Vatsa, 2022). One of the most frequent PTMs is the deamidation of asparagine (Asn), a nonenzymatic and spontaneous PTM, which can influence the structure and stability of mAbs (Yang and Zubarev, 2010; Ying and Li, 2022). The deamidation of Asn proceeds through a succinimide (Asu) intermediate. The Asu intermediate can be hydrolyzed to yield Asp or isoAsp (β-Asp), and the isoAsp products are favored at a ratio of about 3:1 (Figure 1) (Ying and Li, 2022).
FIGURE 1. Schematic representation of deamidation pathways.
The effect of deamidation varies depending on the resulting products and the location of the Asn residue. IgG1 Fc deamidation at Asn 325 (EU numbering), which might alter the local structure and interfere with the binding and interaction with the effector cell, is a critical quality attribute for products (Wang et al., 2018; Xiaojun Lu et al., 2020). Several studies have revealed that deamidation in the complementarity determining region (CDR) resulted in decreased activity (Harris et al., 2001; Huang et al., 2005; Vlasak et al., 2009; Yan et al., 2009). As expected, deamidation in the constant domain has no effect on binding affinity (Yan et al., 2009). As a result of deamidation, decreased thermal stability of Fab with isoAsp and increased thermal stability of Fab with Asp compared with the original Fab were observed for a mAb (Vlasak et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2014). The presence of Asu in the CDR regions of several mAbs from Asn deamidation or Asp isomerization resulted in decreased activity (Cacia et al., 1996; Valliere-Douglass et al., 2008; Vlasak et al., 2009; Yan et al., 2009; Yu et al., 2011; Ouellette et al., 2013). However, the impact of Asu in the framework region (FR) was not reported until now. Therefore, the characterization of deamidation-interrelated modifications is important to understand their roles in therapeutic mAbs.
Golimumab, a novel human anti-TNFα IgG1κ mAb, is safe for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis (PsA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) (Mazumdar and Greenwald, 2009; Kay and Rahman, 2010; Shealy et al., 2010; Melo et al., 2021). Some reports even showed evidence that anti-TNFα treatment enhances the antitumor activity of combined anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA4 immunotherapy (Haanen et al., 2020). In the present study, golimumab was preliminarily characterized using a subunit-based multi-attribute method (MAM) combined with high-resolution ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and ESI–QTOF–MS (LC–MS). An unexpected peak was found in the Fd [the heavy chain (HC) of the Fab] region, which showed a mass shift of -17 Da. We identified and characterized the unexpected peak by the peptide-based MAM. With the traditional sample preparation method (denaturing buffer: 8 M guanidine, 0.1 M Tris/HCl, pH 8.0), there was no unexpected peak with a molecular weight decrease of 17 Da observed. The 17 Da loss modification could potentially be attributed to Asu formation from an aspartic acid or asparagine residue, and the Asu was most likely hydrolyzed during traditional sample preparation (Cao et al., 2019a). Then, the effect of denaturing buffer pH on the modification homeostasis was studied, and the peptide-based MAM analyses confirmed that Asu modification with high abundance in the FR of golimumab was first reported. Meanwhile, the efficacy [affinity, binding and bioactivity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity] and stability of the Asu modification of golimumab were evaluated, and the results demonstrated comparable efficacy and stability between the Asu low- and high-abundance groups. Our findings provide valuable insights into Asu modification and its effect on efficacy and stability.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Golimumab A and golimumab B were manufactured by Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co., and purified by Protein A Sepharose (Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co.). SIMPONI® (golimumab, Janssen) was obtained from the market of Shanghai, China. Acetonitrile (ACN, MS grade) was obtained from Thermo Scientific (United States); ammonium formate (NH4FA), ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3), sodium cyanotrihydridoborate (NaBH3CN), fibrinopeptide (GFP), tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP), and NaI were all obtained from Sigma (United States). Dithiothreitol (DTT), formic acid (FA, MS grade), and iodoacetamide (MIA) were obtained from Fluka (GER). Trypsin, IdeS (immunoglobulin-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes), and recombinant human TNFα were obtained from Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co. The CHO-K1 and the mouse fibroblastic cell line L929 cell lines were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).
Instrumentation
Instrumentation separations were performed on the UPLC system (Waters, Milford, MA). All MS measurements were implemented on the Xevo G2-S system (Waters, Milford, MA).
IdeS Digestion and Reduction
In 2016, we reported the development of a sensitive and high-throughput subunit-based MAM for monitoring the protein fragment (Liu et al., 2016). IdeS of 1 μg was added to each 50 μg of protein. The protein/enzyme mixture was then diluted with 50 mM NH4FA, pH 6.6, to a final concentration of 1 mg/ml and incubated at 37°C for 30 min. The IdeS-digested sample was reduced by adding 4 mM TCEP at low pH for 10 min and then analyzed by LC–MS.
Denaturation of the Samples at Different pH
The samples were diluted to 1 mg/ml, mixed with denaturing buffer (8 M guanidine, 0.1 M Tris/HCl, pH 8.0) or (8 M guanidine, 0.2 M histidine/HCl, pH 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, and 7.5) 20 mM DTT, vortexed, and incubated at 37°C for 1 h, exchanging the buffer to 50 mM NH4FA (pH 6.6) and then analyzed by the subunit-based MAM.
Tryptic Digestion
The denatured samples were buffer exchanged to 50 mM NH4FA buffer (pH 6.0) and then digested with trypsin (1:20 w/w) for 4 h at 37°C. The trypsin-digested sample was previously reduced by adding 4 mM TCEP at 37°C for 10 min and then analyzed by the peptide-based MAM.
Subunit-Based MAM
The UPLC separations of reduced IdeS-digested samples were performed on a BEH300 C4 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 µm) (Milford, MA, United States). The column was held initially at 80% mobile phase A (0.1% FA in water) for 3 min at 0.40 ml/min, and separation was achieved with a linear gradient from 25 to 35% mobile phase B (0.1% FA in ACN) in 6 min (flow rate: 0.20 ml/min and column temperature: 60°C). Typically, 0.5 μg of the sample was injected for MS analysis with positive ion mode on a Xevo G2-S Q-TOF. The m/z scan range was 500–2,500. The desolvation gas and cone gas flows were 800 and 50 L/h, respectively.
Peptide-Based MAM
The trypsin-digested samples were centrifuged at 17,000 g for 10 min, and the supernatant was analyzed by LC–MS/MS on a BEH300 C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 µm) (Waters, Milford, MA) with a column temperature of 45°C and 80-min linear gradient (1–37% phase B) at 0.20 ml/min. The column was equilibrated with 1% B in water. The LC mobile phases were the same as the previous subunit-based MAM. Data were obtained with positive ionization. Eluted peptides were detected by MS with an alternating low-collision energy (6 V) and high-collision energy (ramping from 25 to 45 V) ESI + acquisition mode. Scan time was 0.5 s. The ion source setup was presented as follows: capillary voltage, 3,000 V; the desolvation temperature, 350°C; source temperature, 120°C; cone voltage, 40 V; cone gas flow, 50 L/h; the desolvation gas flow, 800 L/h; and scan range, 50–2500. The data analysis was performed with mass accuracy no more than 30 ppm.
Binding Assay
ELISA was used to determine the binding activity of golimumab. Recombinant human TNFα was used to capture samples. Goat anti-human IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was then added to detect bound golimumab. Subsequent to washing, tetramethylbenzidine was added. Prior to absorbance readings at 450 nm, reaction quenching was achieved via acidification with sulfuric acid. A four-parameter fit model was used to determine BC50 values. The binging activity of golimumab was determined by comparing its ability to be captured by TNFα relative to the reference standard (SIMPONI®).
L929 Potency Assay
This assay was performed according to the previous report (Tebbey et al., 2015). The potency of golimumab was tested in the L929 cell line using human TNFα. Before being added to the L929 cells, various concentrations of golimumab were mixed with a constant amount of TNFα. Cell viability was measured using the tetrazolium dye (MTT). The potency of golimumab was determined by comparing its neutralizing effect relative to the reference standard (SIMPONI®).
CDC Bioassay
The CDC activities of golimumab were evaluated by a complement-mediated cell-killing assay. Briefly, 1 × 105 CHO-K1/hmTNFα cells were incubated with 6.7% (v/v) complement (Cedarlane Labs, Burlington, Canada) and samples for 1 h. The lactate dehydrogenase activity was measured by a Cytotoxicity Detection Kit (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN). The CDC activity was expressed as percent cytotoxicity relative to that lysed by 0.67% (v/v) Triton X-100.
ADCC-Reporter Gene Bioassay
This assay was performed according to the previous report (Yang et al., 2015). CHO-K1/hmTNFα cells (overexpressed TNFα) were seeded at 10,000 cells per well in a 96-well opaque tissue culture plate. Golimumab was serially diluted and incubated with the CHO-K1/hmTNFα cells for approximately 1 h at 37°C, 5% CO2. Following incubation, Jurkat-expressing NFAT-Re/CD16a (158 V)-FcRγ/pcDNA3.1 (hygro) luciferase reporter cells (engineered Jurkat cells stably expressing the human FcγRIIIa receptor, V158 variants, and an NFAT response element driving the expression of luciferase) were added to the CHO-K1/hmTNFα/antibody mixture. The mixture was incubated for approximately 4 h at 37°C, 5% CO2, and then measured for luciferase production using a luminescent substrate (Promega Bright Glo).
SPR Assay
The kinetics and affinity of golimumab were determined by SPR using a Biacore T200 (GE Healthcare). Anti-human Fc antibody (GE Healthcare), diluted to 20 mg/ml in buffer (10 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.0), was immobilized on a CM5 chip (GE Healthcare). Test antibodies of 2.6 mg/ml was captured on the chip, and rate equations derived from the 1:1 Langmuir binding model were fitted for kinetic analysis with the use of T200 evaluation software, version 1.0. Kinetic rate constants for the association (Ka, 1/Ms) and dissociation rate constants (Kd, 1/s) were determined under the flow rate of 30 μL/min at 25°C. The rate constants were derived by making kinetic binding measurements at five different antigen concentrations (7.81–125 nM). The equilibrium dissociation rate constant (KD, M) was calculated by the formula: KD = Kd/Ka.
The Accelerated Stability Studies
Accelerated stability and forced degradation studies were performed according to previous reports (Bardo-Brouard et al., 2016; Tamizi and Jouyban, 2016; Nowak et al., 2017a). Stability studies were performed accelerated at 25°C for 6 months and stress temperature 40°C for 10 days. The stability samples were taken at different time points and analyzed using capillary electrophoresis-sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and ion-exchange chromatography (IEX). Binding and bioactivity were also performed as previously described.
Statistical Analysis
Data are expressed as mean ± SD or mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis was conducted by Student’s two-sided unpaired t-test unless otherwise indicated. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05 (*). All statistic calculations were performed using GraphPad Prism 9 software.
Results
Mass Spectral Analsysis of Reduced IdeS Digests by Subunit-Based MAM
The MAM was developed to monitor and quantify multiple PTMs of biotherapeutics (Rogstad et al., 2019). In this study, golimumab was digested by IdeS and separated into Fc/2, Fd, and LC after reduction. A subunit-based MAM method which combined UPLC and MS was used to measure the molecular masses of Fc/2, Fd, and LC (Figure 2A). An unexpected peak was found in the Fd region, which showed a mass shift of −17 Da. For further study of the unexpected peak, we produced two golimumab variants (golimumab A and B) with low and high abundance of the unexpected peak, and the relative amounts of unexpected peak were approximately 31.9 and 60.4% in golimumab A and B (about 55–60% in SIMPONI®, data not shown), respectively (Figure 2B and Figure 3A). Other modification (pyroglutamic acid E N-TERM and N-glycosylation and N-lysine C-TERM) patterns of golimumab A and B were remarkably similar, which are shown in Figures 2B–D.
FIGURE 2. Unexpected peak was detected in the Fd region of golimumab by the subunit-based MAM. Golimumab was digested by IdeS and reduced by TCEP and then analyzed by the subunit-based MAM (TIC). (A) Deconvoluted mass spectrum of the LC (B), Fd (C), and Fc/2 (D) of golimumab A and B.
FIGURE 3. Deconvoluted mass spectrum of golimumab Fd treated with buffers of different pH. An unexpected peak in Fd was relatively stable in the pH range of 6.0–7.0 and decreased rapidly as pH increased from 7.5 to 8.0. (A) control, (B) denaturation of the sample at pH 6.0, (C) denaturation of the sample at pH 6.5, (D) denaturation of the sample at pH 7.0, (E) denaturation of the sample at pH 7.5, (F) denaturation of the sample at pH 8.0.
Identification and Characterization of Asu Modification by Peptide-Based MAM
Peptide-based MAM was one of the broad-spectrum, rapid, and accurate methods for unexpected peak detection (NPD), and MAM offers the advantage of measuring multiple protein modifications as product quality attributes during development or critical quality attributes (CQAs) during testing in a single-MS run (Rogstad et al., 2019). In this study, we identified and characterized the unexpected peak by the peptide-based MAM. With the traditional sample preparation method (denaturing buffer: 8 M guanidine, 0.1 M tris/HCl, pH 8.0), there was no unexpected peak with a molecular weight decrease of 17 Da observed in golimumab B (Figure 4C). Therefore, it was necessary to determine whether the denaturing buffer affected the detection of the unexpected peak. First, the effect of the buffer pH on the unknown modification homeostasis in Fd was studied. The samples previously digested by IdeS were treated with denaturing buffers of pH 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, and 8.0 and then analyzed by the subunit-based MAM. As seen in the deconvoluted MS spectrum of Fd (golimumab A) shown in Figure 3, the relative abundance of the unexpected peak decreased from 32.0 to 7.5% with the increase of pH from 6.0 to 8.0. On the other hand, the relative abundance of the unexpected peak was relatively stable in the pH range of 6.0–7.0 and decreased rapidly as pH increased from 7.5 to 8.0. The 17 Da loss modification could potentially be attributed to Asu formation from an aspartic acid or asparagine residue, and the Asu was most likely hydrolyzed during traditional sample preparation. In order to further identify and characterize the modification, golimumab A and B were denatured in 0.2 M His–HCl and 8 M Gua–HCl, pH 6.0, and digested in 50 mM NH4FA, pH 6.0, and then analyzed by the peptide-based MAM. Compared with the traditional sample preparation method (Figure 4C), an unexpected peak eluting at about 56.5 min was detected (Figures 4A, B, D). The extracted mass spectrum showed the molecular ion peak at m/z 761.3448. The mass of the unexpected peak is 2281.0437 Da, and it did not match the expected protein sequence according to the data analysis. The molecular weight (MW) was 17 Da lighter than the T4-5 tryptic peptide of the HC (QAPGN*GLEWVAFMSYDGSNKK, m/z 767.0142), and this result is in consistence with that of the subunit-based MAM. The MS/MS spectra analysis with collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the two peptides (golimumab B, pH 6.0/8.0) is shown in Figures 5A, C. Compared with the MS/MS spectra of HC T4-5 tryptic peptide, the unexpected peptide demonstrated no mass shift in y16 ions, and a mass shift of -17Da is shown in y17–y20 ion (Figure 5C). The hypothesis of Asu was proposed as a result of the decreased mass of −17 Da. Moreover, at low pH, Asu is stable and can be analyzed with accurate mass measurements and tandem MS to confirm its identity and localize its modification site. Conversely, under neutral to basic conditions, Asu hydrolysis occurs more rapidly than Asu formation, resulting in the formation of Asp and isoAsp and a low amount of Asu remaining (Cao et al., 2019a; Cao et al., 2019b). In further analysis, the deamidation of HC T4-5 (at 54.60 and 54.75 min) was identified by MS/MS (Figure 5B). Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that the unexpected peptide is Asu formation at Asn 43 of HC T4-5 (Figure 6A).
FIGURE 4. Identification and characterization of the unexpected peak by the peptide-based MAM. An unexpected peak eluting at about 56.5 min was detected [(A): golimumab A pH 6.0, (B): golimumab B pH 6.0, (C): golimumab B pH 8.0, and (D): comparison of golimuamb B at pH 6.0 and pH 8.0].
FIGURE 5. Identification of Asu modification in the FR of golimumab. MS/MS spectra of precursor ions at (A) m/z of 767.0142 for native peptide HC: H4-5 (QAPGNGLEWVAFMSYDGSNKK) and (B) m/z of 767.3643 for deamidation and (C) m/z of 761.3448 for Asu. Fine mapping and analysis by a mass spectral peak-labeling software (pLabel™) (Li et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2007).
FIGURE 6. Efficacy evaluation of Asu modification with a high abundance in golimumab. (A) Three heavy-chain CDRs, FRs, and Asu modification site of golimumab. Binding (B) and bioactivity (C), ADCC activity (D), and CDC (E) activity and affinity (F) evaluation of golimumab A and golimumab B.
Along with this, the proportions of deamidation and Asu were calculated in each site at different pH conditions (pH 6.0 and 8.0). The results are shown in Table 1. The percentage of Asu in golimumab A at the peptide level was nearly consistent (28.2 and 31.9%) with that at the subunit level. Using the peptide-level analysis of MAM, the relative abundance of Asu in golimumab B decreased significantly from 54.4 to 4.1% with the increase of pH from 6.0 to 8.0. Meanwhile, the proportions of deamidation in golimumab B were found increased dramatically in HC T4-5, T27-28, and T38 tryptic peptide at pH 8.0, which were 73.4, 43.0, and 16.2%, respectively. They were all further confirmed by MS/MS (Supplementary Figure S1 and S2).
TABLE 1. Analysis of deamidation and its interrelated modifications in golimumab denatured at pH 6.0 and 8.0 by peptide-based MAM.
Efficacy Evaluation of Asu Modification in Golimumab
To some extent, though, it might still be challenging to fully understand the effect of Asu modification. Under all circumstances, it was important to assess the PTM with regard to efficacy, safety, and stability. Therefore, information on Asu modification is critical to establish the relationship between the quality attribute and efficacy, with the ultimate goal of ensuring the efficacy and safety of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.
Affinity
Affinity for the soluble human tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) trimer was determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) using a Biacore T200 (Cytiva). For binding of human TNFα, anti-human IgG antibody was covalently immobilized on a CM5 chip (Biacore AB), and the kinetic binding parameters as well as the affinity constants for the binding between TNFα and golimumab A/B were determined by Biacore analysis and compared with the binding parameters for the interaction between TNFα and golimumab. SPR measurements indicated that there was no noticeable difference between golimumab A (KD = 1.24 ± 0.06E-11M) and B (KD = 1.06 ± 0.23E-11M) in Ka, Kd, and KD (Figure 6F). The results showed that Asu modification at Asn 43 had no significant effect on the affinity of golimumab to TNFα.
Binding and Bioactivity
A competitive binding assay was then conducted to further verify the binding activity of golimumab A and B. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of golimumab on TNFα activity was tested with L929 cells for TNFα-induced cell death. It was shown that the relative binding and bioactivity of golimumab A were similar to those of golimumab B (Figures 6B, C). These results suggested that the Asu modification at Asn 43 had almost no effect on binding and bioactivity of golimumab.
ADCC and CDC Activities
Previous studies have demonstrated that afucosylated Fc-region carbohydrates of antibody increased its affinity for FcγRIIIa and enhanced ADCC activity (Chung et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2015) and a positive correlation between the galactose content and CDC activity (Hodoniczky et al., 2005), due to the overriding effects of the afucosylated glycoforms and galactosylation, the impact of other sugar residues on ADCC or CDC activity is less clear (Xie et al., 2020). Accordingly, we investigated the glycosylation pattern of golimumab. The glycosylation patterns of golimumab A and B were remarkably similar, which is shown in Figure 2D. Ruling out the impact of glycosylation on ADCC and CDC activities, the ADCC reporter gene assay was then used for evaluating the ADCC activity (Parekh et al., 2012). The Jurkat cell line that stably expresses the FcγRIIIa complex and the luciferase reporter gene under the control of the NFAT response elements were chosen as the effector cells. CHO-K1/hmTNFα cells, which overexpressed TNFα, were used as target cells. ADCC activity, which is largely dependent on the interaction of golimumab and FcγR on macrophages and NK cells, was highly similar between golimumab A and B; the EC50 were approximately 0.150 μg/ml and 0.152 μg/ml, respectively (Figure 6D).
The CDC activity was determined by complement-mediated cell-killing assay. CDC assay showed golimumab B was capable of killing cells in a markedly dose-dependent manner in the CHO-K1/hmTNFα cell line. In addition to ADCC activity, triggering of CDC mediated by complement binding of golimumab was also similar between golimumab A and B (Figure 6E). These findings suggested that the Asu modification of golimumab had little effect on CDC and ADCC activities.
Stability Evaluation of Asu Modification in Golimumab
For long-term storage, deamidation of mAbs produces acidic variants, which may alter the pharmacokinetics and antigenicity, and thus affects the efficacy and shelf life of mAb therapeutics. Therefore, the asparagine deamidation and aspartic acid isomerization may affect the long-term stability and biological activity of mAbs. So, the accelerated stability and forced degradation studies were performed to assess the stability of the Asu modification in golimumab. Similar stability profiles and degradation trends (the purity, fragments, aggregates, acidic variants, basic variants, binding, and bioactivity) under accelerated/stress conditions were observed (Figure 7; Supplementary Figure S3). The results demonstrated comparable stability between the Asu low- and high-abundance groups; the Asu intermediate modification at Asn 43 in the variable region of golimumab has virtually no effect on stability.
FIGURE 7. Accelerated stability evaluation of Asu modification with high abundance in golimumab. Accelerated stability samples were analyzed using R (reduced)-CE-SDS (A), NR (non-reduced)-CE-SDS (B), SEC-UPLC [purity: (C), aggregates (D)], IEX [acidic variants (E), basic variants (F)], binding activity (G), and bioactivity (H) at 25°C at the (0, 1, 2, 3, and 6) month time points.
Discussion
TNFα plays a key role in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. The reduction of TNFα levels has been shown to ameliorate symptoms of diseases, including RA, PsA, and AS (Gottlieb, 2007). Drugs targeting TNFα have greatly improved prognosis for patients with RA over the past decades and slowed the progression of joint damage. Golimumab, a novel human anti-TNFα IgG1κ monoclonal antibody with complex modifications, was approved in April 2009 by FDA as a treatment for three separate conditions.
Deamidation, a spontaneous nonenzymatic reaction, is one of the most important PTMs. Some previous studies have identified that deamidation in proteins can impact stability and potency (Ouellette et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2014; Lu et al., 2019; Xiaojun Lu et al., 2020). Usually, this reaction is associated with protein degradation, triggering apoptosis in cancer cells as well as other regulatory functions. Under physiological conditions, it can format a five-membered Asu ring intermediate by the nucleophilic attack of the nitrogen atom in the following peptide bond on the carbonyl group of the Asn side chain (Yang and Zubarev, 2010; Ying and Li, 2022). Due to the great diversity of potential deamidation positions and its interrelated modifications (Asp/IsoAsp/Asu), the influence of deamidation is likely to be variable. Therefore, developing a broad-spectrum, rapid, and accurate platform to evaluate deamidation-interrelated modifications or other PTMs is still needed. As a representative method of broad-spectrum, rapid, and accurate platform, MAMs were developed to monitor and quantify multiple PTMs of biotherapeutics (Rogstad et al., 2019). In this study, a subunit-based MAM and peptide-based MAM were used to characterize or control the PTMs of golimumab, and an Asu intermediate with a high abundance was first identified and evaluated in the FR of the heavy chain.
The rate of deamidation is affected by the protein structure (from primary to higher-order structure), temperature, pH, and other environmental factors (Scotchler and Robinson, 1974; Pace et al., 2013). The effects of pH are relatively complex that deamidation may be accelerated under neutral or alkaline conditions, while Asu is relatively stable under acidic ones (McCudden and Kraus, 2006; Ouellette et al., 2013; Nowak et al., 2017b; Cao et al., 2019a; Lu et al., 2019). While pH is important for Asu formation, other factors such as primary/higher-order structure, temperature, buffer composition, and ionic strength are reported to play significant roles (Ouellette et al., 2013). In present study, the effect of denaturing buffer pH on Asu modification homeostasis was studied. The Asu formation in FR was relatively stable over a pH range of 6.0–7.0 whereas decreased rapidly at pH 8.0. We also found that the Asu formation in the FR of the heavy chain was relatively stable with a slight decreasing tendency when samples were denatured without DTT at different pH (data not shown). We suspected it might have some connection with the antibody structure, and the Asu modification at Asn 43 was within the FR not CDRs which emerges from the surface of golimumab to form the surface that recognizes TNFα. This was further supported by the overall structure of the TNFa–golimumab complex shown in Figure 8 (Ono et al., 2018). With the traditional peptide mapping method (denaturing buffer: 8 M guanidine, 0.1 M Tris/HCl, pH 8.0), the proportions of deamidation were found increased dramatically in each site. Further investigation revealed that the deamidation rate was dependent on the buffer pH.
FIGURE 8. Overall structure of the TNFa–golimumab complex (FRs: blue and CDRs: yellow) (Ono et al., 2018).
As the great diversity of potential modification sites, the influence of deamidation and its interrelated modifications is likely to be variable. Deamidation at Asn 325 of IgG1 Fc is a critical quality attribute for products whose mechanism of action includes ADCC (Xiaojun Lu et al., 2020). Deamidation in the CDRs resulted in decreased binding affinity and potency (Harris et al., 2001; Huang et al., 2005; Vlasak et al., 2009; Yan et al., 2009). The presence of Asu in the CDRs of several antibodies from Asn deamidation or Asp isomerization resulted in decreased binding and bioactivity (Cacia et al., 1996; Valliere-Douglass et al., 2008; Vlasak et al., 2009; Yan et al., 2009; Yu et al., 2011; Ouellette et al., 2013). However, the impact of Asu with a high abundance in the FR has not reported until now. In this study, the efficacy (affinity, binding and bioactivity, and CDC and ADCC activities) of Asu modification at Asn 43 in FR of golimumab was evaluated. The result indicated that the Asu intermediate modification at Asn 43 in the variable region of golimumab has virtually no effect on the efficacy (affinity, binding and bioactivity, and CDC and ADCC activities) and stability. It may be that the Asu modification at Asn 43 was within the FR not CDRs, which emerge from the surface of golimumab to form the surface that recognizes TNFα. It is not inconsistent with previous reports.
Conclusion
To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first detailed analysis of the Asn deamidation Asu intermediate modification with a high abundance in the FR of golimumab using a subunit-based MAM and peptide-based MAM. We first identified the modification and evaluated the efficacy and stability. The results indicated that the Asu modification at Asn 43 in the FR of golimumab has virtually no effect on the efficacy and stability. Our findings provide valuable insights into Asu modification and its effect on efficacy and stability; this study also demonstrates that there is a need to develop a broad-spectrum, rapid, and accurate platform to identify and characterize new peaks in the development of therapeutic proteins, particularly for antibody drugs. Due to the importance of deamidation and its interrelated modifications, further studies need to be carried out.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, and further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.
Author Contributions
TL: data curation and writing—original draft. HG: conceptualization, methodology and writing—original draft preparation. JX: software, investigation, formal analysis, and visualization. QG, JL, and DZ: investigation. WQ: validation. XZ: supervision and writing—review and editing. SH: conceptualization, methodology, and writing—review and editing.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China under the Grant No: 2021YFC2501700, the Shanghai “Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan” Science and Technology Support Project in Bio-medicine under the Grant No: 19431907500, the Shanghai Rising-Star Program under the Grant No: 19QB1400700, the Shanghai Program of Shanghai Technology Research Leader under the Grant No: 18XD1422300, the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation under the Grant No: ZR2021LSW001, the Open Project of Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Antibody Drugs under the Grant No: CIC-AD1802, and Scientific Research Foundation Huashan Hospital under the Grant No: 2018QD841.
Conflict of Interest
Authors JX and HG were employed by Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
Author QG is employed by Taizhou Mabtech Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors, and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2022.826923/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: deamidation, succinimide, golimumab, efficacy, framework region, multi-attribute method
Citation: Liu T, Xu J, Guo Q, Zhang D, Li J, Qian W, Guo H, Zhou X and Hou S (2022) Identification, Efficacy, and Stability Evaluation of Succinimide Modification With a High Abundance in the Framework Region of Golimumab. Front. Chem. 10:826923. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2022.826923
Received: 02 December 2021; Accepted: 08 March 2022;
Published: 05 April 2022.
Edited by:
Zhenjun Yang, Peking University, ChinaCopyright © 2022 Liu, Xu, Guo, Zhang, Li, Qian, Guo, Zhou and Hou. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Huaizu Guo, guohuaizu@163.com; Xinli Zhou, xinli_zhou73@163.com; Sheng Hou, housheng301@163.com
†These authors have contributed equally to this work