Michael Hoffman
Omri Wurtzel- 1The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- 2Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Introduction
Planarians are highly regenerative flatworms. They can regrow any missing organ by activating injury and regeneration-specific gene expression programs (Reddien, 2018). The planarian genome encodes over 20,000 genes (Rozanski et al., 2019), and therefore understanding the genetic basis for regeneration in this seemingly simple organism is a complex task. The use of RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) for gene expression analysis has transformed the study of planarian gene function, by facilitating the collection of thousands of data points in a single experiment. The accessibility of RNA-Seq technologies is demonstrated by the rapid growth in the number of RNA-Seq libraries from planarians, with over 3,450 planarian RNA BioSamples deposited to the publicly available Sequence Read Archive (Leinonen et al., 2011). The availability of transcriptional profiling has driven the discovery of key factors in planarian regeneration and stem cell (neoblast) biology. This includes the discovery of transcription factors associated with lineage selection and maturation (Forsthoefel et al., 2012; Tu et al., 2015), injury response genes (Wenemoser et al., 2012; Wurtzel et al., 2015), and regulators of neoblast differentiation (Lapan and Reddien, 2012; Zhu et al., 2015).
RNA-Seq data allows, in principle, highly reproducible research using common bioinformatic processing tools that are available to the scientific community. Compared to other research modalities, the format of high-throughput sequencing data is standardized, machine readable, and found in accessible repositories (Cock et al., 2010; Leinonen et al., 2011). However, despite these properties, using or comparing RNA-Seq data across projects and research groups presents several challenges. Data processing and analysis differ between scientists and teams, and continuously evolve based on the available tools, protocols, and technology. Moreover, RNA-Seq data is commonly found in raw fastq format, requiring computational proficiency and resources for even basic analysis. Even processed RNA-Seq data, often available as supplementary information in manuscripts, can be difficult to use. For example, different transcriptome assemblies are used in the planarian community for RNA-Seq data mapping, limiting comparisons of available data. Major planarian computational resources, such as PlanMine and Planosphere, have become instrumental for the research community by providing powerful tools for studying gene function and genome browsing using a gene or transcript focused interface (Rozanski et al., 2019; Nowotarski et al., 2021). Yet, a major strength of RNA-Seq data is the ability to examine changes in expression of multiple transcripts simultaneously.
Here, we curated published planarian RNA-Seq data and implemented a computational pipeline, based on broadly used RNA-Seq analysis tools, for analyzing gene expression. We developed a web-application, PLANAtools, that facilitates browsing, mining, downloading, and visualizing planarian RNA-Seq data interactively, requiring minimal computational skills and resources from the user.
Results
Data retrieval and processing
A list of deposited Schmidtea mediterranea bulk RNA-Seq metadata was retrieved from the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (Leinonen et al., 2011). The list was curated manually and each library was associated with its controls and replicates. Each set of replicates and their controls was processed as a single biological experiment. Raw RNA-Seq libraries were retrieved from the SRA using the fasterq-dump tool (Leinonen et al., 2011) or by using bowtie2 --sra-acc parameter (Langmead and Salzberg, 2012). Raw RNA-Seq data was mapped to the planarian dd_v6 transcriptome assembly (Rozanski et al., 2019) using bowtie2 with parameter--fast. Paired-end RNA-Seq data was mapped as single-end by considering the first read in a read pair. The mapped data was transformed to Binary Alignment Map (BAM) format using SAMtools (Li et al., 2009). For each biological experiment (i.e., replicates and controls), a read count table was produced using featureCounts v2 with parameters [-M -s 0] (Liao et al., 2014). Data normalization and differential gene expression calling were then performed using DESeq2 using the rlog and DESeqDataSetFromMatrix functions (Love et al., 2014). Differential gene expression analysis was not performed on conditions where no biological replicates were available. Processed data tables were then indexed using the R data.table package and stored as binary files using the saveRDS function.
Application implementation
PLANAtools is accessible from https://wurtzellab.org/planatools. It was developed in R using the Shiny framework and packaged to a docker image. The current release includes gene expression analyses of 168 assays from over 40 manuscripts. Data browsing was implemented to accomplish four main uses (Figure 1): 1) Showing gene expression in published datasets as a heatmap or volcano plot based on transcripts that are selected by the users. Transcript selection is performed using free text search of transcript IDs or their putative annotation, as previously described (Dagan et al., 2022). 2) Showing differentially expressed genes of an assay as a heatmap, a volcano plot, or a table in the datasets that are available and analyzed with PLANAtools. 3) Presenting gene expression across datasets by comparing the expression of a single gene in control and treatment samples across assays. 4) Finally, to intersect a list of queried genes with a list of differentially expressed genes in an assay. Resulting visualizations are interactive online, and downloadable as vector images for further processing. The processed gene expression tables and differential gene expression analyses are also available for download.
FIGURE 1. Overview of PLANAtools. (A) Main functions of PLANAtools. An asynchronous standardized pipeline was designed for offline RNA-Seq data processing. The products of this pipeline are used in the online application. Main functions of the online application are shown. (B–D) Images produced by PLANAtools were minimally edited for assembling the multi-panel figure; in the application the plots are interactive and show additional information upon mouse hover. (B) Data visualization produced using the heatmaply package (Galili et al., 2018) on user queried transcripts, using published planarian gene expression data (Tu et al., 2015) that is available on PLANAtools. The right column of the heatmap highlights genes that are known to be expressed in a user selected cell type (Fincher et al., 2018); dark and light blue, expressed or not expressed specifically in the cell type, respectively; in the example shown, the selected cell type is neoblast. (C) A volcano plot showing differentially expressed genes in re-analysis of previously published data (Tu et al., 2015) at 9 days following inhibition of CHD4 expression. Black and red, significant and insignificant changes to gene expression, based on user parameters, respectively. (D) Differential expression of a user queried gene (Smed-ift88) is shown across all available RNA-Seq assays in PLANAtools. Each bar represents a single assay comparing expression in the condition compared to its control. Bar color represents the significance of the differential expression in that assay. The arrow indicates the largest increase in gene expression observed across all assays. The expression of ift88 is highly enriched in the ventral epidermis compared to its control (Wurtzel et al., 2017).
Usage
PLANAtools is a hub for gene expression analyses, and facilitates data visualization, browsing and acquisition. In addition, PLANAtools provides links to the original publication, to the raw deposited data in SRA (Leinonen et al., 2011), and to major organism-specific gene resources, such as FlyBase, PlanMine, and WormBase (Rozanski et al., 2019; Thurmond et al., 2019; Harris et al., 2020). The functionality of the website is showcased in a video tutorial that is found on the website demonstrating the major features of the application.
Summary
PLANAtools provides non-experts access to planarian gene expression data, gene annotations, and external data sources. In contrast to most planarian resources, it is not gene- or transcript-centric. Instead, it allows an overview of gene expression using interactive visualizations and direct downloads of the original data. Therefore, it bridges the gaps in the ability to access, use, and re-use planarian gene expression resources. Periodic updates to PLANAtools are planned, pursuant to the availability of newly deposited planarian gene expression datasets.
Data availability statement
Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. This data can be found here: https://wurtzellab.shinyapps.io/planatools/.
Author contributions
MH and OW designed and implemented the research. MH and OW wrote the manuscript.
Funding
This work is supported by the European Research Council Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (No. 853640) and the Israel Science Foundation (grant 2039/18). OW is a Zuckerman Faculty Scholar.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
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Keywords: planarian, database, gene expression, regeneration, RNAseq, data visualization
Citation: Hoffman M and Wurtzel O (2023) PLANAtools—An interactive gene expression repository for the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 11:1149537. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1149537
Received: 22 January 2023; Accepted: 16 March 2023;
Published: 23 March 2023.
Edited by:
Stefano Tiozzo, Université Paris-Sorbonne, FranceReviewed by:
Maja Adamska, Australian National University, AustraliaPeter Ladurner, University of Innsbruck, Austria
Copyright © 2023 Hoffman and Wurtzel. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Omri Wurtzel, owurtzel@tauex.tau.ac.il