Zhiwei Lin1†
Dongxin Lin2†
Lin Xu2,3Qiwei Chen2Manoj Kumar Vashisth2
Xuecheng Huang4
Yuping Deng5Feihu Zhang1
Wenhua Huang1,2,3*- 1School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- 2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Biomechanics, National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- 3Department of Orthopaedic, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
- 4Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, China
- 5Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Objective: Compare the spine’s stability after laminectomy (LN) and laminoplasty (LP) for two posterior surgeries. Simultaneously, design a new vertebral titanium porous mini plate (TPMP) to achieve firm fixation of the open-door vertebral LP fully. The objective is to enhance the fixation stability, effectively prevent the possibility of “re-closure,” and may facilitate bone healing.
Methods: TPMP was designed by incorporating a fusion body and porous structures, and a three-dimensional finite element cervical model of C2-T1 was constructed and validated. Load LN and LP finite element models, respectively, and analyze and simulate the detailed processes of the two surgeries. It was simultaneously implanting the TPMP into LP to evaluate its biomechanical properties.
Results: We find that the range of motion (ROM) of C4-C5 after LN surgery was greater than that of LP implanted with different plates alone. Furthermore, flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation reflect this change. More noteworthy is that LN has a much larger ROM on C2-C3 in axial rotation. The ROM of LP implanted with two different plates is similar. There is almost no difference in facet joint stress in lateral bending. The facet joint stress of LN is smaller on C2-C3 and C4-C5, and larger more prominent on C5-C6 in the flexion-extension. Regarding intervertebral disc pressure (IDP), there is little difference between different surgeries except for the LN on C2-C3 in axial rotation. The plate displacement specificity does not significantly differ from LP with vertebral titanium mini-plate (TMP) and LP with TPMP after surgery. The stress of LP with TPMP is larger in C4-C5, C5-C6. Moreover, LP with TMP shows greater stress in the C3-C4 during flexion-extension and lateral bending.
Conclusion: LP may have better postoperative stability when posterior approach surgery is used to treat CSM; at the same time, the new type of vertebral titanium mini-plate can achieve almost the same effect as the traditional titanium mini-plate after surgery for LP. In addition, it has specific potential due to the porous structure promoting bone fusion.
1 Introduction
Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (CSM) is a type of cervical spondylosis, which mainly refers to the degeneration of the intervertebral connection structure of the cervical spine, resulting in spinal cord compression or ischemia and, subsequently, spinal cord dysfunction (Xiong et al., 2015; Ghogawala et al., 2021). It is critical to realize that cervical spinal cord injury could be traumatic or non-traumatic. Cervical spondylosis with neuropathy and myelopathy comes under non traumatic spinal cord injury (Goel et al., 2018; Tyagi et al., 2019). CSM accounts for 10%–15% of cervical spondylosis and is the most common cause of spinal cord dysfunction worldwide (Badhiwala et al., 2020). Currently, the main posterior surgical methods for CSM include LN and LP. The purpose of LP is to open and expand the vertebral canal, causing the cervical spinal cord to drift backwards and alleviating the patient’s symptoms (Wang et al., 2022). Lumbar LN and fusion can expand the spinal canal, shift the cervical segment of the spinal cord backwards, release pressure, and significantly stabilize the cervical spine. The computed endpoints may not be adequate to make firm conclusions, although several prior meta-analyses have compared LP and LF in the treatment of CSM and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (Lee et al., 2016; Ma et al., 2018; Yuan et al., 2019). There is currently limited research on the biomechanical effects of the cervical spine after LN and LP. In the original LP outlined by Hirabayashi, the vertebral lamina is reconstructed through suturing and fixation. Although the long-term neurological results of cervical LP with suture fixation have been satisfactory (Suk et al., 2007; Okada et al., 2009), LP re-closure is also considered a problem related to this surgery. Matsumoto et al. (Matsumoto et al., 2008) reported that up to 34% of patients have varying degrees of lamina re-closure at one or more segments after LP using suture fixation. There are also some clinical reports indicating the risk of re-closure between the vertebral lamina and lateral mass (Wang et al., 2011). At the same time, existing LP also has some defects, such as the risk of re-closure of the vertebra, the possibility of intraoperative self-bone transplantation, and the inability of the solid structure of the spacer to promote bone fusion.
Cervical biomechanics research primarily uses in vitro and in vivo models. Obtaining human specimens is exceedingly tricky because of medical ethics and conventional ethics limits, even though body specimens have good human representativeness and can effectively support cervical biomechanics research (Cho et al., 2022; Silva et al., 2023). Furthermore, the broad restrictions imposed by medical ethics restrict the utilization of human living models. However, the progression of science and technology has facilitated the introduction of computer simulation technology and finite element analysis methods, presenting novel approaches and technologies for investigating cervical biomechanics. (Sun et al., 2022; Gerringer et al., 2023). Finite element analysis can be utilized to compare the biomechanical properties of the cervical spine under physiological or pathological conditions by altering parameters and analyzing their effects. This enables an examination of pathological processes’ impact on the cervical spine’s mechanical characteristics (Srinivasan et al., 2021; Frantsuzov et al., 2023; Hsieh et al., 2023). This method can evaluate the biomechanical effects of various spinal surgeries and assess the mechanical stability of different implants by calculating and analyzing parameters such as ROM, IDP, facet joint stress, and stress in the spinal cord, among other factors. (Chen et al., 2020; Lin et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2023).In this study, we developed finite element models of the healthy C2-T1, C3-C6 LN, C3-C6 LP, and C3-C6 LP with vertebral TPMP. This research aims to improve and optimize the current vertebral plate fixation system, devise a novel vertebral plate fixation system, and assess the biomechanical effects following LN and LP.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Design process of a new type of vertebral titanium mini-plate
The design process is depicted in Figure 1. Initially, the traditional vertebral TMP implanted in LP (Ke et al., 2021; Liang et al., 2023) is extracted (Figure 1A). It has come to our attention that there is a lack of spacer (Figure 1B) between the vertebral lamina and lateral mass. We introduced a fusion body (Figure 1C) to address this issue while incorporating serrations to prevent extraction. Afterwards, fill the fusion body with a porous structure (Figure 1D). The parameters of the porous structure include a small beam diameter of approximately 200 μm. This process completed the design of the vertebral TPMP (Figure 1E).
FIGURE 1. The design process of TPMP. (A) Extracting traditional spinal TMP implanted with LP. (B) A lack of spacer between the vertebral lamina and lateral mass. (C) The combination of fusion body and TMP. (D) Fusion body filled with porous structure. (E) The overall appearance of TPMP.
2.2 Establishment of a complete finite element model of the cervical spine
The subject of this study is a healthy volunteer (male, age 26, height 174 cm, weight 66 kg). The participants’ dual-source CT scans were acquired at 0.625 mm intervals (SOMATOM Definition AS +, Siemens, Germany). Furthermore, we established a three-dimensional finite element model of the C2-T1 cervical spine using DICOM data (Ahn et al., 2023). The research was carried out following the guidelines in the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was reviewed by the Medical Ethics Committee of Southern Hospital of Southern Medical University, and the participants signed an informed consent form (license number: 1, date: 2 January 2022).
The complete cervical spine model comprises seven vertebrae, six intervertebral discs, and related ligaments. It is a detailed three-dimensional finite element model based on cross-sectional CT images. The DICOM format imaging files of healthy volunteers should be read by the medical 3D reconstruction software MIMICS 21.0 (Materialize, Leuven, Belgium). Then, reconstruct the geometric structure of the cervical vertebrae through threshold segmentation, editing masks, cavity filling, and other operations. Subsequently, the data was imported into the reverse engineering software Geomagic Studio 2017 (Geomagic, NC, USA) for smoothing, converted into corresponding geometric entities, and exported as an STP file. Then, the C2-T1 vertebral model of the cervical spine was imported into Solidworks 2021 (France, Dassault Company) to generate a computer-aided design (CAD) model of the cervical spine. The models of the cortical bone, cancellous bone, facet joint, fibrous ring, nucleus pulposus, and endplate cartilage were created based on the contours of the cervical spine vertebra (Mo et al., 2015). At last, the finite element model was analyzed using the finite element analysis software Ansys (ANSYS Ltd., Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, United States).
The C2-T1 finite element model can be divided into cortical bone, cancellous bone, intervertebral disc (IVD), facet joints, and related ligaments (Figure 2A). Cortical bone is constructed as a tetrahedron with a thickness of 0.5 mm (Hua et al., 2020). The intervertebral disc (IVD) comprises annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus. The nucleus pulposus is located near the centre of the intervertebral disc and accounts for 40% of the intervertebral disc (Li et al., 2021; Tang et al., 2022). The endplate is a tetrahedron with a thickness of 0.5 mm. The facet joint is recognized as cartilage tissue and has frictionless sliding contact with its upper and lower vertebrae (Lin et al., 2023). The ligaments consist of Anterior longitudinal ligament, Posterior longitudinal ligament, Ligamentum flavum, Interspinous ligament, Supraspinous ligament, and Transverse ligament. These ligaments were established with nonlinear tension only spring elements (Wang et al., 2017; Xu et al., 2022). The material characteristics of the model are listed in Figure 2B and Table 1 (Cai et al., 2020; Guo H. et al., 2021; Guo X. et al., 2021).
FIGURE 2. Intact C2-T1 spine finite element model and material properties of the ligaments. (A) Intact C2-T1 spine finite element model. (B) Material properties of the ligaments.
TABLE 1. Material characteristics of three-dimensional finite element model of cervical spine.
2.3 Finite element models of C3-C6 LN
In order to simulate LN on a cervical spine model, a portion of the interspinous ligament (ISL), supraspinal ligament (SSL), and ligamentum flavum (target segment) were removed, and then some of the lamina elements and spinous processes were removed until the medial side of the facet joint was shown (Song et al., 2014; Nishida et al., 2022). This method creates a LN model at the C3–C6 level (Figure 3A).
FIGURE 3. The finite element models of different posterior approach surgeries on C3-C6. (A) The finite element models of C3-C6 LN. (B) The finite element models of C3-C6 LP + TMP. (C) The finite element models of C3-C6 LP + TPMP.
2.4 Finite element models of C3-C6 LP with TMP
As shown in Figure 3B, LP was performed at the C3-C6 segment. This is developed based on the surgical method proposed by Hirabayashi et al. (Hirabayashi et al., 2010). Firstly, remove the ligaments flavum, interspinal ligament, and supraspinal ligament from C3-C6, and then create a V-shaped opening on the hinge side of the vertebral plate, with a width of 12 mm on the opening side. The vertebral plate is fixed with titanium alloy and screws, and the material properties of titanium alloy are as follows: Young’s modulus is 110 Gpa, and Poisson’s ratio is 0.3 (Xu et al., 2022).
2.5 Finite element models of C3-C6 LP with TPMP
The surgical method is similar to LP. Replace the traditional TMP with TPMP as an implant, which is fixed with screws and is still considered as titanium alloy material (As shown in Figure 3C).
2.6 Boundary and model validation
To validate the intact finite element model of the cervical spine, the lower surface of the T1 vertebra was fixed within 6 degrees of freedom (Mo et al., 2015). Additionally, a vertical load of 73.6 N and a moment of 1.0 Nm were applied on the upper surface of C2 to replicate the spinal movements in forward flexion, backward extension, left and right lateral bending, and axial rotation (Hua et al., 2020; Ke et al., 2021). The range of motion, intervertebral disc pressure, von-Mises stress in the facet joint, and stress in the vertebral plate of the spine were analyzed. Furthermore, the biomechanical effects of various surgical techniques and post-operative implants were investigated.
3 Result
3.1 Model validation
Comparative analysis was conducted between the current intact finite element model of the cervical spine and three prior biomechanical studies to assess the efficacy of the aforementioned finite element model (Moroney et al., 1988; Panjabi et al., 2001; Finn et al., 2009). The projected degree of flexion extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation of the entire cervical spine model is congruous with the findings of previous experimental research investigations (Figure 4). A considerably favourable concurrence existed between our experimental data and the reference data. The results indicate that the model can effectively and reasonably predict the biomechanical properties of the cervical spine.
FIGURE 4. Comparison of the ROM of the intact three-dimensional finite element models of C2-T1 with the prior biomechanical studies. (A) ROM in flexion-extension. (B) ROM in lateral bending. (C) ROM in axial rotation.
3.2 Analysis of biomechanical effects of two different posterior surgical methods for C3-C6 after surgery
It can be found that the ROM of C4-C5 after LN surgery surpassed that of LP implanted with different plates alone. This change manifests in flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. More noteworthy is that LN has a much larger ROM on C2-C3 in axial rotation. In general, the ROM implanted with two different plates in LP is similar (Figure 5). As for the stress of the facet joints, there is little difference between different surgeries during lateral bending. The facet joint stress of LN is smaller on C2-C3 and C4-C5, and larger more prominent on C5-C6 in the flexion-extension (Figure 6). Regarding intervertebral disc pressure (IDP), there is not much difference between different surgeries except for the LN on C2-C3 in axial rotation (Figure 7).
FIGURE 5. ROM of different posterior approach surgeries on C3-C6. (A) ROM in flexion-extension. (B) ROM in lateral bending. (C) ROM in axial rotation.
FIGURE 6. Stress of the facet joints different posterior approach surgeries on C3-C6. (A) Stress of the facet joints in flexion-extension. (B) Stress of the facet joints in lateral bending. (C) Stress of the facet joints in axial rotation. (D) Stress distribution of LN in flexion-extension. (E) Stress distribution of LP + TMP in flexion-extension. (F) Stress distribution of LP + TPMP in flexion-extension.
FIGURE 7. Stress of the IDP of different posterior approach surgeries on C3-C6. (A) The IDP in flexion-extension. (B) The IDP in lateral bending. (C) The IDP in axial rotation.
3.3 Biomechanical analysis of C3-C6 LP with TMP and TPMP
By extracting and comparing data between different implanted plates, it was found that the displacement of the vertebral TMP and TPMP was almost the same, and they both gradually increased with the elevation of the segment (Figure 8). The stress of LP with TPMP is larger in C4-C5, C5-C6. And LP with TMP shows greater stress in the C3-C4 during flexion-extension and lateral bending (Figure 9).
FIGURE 8. Comparison of the displacement of the C3-C6 LP with TMP and TPMP. (A) Displacement in flexion-extension. (B) Displacement in lateral bending. (C) Displacement in axial rotation.
FIGURE 9. Comparison of the plate von-Mises stress of the C3-C6 LP with TMP and TPMP. (A) Plate stress in flexion-extension. (B) Plate stress in lateral bending. (C) Plate stress in axial rotation. (D) Stress distribution of LP + TMP in flexion-extension. (E) Stress distribution of LP + TPMP in flexion-extension.
4 Discussion
This study aims to compare various biomechanical indicators after LP and LN, as well as the biomechanical effects of LP using TPMP in the treatment of CSM. The biomechanical results indicate that the ROM of C4-C5 after LN surgery was greater than that of LP implanted with different plates alone. Furthermore, flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation reflect this change. LN results in a significantly more extensive ROM on C2-C3 in axial rotation. The ROM implanted with two different plates in LP is similar. There is almost no difference in facet joint stress in lateral bending. The facet joint stress of LN is smaller on C2-C3 and C4-C5 and more prominent on C5-C6 in the flexion-extension. The facet joint stress of LP with TPMP is smaller on C2-C3 and C4-C5 in the axial rotation compared with LN. This indicates that LP with TPMP can achieve biomechanical effects similar to LN, even better at specific segments and degrees of freedom. Regarding intervertebral disc pressure (IDP), there is little difference between different surgeries except for the LN on C2-C3 in axial rotation. The Increased IDP and facet joint stress of LN on C2-C3 in the axial rotation may be related to ROM. Greater ROM may generate greater stress. TMP and TPMP are almost identical in displacement. The stress of LP with TPMP is larger in C4-C5, C5-C6. And LP with TMP shows greater stress in the C3-C4 during flexion-extension and lateral bending.
The cornerstone of treatment for CSM is spinal canal decompression with cervical LN. This operation aims to expand the back of the cervical spine by removing the spinous processes, lamina, ligamentum flavum, and enlarged bone that cause spinal stenosis (Brown et al., 2021). A dorsal approach is the most effective treatment for patients with congenital spinal stenosis and dorsal compression. In this sense, cervical LN is still a helpful treatment option for CSM (Lu, 2007). Several studies have constructed finite element models for posterior cervical LN and analyzed the resultant alterations in stress distribution within the intervertebral discs and the mobility of the vertebral bodies (Hong-Wan et al., 2004; Ng et al., 2005). Some literature analyses the biomechanical effects and instability based on the range of the posterior bone and ligament complex resection of the LN surgery using finite element technology (Khuyagbaatar et al., 2017). LN was previously considered the “gold standard” for treating CSM, but postoperative cervical instability limited its use (Lu, 2007; Highsmith et al., 2011). In this study, it is possible that LN removed the spinous process and part of the vertebral lamina, resulting in a larger ROM of the entire cervical spine in the flexion and extension direction.
LP is the surgical process of reconstructing the vertebral lamina after opening the spinal canal. The general surgical principle is to create one or more hinges for opening the door, and the vertebral lamina is lifted but not removed on the hinges. This process increases the cross-sectional area of the vertebral canal, relieves spinal cord compression, and then implants multiple segments with vertebral TMPs (Kurokawa and Kim, 2015; Cho et al., 2018). Currently, cervical LN and cervical LP (single or double door) are the main implementation methods of cervical posterior decompression surgery. These two surgical methods have become classic surgeries, but there has yet to be a significant innovation in the specific vertebral TMP for cervical LP in recent decades. In 1997, it was first reported that patients with Hypertrophic spinal pachymeningitis underwent LP, which confirmed that spinal canal decompression and autologous bone graft were acceptable treatment methods for young patients (Kanamori et al., 1997). In recent years, a research team has designed and implemented a technique for inserting an autologous bone spacer between the opened lamina and lateral mass, but without the need for suturing and fixing autologous bone spacer and plates (Kono et al., 2021). Due to the limited number of autologous bone donor sites, long surgical time, and pain in the autologous bone donor site during surgery, HA spacers have been used in LP. This study expands the surgical scope of LP (Goto et al., 2002; Takayasu et al., 2002). In the experimental study of hydroxyapatite/alginate composite injection of three-dimensional polylactic acid scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells as spacers for LN, the application of the scaffolds has biocompatibility similar to autologous bone graft (Rahyussalim et al., 2022). The above research prompted our team to design a new type of vertebral titanium porous mini-plate, which allows the original TMP to have spacers. Due to the presence of spacers, the risk of vertebral lamina re-closure can be reduced. In addition, TPMP can potentially promote bone fusion due to its porous titanium alloy structure.
There are also some limitations in this study. Firstly, due to the lack of muscles and tendons in this finite element model, it is impossible to simulate various states of the cervical spine accurately. Secondly, the attributes of the intact cervical spine material are outlined as linear and isotropic while ignoring the anisotropy of the material. Therefore, this model has specific differences from the actual human body. Thirdly, a three-dimensional finite element model of a healthy volunteer, which cannot simulate the neck condition of patients with CSM was used as the research object. However, this study can clarify the effects of LN, LP, and LP with TPMP on intervertebral discs and facet joints. Meanwhile, future research should focus on the ability of this TPMP to promote bone fusion. This finite element model helps to infer the application strategies of different posterior cervical surgeries and implants.
5 Conclusion
When using posterior surgery to treat CSM, LP may have better immediate postoperative stability than LN. LP can perform spinal cord decompression without significantly altering the cervical ROM. TPMP can achieve biomechanical effects similar to TMP during LP. In addition, due to the presence of porous structures in TPMP that promote bone fusion, it has a particular potential value.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics statement
The studies involving humans were approved by the Southern Hospital of Southern Medical University’s Medical Ethics Committee. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author contributions
ZL: Writing–original draft. DL: Writing–original draft. LX: Writing–review and editing. QC: Writing–original draft. MV: Writing–original draft. XH: Writing–review and editing. YD: Writing–review and editing. FZ: Writing–original draft. WH: Writing–review and editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 32271181), Discipline construction project of Guangdong Medical University (4SG22260G), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 82305261), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M711533), Medical Science and Technology Research Fund of Guangdong Province (A2023129) and Postdoctoral program of International Training Program for Young Talents of Guangdong Province.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the Human Anatomy Department of Southern Medical University for providing the experimental equipment and every volunteer who participated.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
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Keywords: finite element analysis, biomechanics, laminectomy, laminoplasty, titanium miniplate, cervical spondylotic myelopathy
Citation: Lin Z, Lin D, Xu L, Chen Q, Vashisth MK, Huang X, Deng Y, Zhang F and Huang W (2024) Biomechanical evaluation on a new type of vertebral titanium porous mini-plate and mechanical comparison between cervical open-door laminoplasty and laminectomy: a finite element analysis. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 12:1353797. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1353797
Received: 11 December 2023; Accepted: 22 January 2024;
Published: 05 February 2024.
Edited by:
Jingwei Zhang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, ChinaReviewed by:
Dongdong Xia, Ningbo First Hospital, ChinaShakti Goel, Indian Spinal Injuries Centre, India
Copyright © 2024 Lin, Lin, Xu, Chen, Vashisth, Huang, Deng, Zhang and Huang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Wenhua Huang, aHVhbmd3ZW5odWEgMjAwOUAxMzkuY29t
†These authors share first authorship