In the original article, information for phytoplasmas in Table 1 did not fully reflect recent changes in taxonomy, or showed changes only as footnotes. Corrections have been made in the sections below and in Table 1.
Table 1
| 16Sr group | “Candidatus Phytoplasma” name | Phytoplasma trivial name | Host plant species | Potential vectors | Location+ | References* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| II | australasiaea | Australian lucerne yellows | Medicago sativa, Carica papaya | Orosius argentatus, Austroagallia torrida, Orosius spp., Batracomorphus sp. | South Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory | Padovan and Gibb, 2001*; Pilkington et al., 2003*; Yang et al., 2013 |
| II | Bonamia pannosa little leaf | Bonamia pannosa | Northern Territory | Schneider et al., 1999; Padovan and Gibb, 2001 | ||
| II | Cactus witches' broom | Carica papaya | Northern Territory | Padovan and Gibb, 2001 | ||
| II | Cocky apple witches' broom | Planchonia careya | Queensland | Davis et al., 2001 | ||
| II | Waltheria little leaf | Mitracarpus hirtus, Saccharum sp., Spermacocci sp., Waltheria indica, Carica papaya | Northern Territory | Schneider et al., 1999; Tran-Nguyen et al., 2000; Padovan and Gibb, 2001; Wilson et al., 2001 | ||
| II | australasiae | Tomato big bud | Achyranthes aspera, Aeschynomene spp., Alysicarpus rugosus, Amaranthus sp., Apium graveolens, Arachis spp., Boeharvia sp., Brugmansia x candida, Capsicum annuum, Carica papaya, Catharanthus roseus, Cajanus cajan, Citrus paradisi, Crotalaria spp., Cenchrus ciliaris, Cichorium intybus, Cleome viscosa, Cucurbita maxima, Cynodon dactylon, Daucus carota, Emilia sonchifolia, Eragrostis falcata, Eriachne obtusa, Euphorbia milii, Evolvulus sp., Gerbera sp., Goodenia sp., Guizotia abyssinica, Ipomoea spp., Lactuca sativa, Lycopersicon esculentum, Macroptilium spp., Medicago sativa, Mucuna pruriens, Passiflora sp., Phlox sp., Physalis minima, Ptilotus distans, Rhynchosia minima, Saccharum sp., Sarcochilus hartmanii × S. falcatus, Sesamum indicum, Sida cordifolia, Lycopersicon esculentum, Solanum melongena, Stylosanthes scabra, Trifolium repens, Vigna spp., Vitis vinifera, Zinnia elegans, | Austroagallia torrida | Northern Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia, Victoria | Gibb et al., 1995; Davis et al., 1997b; Gowanlock et al., 1998; De La Rue et al., 1999; Tran-Nguyen et al., 2000, 2003; Wilson et al., 2001*; Pilkington et al., 2004; Streten and Gibb, 2006 |
| II | aurantifolia | Chickpea little leaf | Cicer arietinum | Western Australia | Saqib et al., 2005 | |
| II | australasiae | Papaya yellow crinkle | Carica papaya | Queensland | Gibb et al., 1996; White et al., 1998 | |
| II | australasiae | Papaya mosaic | Carica papaya | Queensland | Gibb et al., 1996; White et al., 1998 | |
| II | Tree medic witches' broom | Medicago arborea | South Australia | Yang et al., 2013 | ||
| II | Pigeonpea phyllody | Cajanus cajan | South Australia | Yang et al., 2013 | ||
| II | Pigeon pea little leaf | Arachis spp., Catharanthus roseus, Crotalaria spp., Desmodium triflorum, Indigofera sp., Macroptilium bracteatum Pterocaulon sp. Sesuvium portulacastrum, Stylosanthes spp., Vigna radiata | Northern Territory, Queensland, Torres Strait | Schneider et al., 1999; De La Rue et al., 2001; Padovan and Gibb, 2001; Wilson et al., 2001; Davis et al., 2003; Streten and Gibb, 2006 | ||
| II-D | australasiae | Pale purple coneflower witches' broom | Echinacea pallida | Tasmania | Pearce et al., 2011 | |
| II-D | australasiae | Sweet potato little leaf | Alysicarpus vaginalis, Aphyllodium sp., Arachis spp., Cajanus marmoratus, Carica papaya, Catharanthus roseus, Centrosema pascuorum, Citrus sp., Cleome viscosa, Crotalaria spp., Cucurbita maxima, Cyanthillium spp., Desmodium spp., Emilia sonchifolia, Indigofera spp., Ipomoea batatas, Macroptilium gracile, Medicago sativa, Mitracarpus hirtus, Nicotiana tabacum, Pachyrhizus erosus, Physalis minima, Rhynchosia minima, Senna obtusifolia, Sesamum indicum, Stylosanthes ssp., Tridax procumbens, Vigna spp. | Austroagallia torrida, Orosius spp., Batracomorphus sp. | Torres Strait, Northern Territory, Western Australia, New South Wales | Gibb et al., 1995*; Liu et al., 1996; Davis et al., 1997b; Schneider and Gibb, 1997*; De La Rue et al., 1999, 2001; Padovan and Gibb, 2001; Wilson et al., 2001; Davis et al., 2003; Streten and Gibb, 2006; Tairo et al., 2006; Tran-Nguyen et al., 2012 |
| XI-B | Cynodon white leaf | Cynodon dactylon, Dactyloctenium aegyptium | Northern Territory, Western Australia | Schneider et al., 1999; Tran-Nguyen et al., 2000; Blanche et al., 2003 | ||
| XI-B | Sorghum grassy shoot | Dactyloctenium spp., Sorghum stipoideum, Whiteochloa spp., Chloris inflata, Whiteochloa cymbiformis | Western Australia, Northern Territory | Tran-Nguyen et al., 2000; Blanche et al., 2003 | ||
| XII | Australian lucerne yellows | Medicago sativa | New South Wales | Getachew et al., 2007 | ||
| XII | Papaya dieback | Carica papaya | Queensland | Gibb et al., 1996; White et al., 1998 | ||
| XII-B | australiense | Pumpkin yellow leaf curl | Cucurbita maxima, C. moschata | Queensland, Western Australia, Northern Territory | Streten et al., 2005 | |
| XII-B | australiense | Cenchrus bunchy shoot | Cenchrus setiger | Western Australia | Tran-Nguyen et al., 2000 | |
| XII-B | australiense | Strawberry green petal disease | Fragaria x ananassa | Queensland | Padovan et al., 2000 | |
| XII-B | australiense | Strawberry lethal yellows | Fragaria x ananassa | Queensland | Padovan et al., 2000 | |
| XII-B | australiense | Australian grapevine yellowsb | Vitis vinifera, Carica papaya | South Australia, Queensland | Davis et al., 1997a,b; Davis and Sinclair, 1998; Davis et al., 2003 | |
| XXIIIc | Buckland Valley grapevine yellows | Vitis vinifera | Victoria | Constable et al., 2003; Streten and Gibb, 2006; Zhao and Davis, 2016 | ||
| XXVd | Weeping tea tree witches' broom | Melaleuca spp. | Queensland | Davis et al., 2003; Zhao and Davis, 2016 | ||
| XXXIII | Allocasuarina yellows | Allocasuarina muelleriana | South Australia | Gibb et al., 2003; Zhao and Davis, 2016 | ||
| Poinsettia branchinge | Euphorbia pulcherrima | Schneider et al., 1999 | ||||
| Galactia little leaf | Galactia tenuiflora | Northern Territory | Schneider et al., 1999; Padovan and Gibb, 2001 | |||
| Sorghum bunchy shoot | Sorghum stipoideum | Tran-Nguyen et al., 2000 | ||||
| Stylosanthes little leaf | Arachis pintoi, Carica papaya, Saccharum sp., Sesuvium portulacastrum, Stylosanthes scabra | Austroagallia torrida, Orosius spp., Batracomorphus sp. | Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales | Schneider et al., 1999; Tran-Nguyen et al., 2000; De La Rue et al., 2001; Padovan and Gibb, 2001; Davis et al., 2003; Gopurenko et al., 2016 | ||
| Sugarcane white leaf | Saccharum sp. | Western Australia, Queensland | Tran-Nguyen et al., 2000 | |||
| Vigna little leaf | Vigna lanceolata, Carica papaya, Tridax procumbens | Austroagallia torrida, Batracomorphus sp. | Northern Australia | Schneider et al., 1999; De La Rue et al., 2001; Padovan and Gibb, 2001 | ||
| Mundulla yellows diseasef | Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. baxteri, E. leucoxylon | South Australia | Hanold et al., 2006 | |||
| Paulownia witches' broomg | Paulownia sp. | Western Australia | Bayliss et al., 2005 |
Taxonomic and biological information on phytoplasmas in Australia (empty cells denote the absence of available information).
Denotes reference for vector data.
Location data are from the listed references but not every plant species was diseased in every location.
A new taxon, Ca. Phytoplasma australasia was proposed (White et al., 1998) to include the phytoplasma associated with papaya yellow crinkle and papaya mosaic (as well as tomato big bud) but later revised to “Ca. australasiae” (to include the papaya-associated phytoplasmas but not TBB; Firrao et al., 2005).
Davis and Sinclair (1998) moved the AGY phytoplasma from the 16SrI group into the stolbur group (16SrXII) and designated it subgroup B.
Constable et al. (2003) reported a close relationship to 16Sr I. Zhao and Davis (2016) subsequently placed this into a new group: 16SrXXIII.
Zhao and Davis (2016) placed this into this new group and potentially a new “Ca. Phytoplasma” species.
This phytoplasma has not been found in economically important field crops.
Tentative data only for a phytoplasma etiology.
RFLP patterns showed high similarity to “Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense.”
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are insect-vectored bacteria that cause disease in a wide range of plant species. The increasing availability of molecular DNA analyses, expertise, and additional methods in recent years has led to a proliferation of discoveries of phytoplasma-plant host associations and in the numbers of taxonomic groupings for phytoplasmas. The widespread use of common names based on the diseases with which they are associated, as well as separate phenetic and taxonomic systems for classifying phytoplasmas based on variation at the 16S rRNA-encoding gene, complicates interpretation of the literature. We explore this issue and related trends through a focus on Australian pathosystems, providing the first comprehensive compilation of information for this continent, covering the phytoplasmas, host plants, vectors, and diseases. Of the 33 16Sr groups reported internationally, only groups II, XI, XII, XXIII, XXV, and XXXIII have been recorded in Australia and this highlights the need for ongoing biosecurity measures to prevent the introduction of additional pathogen groups. Many of the phytoplasmas reported in Australia have not been sufficiently well-studied to assign them to 16Sr groups so it is likely that unrecognized groups and sub-groups are present. Wide host plant ranges are apparent among well studied phytoplasmas, with multiple crop and non-crop species infected by some. Disease management is further complicated by the fact that putative vectors have been identified for few phytoplasmas, especially in Australia. Despite rapid progress in recent years using molecular approaches, phytoplasmas remain the least well-studied group of plant pathogens, making them a “crouching tiger” disease threat.
Issue 2: Complex taxonomic nomenclature, paragraphs 2 and 3
Second, as molecular methods became available, workers were able to group and phenetically classify phytoplasmas using restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of a PCR amplified portion of the 16S rRNA gene with a defined set of restriction enzymes (Lee et al., 1998). The RFLP profiles generated for different phytoplasmas are generally consistent with sequence-based phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA gene, particularly in the co-identification and grouping of related strains. The 33 16Sr groups currently defined each have a similarity of less than 85% compared with any representative phytoplasma from within an established 16Sr group (Zhao and Davis, 2016). Table 1 summarizes available information on the 16Sr groups reported in Australian studies. Of the 33 16Sr groups reported internationally, only groups II, XI, XII, XXIII, XXV, and XXXIII have been recorded in Australia and this highlights the need for ongoing biosecurity measures to prevent the introduction of additional pathogen groups.
Third, phytoplasmas are classified in the provisional genus “Candidatus Phytoplasma” (IRPCM, 2004). To date, there are 42 formally described species and ten potentially novel phytoplasma species (Davis et al., 2015). This number exceeds the current number of 16s rRNA groups because some of these groups contain several “Candidatus Phytoplasma” species. At least 100 subgroups are known (Dickinson and Hodgetts, 2013). According to Phytoplasma/Spiroplasma Working Team-Phytoplasma Taxonomy Group, a novel “Ca. Phytoplasma” species description should refer to a single, unique 16S rRNA gene sequence (>1,200 bp), and a strain can be recognized as a novel “Ca. Phytoplasma” species if its 16S rRNA gene sequence has <97.5% similarity to that of any previously described “Ca. Phytoplasma” species (Duduk and Bertaccini, 2011). Additional biological characters such as antibody specificity, host range and vector transmission specificity as well as genetic markers can also be used in an integrative taxonomy approach for species differentiation. Of the 42 recognized “Ca. Phytoplasma” species, only Ca. Phytoplasma aurantifolia, Ca. Phytoplasma australasiae and Ca. Phytoplasma australiense are reported in Australia (Table 1) but uncertainty exists because many papers appear without Ca. Phytoplasma names which are used consistently only in the case of the GenBank database.
The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Statements
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Summary
Keywords
“Candidatus Phytoplasma”, 16S rRNA, biosecurity, taxonomy, biodiversity, vector, seed transmission, host range
Citation
Liu J, Gopurenko D, Fletcher MJ, Johnson AC and Gurr GM (2018) Corrigendum: Phytoplasmas—The “Crouching Tiger” Threat of Australian Plant Pathology. Front. Plant Sci. 9:1298. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01298
Received
21 June 2018
Accepted
17 August 2018
Published
26 October 2018
Volume
9 - 2018
Edited and reviewed by
Brigitte Mauch-Mani, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Updates
Copyright
© 2018 Liu, Gopurenko, Fletcher, Johnson and Gurr.
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*Correspondence: Geoff M. Gurr ggurr@csu.edu.au
This article was submitted to Plant Microbe Interactions, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science
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