Study of the Couple Stress Convective Micropolar Fluid Flow in a Hall MHD Generator System

The steady non-isothermal convective heat transfer in magnetohydrodynamic micropolar fluid flow over a non-linear extending wall is examined. The fluid flow is treated with strong magnetic field. The influence of magnetic field, Hall current, and couple stress are mainly focused in this work. The fluid flow problem is solved analytically. The impact of developing dimensionless parameters on primary, secondary, and angular velocity components and temperature profile are determined through graphs. The primary velocity component has reduced throughout the flow study. The greater magnetic parameter, Hall parameter and couple stress parameter have increased the secondary velocity component while the local Grashof number has reduced the secondary velocity component. The greater magnetic parameter and Hall parameter have reduced the angular velocity component. The greater magnetic parameter has increased the temperature profile while the Hall parameter and local Grashof number have decreased the temperature profile. The impact of developing dimensionless parameters on skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number are determined through Tables.

Introduction

The flow of non-Newtonian fluids has plentiful importance in industries and modern technology. Recently, the couple stress fluid among non-Newtonian fluid has acquired the exceptional position due to the spin field in the fluid. The elementary concept of couple stress was established by Stokes [1]. Khan et al. [2] deliberated the suggested model of couple stress fluid in a uniformly porous stretching channel. The axial velocity function heightens while the radial velocity function declines for escalating couple stress. The couple stress effect on heat transfer in four different nanofluids flows was determined by Farooq et al. [3]. Srinivasacharya et al. [4] explored the couple stress fluid flow. They originate that the couple stress parameter diminishes the fluid velocity and temperature while heightens the concentration. Ramzan et al. [5] deliberated the couple stress fluid flow over extending sheet. It is found that velocity profiles along both directions are declined with the escalation in couple stress parameter. Also the fluid temperature escalated with viscous dissipation effect. Hayat et al. [6] determined the heat transmission rate in the couple stress flow over extending surface and originate that the heat transfer intensifies with the rising estimations of the couple stress. Over an extending sheet, the couple stress fluid flow was determined by Turkyilmazoglu [7]. It is concluded that over a stretching sheet the couple stress gives double solution while over shrinking sheet it gives triple solution. The unsteady couple stress fluid flow was determined by Awad et al. [8]. Here, the fluid velocity and temperature decline with heightened couple stress. Sreenadh et al. [9] examined the fluid flow with couple stress impact. Hayat et al. [10] analyzed the mass transfer in couple stress fluid with chemical reaction. Khan et al. [11] scrutinized the incompressible and unsteady couple stress fluid flow considering three dimensional cylindrical polar coordinate systems. Hayat et al. [12] measured the flow of couple stress nanofluid with convective conditions. The fluid temperature and concentration are increased with escalating couple stress parameter. The dissipation influence on couple stress nanofluid flow was determined by Ramzan [13]. The magnetic field impact on couple stress nanofluid flow was determined by Hayat et al. [14]. In this article, the authors determined that temperature of fluid flow up surged with the large estimation of couple stress parameter. With Cattaneo-Chritov heat flux Hayat et al. [15] deliberated the flow of couple stress nanofluid flow. They found that the velocity components are increased while the temperature is decreased with the couple stress parameter. Umavathi et al. [16] deliberated the laminar flow of couple stress fluid and heat transmission considering horizontal plates. Umavathi et al. [17] scrutinized the fluid flow with couple stress impact in between two infinite porous walls. They concluded that the fluid velocity and temperature are reduced in the boundary layer regime. Srinivasacharyulu et al. [18] observed the couple stress fluids flow over stretching walls. Zueco et al. [19] inspected the couple stress nanofluid in a rigid channel. Zakaria [20] deliberated the couple stress fluid under magnetic field impact. Ellahi et al. [21] determined the couple stress blood flow under the impact of activation energy and chemical reaction.

In recent times, the researchers have got interest in megnetohydrodynamic (MHD) owing to plentiful applications in industrial, engineering, and medical devices. Rudolf et al. [22] briefly reviewed the properties of magnetic field in the universe. The MHD nanofluid flow with chemical reaction was deliberated by Hayat et al. [23]. The fluid flow velocity is reduced with higher estimation of magnetic field, and temperature escalated with chemical reactions and Dufour influences. The heat transmission in the flow of MHD nanofluid over unsteady extending sheet was observed by Lin et al. [24]. The fluid flow velocity is reduced with heightens in magnetic field while the temperature of the fluid escalated. The heat transfer in the flow of MHD incompressible second-grade nanofluid was deliberated by Ramesh et al. [25]. The MHD nanofluid flow in a symmetric channel was probed by Reddy et al. [26]. The elementary study of micropolar fluid was introduced by Eringen [27]. Bég et al. [28] presented the applications of micropolar fluid flow. Uddin et al. [29] probed the MHD micropolar fluid with Hall effect. Here, interesting results are concluded. The velocity of the fluid heightens with the escalation in magnetic field while the temperature of the fluid reduces with higher estimation of magnetic field (i.e. M>2). Khan et al. [30] determined the radiation and inertial coefficient influences on the flow of nanofluid. The higher inertial coefficient, porosity parameter, and coupling parameter reduce the fluid velocity and the temperature heightens with the escalation in thermal radiation. Dawar et al. [31] deliberated the unsteady MHD nanofluid with viscous dissipation effect. Here, the authors originate that the fluid flow velocity reduces with escalation in magnetic field and the fluid flow temperature reduces with viscous dissipation impacts. Kumam et al. [32] probed the MHD Casson nanofluid flow. Shah et al. [33] deliberated the flow of MHD thin film fluid with radiation impact. The MHD Casson nanofluid flow in a cylindrical tube was considered by Ali et al. [34]. The nanofluid flow with Hall effect was studied by Shah et al. [35]. The MHD nanofluid flow with magnetic and electric fields, and Hall impacts was determined by Shah et al. [36]. Kumar et al. [37] investigated the MHD nanofluid with magnetic and heat sink/source impacts. Temple et al. [38] scrutinized the nanoparticles of ferromagnetic for their size and magnetic properties. Ellahi et al. [39] examined the MHD nanofluid flow with thermal conductivity. Asadollahi et al. [40] deliberated the phase change of a fluid in a square microchannel. The most relevant and new studied studies can be reads in Ellahi et al. [41–43], Bhatti et al. [44], Ameen et al. [45], Vo et al. [46], Ahmad et al. [47], Sheikholeslami et al. [48], Ali et al. [49], and Ullah et al. [50].

In view of the above mentioned literature survey, the authors are in position to examine the three-dimensional MHD micropolar fluid flow over an extending wall with couple stress, Hall current and viscous dissipation influences. Section of Problem Formulation agrees with problem formulation. In the section of Solution by HAM, the recommended model is solved by HAM. Results section includes the results of the problem and the section of Discussion of the problem is presented independently. The final observations are obtainable in the section of Conclusion.

Problem Formulation

We assume the incompressible, steady, and electrically conducting couple stressed flow of micropolar fluid and heat transfer in the near wall zone of MHD Hall generator. The wall is considered as non-linearly stretching and concerned with x−direction (as shown in Figure 1). The magnetic field B₀ is functional in y−axis. In the presence of magnetic field, the Hall current influences the electrically conducting fluid. The flow of fluid develops to 3D due to the Hall current, which increases the force in z−direction. All properties of fluid are considered constant and isotropic.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Geometrical illustration of the micropolar fluid flow.

The principal equations for the fluid flow can be written as [27, 28]:

$\begin{array}{ll}\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}=0,& (1)\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{l}v\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}+u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}=\nu \frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial y^2}-{\nu }^{\prime }\frac{{\partial }^{4}u}{\partial y^4}-\frac{B_0}{\rho }{J}_z\\ +g\beta (T-T_{\infty })+K_1\frac{\partial N}{\partial y},& (2)\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}v\frac{\partial w}{\partial y}+u\frac{\partial w}{\partial x}=\nu \frac{{\partial }^{2}w}{\partial y^2}-{\nu }^{\prime }\frac{{\partial }^{4}w}{\partial y^4}+\frac{B_0}{\rho }{J}_x,& (3)\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\frac{G_1}{K_2}\frac{{\partial }^{2}N}{\partial y^2}=2N+\frac{\partial u}{\partial y},& (4)\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{l}v\frac{\partial T}{\partial y}+u\frac{\partial T}{\partial x}=\frac{\kappa }{\rho c_p}\frac{{\partial }^{2}T}{\partial y^2}\\ +\frac{\sigma {\mu }_e{B}_0^2\lambda }{\rho c_p\left(m^2{\sout{\lambda }}^2+1\right)}\left(w^2+u^2\right),& (5)\end{array}$

with

$\begin{array}{l}u=U=\text{P}{x}^n,v=0,w=0,N=0,T=T_w=T_{\infty }\\ +A{x}^{\gamma }\text{ at }y=0,\\ u\to 0,w\to 0,N\to 0,T\to T_{\infty }\text{ at }y\to \infty .& (6)\end{array}$

Here, the positive n indicates the acceleration of the wall and negative n indicates the deceleration of wall form the origin whereas n = 0 is the case for stationary wall, u, vandw are the velocity components, N is the micro-rotation, T denotes the fluid temperature, $J_x=\frac{\sigma {\mu }_e{B}_0\lambda }{1+m^2{\sout{\lambda }}^2}(\sout{\lambda }mu-w)$ and $J_z=\frac{\sigma {\mu }_e{B}_0\sout{\lambda }}{1+m^2{\sout{\lambda }}^2}(u-\sout{\lambda }mw)$ are the currents along x− and z−directions correspondingly, also electrical conductivity-σ, fluid viscosity-μ_e, applied uniform magnetic field-B₀, Hall parameter-m, couple stress viscosity-ν′, $\sout{\lambda }$ = cosα where α indicates the angle between the magnetic field and the transverse plane to the plate, thermal expansion volumetric coefficient-β, kinematic viscosity-ν, fluid density-ρ, Eringen vortex viscosity-K₂, thermal conductivity-κ, Eringen spin gradient viscosity-G₁, specific heat-c_p, γ, and A-constants.

To transform the coordinate system to a non-dimensional one and this is achieved readily via non-similar transformations, simultaneously eliminating one of the independent variables and reducing the PDEs into ODEs, the following transformation variables are defined.

$\begin{array}{l}\xi =y\sqrt{\frac{\text{P}{\displaystyle (}n+1{\displaystyle )}}{2\nu }}{x}^{\frac{n-1}{2}},u=\text{P}{x}^n{f}^{\prime }{\displaystyle (}\xi {\displaystyle )},\\ v=-\sqrt{\text{P}\nu {\displaystyle (}\frac{n+1}{2}{\displaystyle )}}{x}^{\frac{n-1}{2}}{\displaystyle (}f+\frac{n-1}{n+1}\xi f^{\prime }{\displaystyle (}\xi {\displaystyle )}{\displaystyle )},\\ w=\text{P}{x}^{n}g{\displaystyle (}\xi {\displaystyle )},N=\text{P}\sqrt{\frac{\text{P}{\displaystyle (}n+1{\displaystyle )}}{2\nu }}{x}^{\frac{3n-1}{2}}h{\displaystyle (}\xi {\displaystyle )},\\ \theta {\displaystyle (}\xi {\displaystyle )}=\frac{T-T_{\infty }}{T_w-T_{\infty }},& (7)\end{array}$

The transformed equations are defined as:

$\begin{array}{l}f\prime \prime \prime +ff\prime \prime -N1h\prime -\frac{2}{n+1}[nf{\prime }^2-Gr\theta \\ +\frac{M\sout{\lambda }}{1+m^2{\sout{\lambda }}^2}\left(f\prime +m\sout{\lambda }g\right)]-\frac{n+1}{2}Kf\prime {\prime }^{\prime \prime \prime }=0\text{},& (8)\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{l}{g}^{″}+f{g}^{\prime }-\frac{2}{n+1}\left[n{f}^{\prime }g-\frac{M\sout{\lambda }}{1+m^2{\sout{\lambda }}^2}(m\sout{\lambda }{f}^{\prime }-g)\right]\\ -\frac{n+1}{2}K{g^{‴}}^{\prime }=0,& (9)\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}G\left(\frac{n+1}{2}\right)h^{″}-f^{″}-2h=0,& (10)\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{l}\frac{1}{Pr}{\theta }^{″}+f{\theta }^{\prime }\\ -\frac{2}{n+1}\left[\gamma f^{\prime }\theta -\frac{M\sout{\lambda }}{1+m^2{\sout{\lambda }}^2}Ec\left({f^{\prime }}^2+g^2\right)\right]=0,& (11)\end{array}$

with transformed boundary conditions:

$\begin{array}{l}f=0,f^{\prime }=1,g=0,h=0,\theta =1\text{ at }\xi \text{=0,}\\ f^{\prime }\to 0,g\to 0,h\to 0,\theta \to 0\text{ as }\xi \to \infty .& (12)\end{array}$

Here, $G_r=\frac{g\beta (T_w-T_{\infty })x}{U^2}$ symbolizes the Grashof number, $M=\frac{\sigma {\mu }_e{B}_0^{2}x}{\rho U}$ characterizes the Hartmann number in which $B_0=\frac{\text{P}}{\sqrt{x}}$ is the scaled magnetic field strength, $G=\frac{G_{1}P{x}^{n-1}}{K_2\nu }$ represents the micro-rotation parameter, m Hall parameter, $K=\frac{{\nu }^{\prime }}{{\nu }^{2}P{x}^{2(n-1)}}$ represents the dimensionless couple stress parameter, γ indicates the non-isothermal power-law index, $N1=\frac{K_1}{\nu }$ characterizes the material parameter, $Pr=\frac{\rho \nu c_p}{\kappa }$ embodies the Prandtl number, $Ec=\frac{U^2}{c_p(T_w-T_{\infty })}$ epitomizes the Eckert number, and n represents the non-linear wall geometric parameter.

For primary and secondary velocity components, the skin frication are defined as:

$\begin{array}{ll}{\tau }_{wx}=\mu {\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}|}_{y=0}=\frac{\mu U}{\sqrt{x}}\sqrt{\left(\frac{U(n+1)}{2\nu }\right)}{f}^{″}(0),& (13)\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}{\tau }_{wz}=\mu {\frac{\partial w}{\partial y}|}_{y=0}=\frac{\mu U}{\sqrt{x}}\sqrt{\left(\frac{U(n+1)}{2\nu }\right)}{g}^{\prime }(0),& (14)\end{array}$

Using Equation (7), the skin fraction coefficients for primary and secondary velocities are reduced as:

$\begin{array}{ll}{C}_{fx}=\frac{{\tau }_{wx}}{\frac{1}{2}\rho U^2}=\sqrt{\frac{2(n+1)}{Re}}{f}^{″}(0),& (15)\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}{C}_{fz}=\frac{{\tau }_{wz}}{\frac{1}{2}\rho U^2}=\sqrt{\frac{2(n+1)}{Re}}{g}^{\prime }(0).& (16)\end{array}$

The Nusselt number is specified by:

$\begin{array}{ll}N{u}_x=-\frac{x}{(T_w-T_{\infty })}{\frac{\partial T}{\partial y}|}_{y=0}=-\sqrt{\frac{Re(n+1)}{2}}{\theta }^{\prime }(0),& (17)\end{array}$

Solution by HAM

To solve the Equations (8)–(11) using boundary conditions (12), we proceed HAM with the following manners.

Initial gausses

$\begin{array}{ll}{f}_0(\xi )=1-e^{\xi },g_0(\xi )=0,h_0(\xi )=0,{\theta }_0(\xi )=e^{-\xi }.& (18)\end{array}$

Linear operators

$\begin{array}{r}{L}_f(f)=\frac{d^{3}f}{d{\xi }^3}-\frac{df}{d\xi ,}{L}_g(g)=\frac{d^{2}g}{d{\xi }^2}-g,L_h(h)=\frac{d^{2}h}{d{\xi }^2}-h,\\ L_{\theta }(\theta )=\frac{d^2\theta }{d{\xi }^2}-\theta ,& (19)\end{array}$

with the following properties:

$\begin{array}{l}{L}_f(s_1+s_2{e}^{-\xi }+s_3{e}^{\xi })=0,L_g(s_4{e}^{-\xi }+s_5{e}^{\xi })=0,\\ L_h(s_6{e}^{-\xi }+s_7{e}^{\xi })=0,L_{\theta }(s_8{e}^{-\xi }+s_9{e}^{\xi })=0,& (20)\end{array}$

where s_i(i = 1 − 9) are arbitrary constants.

The consequential non-linear operators N_f, N_g, N_h, and N_θ are specified as:

$\begin{array}{l}{N}_f\left[f(\xi ;\Theta ),g(\xi ;\Theta ),h(\xi ;\Theta ),\theta (\xi ;\Theta )\right]\\ =\frac{{\partial }^{3}f(\xi ;\Theta )}{\partial {\xi }^3}+f(\xi ;\tau )\frac{{\partial }^{2}f(\xi ;\Theta )}{\partial {\xi }^2}-N1\frac{\partial h(\xi ;\Theta )}{\partial \xi }\\ -\frac{2}{n+1}[n{\left(\frac{\partial f(\xi ;\Theta )}{\partial \xi }\right)}^2-Gr\theta (\xi ;\Theta )\\ +\frac{M\sout{\lambda }}{1+m^2{\sout{\lambda }}^2}\left(\frac{\partial f(\xi ;\Theta )}{\partial \xi }+m\sout{\lambda }g(\xi ;\Theta )\right)]\\ -\frac{n+1}{2}K\frac{{\partial }^{5}f(\xi ;\Theta )}{\partial {\xi }^5},& (21)\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{l}{N}_g\left[g(\xi ;\Theta ),f(\xi ;\Theta )\right]=\frac{{\partial }^{2}g(\xi ;\Theta )}{\partial {\xi }^2}-f(\xi ;\Theta )\frac{\partial g(\xi ;\Theta )}{\partial \xi }\\ -\frac{2}{n+1}[ng(\xi ;\Theta )\frac{\partial f(\xi ;\Theta )}{\partial \xi }-\frac{M\sout{\lambda }}{1+m^2{\sout{\lambda }}^2}\\ \left(m\sout{\lambda }\frac{\partial f(\xi ;\Theta )}{\partial \xi }-g(\xi ;\Theta )\right)]-\frac{n+1}{2}K\frac{{\partial }^{4}g(\xi ;\Theta )}{\partial {\xi }^4},& (22)\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{r}{N}_h\left[h(\xi ;\Theta ),f(\xi ;\Theta )\right]=G\left(\frac{n+1}{2}\right)\frac{{\partial }^{2}h(\xi ;\Theta )}{\partial {\xi }^2}\\ -\frac{{\partial }^{2}f(\xi ;\Theta )}{\partial {\xi }^2}-2h(\xi ;\Theta ),& (23)\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{l}{N}_{\theta }\left[\theta (\xi ;\Theta ),f(\xi ;\Theta ),g(\xi ;\Theta )\right]\\ =\frac{1}{\mathrm{Pr}}\frac{{\partial }^2\theta (\xi ;\Theta )}{\partial {\xi }^2}+f(\xi ;\Theta )\frac{\partial \theta (\xi ;\Theta )}{\partial \xi }\\ -\frac{2}{n+1}[\gamma \theta (\xi ;\Theta )\frac{\partial f(\xi ;\Theta )}{\partial \xi }\\ -\frac{M\sout{\lambda }}{1+m^2{\sout{\lambda }}^2}Ec\left({\left(\frac{\partial f(\xi ;\Theta )}{\partial \xi }\right)}^2+{\left(g(\xi ;\Theta )\right)}^2\right)],& (24)\end{array}$

The zeroth-order problems from Equations (8)–(11) are:

$\begin{array}{l}(1-\Theta )L_f\left[f(\xi ;\Theta )-f_0(\xi )\right]\\ =\Theta {\sout{h}}_f{N}_f\left[f(\xi ;\Theta ),g(\xi ;\Theta ),h(\xi ;\Theta ),\theta (\xi ;\Theta )\right],& (25)\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}(1-\Theta )L_g\left[g(\xi ;\Theta )-g_0(\xi )\right]=\Theta {\sout{h}}_g{N}_g\left[g(\xi ;\Theta ),f(\xi ;\Theta )\right],& (26)\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}(1-\Theta )L_h\left[h(\xi ;\Theta )-f_0(\xi )\right]=\Theta {\sout{h}}_h{N}_h\left[h(\xi ;\Theta ),f(\xi ;\Theta )\right],& (27)\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}(1-\Theta )L_{\theta }\left[\theta (\xi ;\Theta )-{\theta }_0(\xi )\right]=\Theta {\sout{h}}_{\theta }{N}_{\theta }\left[\theta (\xi ;\Theta ),f(\xi ;\Theta ),g(\xi ;\Theta )\right].& (28)\end{array}$

The equivalent boundary conditions are:

$\begin{array}{l}{\frac{\partial f(\xi ;\Theta )}{\partial \xi }|}_{\xi =0}=1,{f(\xi ;\Theta )|}_{\xi =0}=0,{g(\xi ;\Theta )|}_{\xi =0}=0,\\ {h(\xi ;\Theta )|}_{\xi =0}=0,{\theta (\xi ;\Theta )|}_{\xi =0}=1,\\ {\frac{\partial f(\xi ;\tau )}{\partial \xi }|}_{\xi \to \infty }=0,{g(\xi ;\tau )|}_{\xi \to \infty }=0,{h(\xi ;\tau )|}_{\xi \to \infty }=0,\\ {\theta (\xi ;\tau )|}_{\xi \to \infty }=0.& (29)\end{array}$

When Θ = 0 and Θ = 1 we have:

$\begin{array}{r}f(\xi ;1)=f(\xi ),\text{g}(\xi ;1)=g(\xi ),h(\xi ;1)=h(\xi ),\\ \theta (\xi ;1)=\theta (\xi ).& (30)\end{array}$

By Taylor's series expansion f(ξ; Θ), g(ξ; Θ), h(ξ; Θ), and θ(ξ; Θ) can be written as:

$\begin{array}{l}f(\xi ;\Theta )=f_0(\xi )+{\displaystyle \sum _{q=1}^{\infty }}{f}_q(\xi ){\Theta }^q,g(\xi ;\Theta )=g_0(\xi )+{\displaystyle \sum _{q=1}^{\infty }}{g}_q(\xi ){\Theta }^q,\\ h(\xi ;\Theta )=h_0(\xi )+{\displaystyle \sum _{q=1}^{\infty }}{h}_q(\xi ){\Theta }^q,\theta (\xi ;\Theta )={\theta }_0(\xi )+{\displaystyle \sum _{q=1}^{\infty }}{\theta }_q(\xi ){\Theta }^q,& (31)\end{array}$

where

$\begin{array}{l}{f}_q(\xi )={\frac{1}{q!}\frac{\partial f(\xi ;\Theta )}{\partial \xi }|}_{\Theta =0},g_q(\xi )={\frac{1}{q!}\frac{\partial g(\xi ;\Theta )}{\partial \xi }|}_{\Theta =0},\\ h_q(\xi )={\frac{1}{q!}\frac{\partial h(\xi ;\Theta )}{\partial \xi }|}_{\Theta =0},{\theta }_q(\xi )={\frac{1}{q!}\frac{\partial f(\xi ;\Theta )}{\partial \xi }|}_{\Theta =0}.& (32)\end{array}$

The secondary constraints ħ_f, ħ_g, ħ_h and ħ_θ are nominated in such a way that the series (31) converges at Θ = 1, changing Θ = 1 in Equation (31), we get:

$\begin{array}{l}f(\xi )=f_0(\xi )+{\displaystyle \sum _{q=1}^{\infty }}{f}_q(\xi ),g(\xi )=g_0(\xi )+{\displaystyle \sum _{q=1}^{\infty }}{g}_q(\xi ),\\ h(\xi )=h_0(\xi )+{\displaystyle \sum _{q=1}^{\infty }}{h}_q(\xi ),\theta (\xi )={\theta }_0(\xi )+{\displaystyle \sum _{q=1}^{\infty }}{\theta }_q(\xi ).& (33)\end{array}$

The q^th−order problem satisfies the following:

$\begin{array}{l}{L}_f\left[f_q(\xi )-{\chi }_q{f}_{q-1}(\xi )\right]={\sout{h}}_f{U}_q^f(\xi ),\\ L_g\left[d_q(\xi )-{\chi }_q{d}_{q-1}(\xi )\right]={\sout{h}}_g{U}_q^g(\xi ),\\ L_h\left[F_q(\xi )-{\chi }_q{F}_{q-1}(\xi )\right]={\sout{h}}_h{U}_q^h(\xi ),\\ L_{\theta }\left[D_q(\xi )-{\chi }_q{D}_{q-1}(\xi )\right]={\sout{h}}_{\theta }{U}_q^{\theta }(\xi ).& (34)\end{array}$

The equivalent boundary conditions are:

$\begin{array}{r}{f}_q(0)={f^{\prime }}_q(0)={f^{\prime }}_q(\infty )=0,g_q(0)=g_q(\infty )=0,\\ h_q(0)=h_q(\infty )=0,{\theta }_q(0)={{\theta }^{\prime }}_q(\infty )=0.& (35)\end{array}$

Here,

$\begin{array}{l}{U}_q^f(\xi )=f\prime \prime {\prime }_{q-1}+{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{q-1}{f}_{q-1-k}f\prime {\prime }_k}-N1h{\prime }_{q-1}\\ -\frac{2}{n+1}[n{\left(f{\prime }_{q-1}\right)}^2-Gr{\theta }_{q-1}\\ +\frac{M\sout{\lambda }}{1+m^2{\sout{\lambda }}^2}\left(f{\prime }_{q-1}+m\sout{\lambda }{g}_{q-1}\right)]-\frac{n+1}{2}Kf\prime {{\prime }^{\prime \prime \prime }}_{q-1},& (36)\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{r}{U}_q^g(\xi )=g\prime {\prime }_{q-1}+{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{q-1}{f}_{q-1-k}}g{\prime }_k-\frac{2}{n+1}[n{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{q-1}f{\prime }_{q-1-k}}{g}_k\\ -\frac{M\sout{\lambda }}{1+m^2{\sout{\lambda }}^2}\left(m\sout{\lambda }f{\prime }_{q-1}-g_{q-1}\right)]-\frac{n+1}{2}Kg\prime \prime {{\prime }^{\prime }}_{q-1},& (37)\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}{U}_q^h(\xi )=G\left(\frac{n+1}{2}\right){h^{″}}_{q-1}-{f^{″}}_{q-1}-2h_{q-1},& (38)\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{r}{U}_q^{\theta }(\xi )=\frac{1}{\mathrm{Pr}}\theta \prime {\prime }_{q-1}+{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{q-1}{f}_{q-1-k}}\theta {\prime }_k-\frac{2}{n+1}[\gamma {\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{q-1}f{\prime }_{q-1-k}}{\theta }_k\\ -\frac{M\sout{\lambda }}{1+m^2{\sout{\lambda }}^2}Ec\left({\left(f{\prime }_{q-1}\right)}^2+{\left(g_{q-1}\right)}^2\right)],& (39)\end{array}$

where,

${\chi }_q=\{\begin{array}{l}0,\text{ if }\Theta \le \text{1}\hfill \\ 1,\text{ if }\Theta >\text{1}.\hfill \end{array}$

Results

Electrically conducting steady non-isothermal convective heat transfer in magnetohydrodynamic micropolar fluid flow over a non-linear extending wall is examined. Modeled equations are solved analytically through HAM. The impact of obtained important parameters M, Gr, m, and K on the fluid flow behavior are displayed in Figures 2–15.

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. Impact of M on f′ (ξ).

Discussion

In this section we have discussed the effects of obtained parameter which are shown graphically and numerically through tables. The greater Hartmann number strongly reduced the primary and angular velocity profile owing to the Lorentz drag force components as appear in Equations (8) and (9). The components are negative and positive and thus inhibit the fluid flow. According to the secondary Lorentz drag force is truthfully positive and is assistive to secondary momentum development when the magnetic field is positive. These impacts are depicted in Figures 2, 4. The opposite impacts of M on secondary velocity and temperature functions are depicted in Figures 3, 5. It is perceived that the strong magnetic field has direct relationship with the secondary velocity and temperature functions. Against the magnetic field, the upsurge in temperature function is an attribute to the dissipation in kinetic energy consumed in dragging the micropolar. In addition, the temperature is always supreme at the wall.

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. Impact of M on g (ξ).

FIGURE 4

Figure 4. Impact of M on h (ξ).

FIGURE 5

Figure 5. Impact of M on θ(ξ).

Figures 6–9 display the consequence of Gr on f′(ξ), g (ξ), h (ξ), and θ(ξ). The influence of Gr on f′(ξ) is portrayed in Figure 6. Here, the velocity heightens with the acceleration in Grashof number near the wall. However, the free convention current deteriorates at a critical distance from the wall which conserved into the free stream. A similar impact of Grashof number secondary velocity can be seen in Figure 7. Near the wall the fluid flow escalates with greater Grashof number but thereafter a deceleration started after some critical distance. Furthermore, the greater proportion of the region is observed for secondary velocity in comparison of primary velocity. Figure 8 reveals the consequence of Gr on h (ξ). The angular velocity heightens via Grashof number. A very quick growing behavior in the whole boundary layer regime is observed in the angular velocity. Figure 9 reveals the impact of Gr on θ(ξ). The intensifying Grashof number shrinks the boundary layer thickness, consequently the decline in temperature function is depicted.

FIGURE 6

Figure 6. Impact of Gr on f′(ξ).

FIGURE 7

Figure 7. Impact of Gr on g (ξ).

FIGURE 8

Figure 8. Impact of Gr on h (ξ).

FIGURE 9

Figure 9. Impact of Gr on θ(ξ).

Figures 10–13 reveal the impact m on f′(ξ), g (ξ), h (ξ), and θ(ξ). Figure 10 reveals the impact of m on f′(ξ). Acceleration in m escalates the f′(ξ) in the neighborhood of the wall. Further toward the free stream, after some critical points the primary velocity function reduces. The drag force moderates which produce acceleration in f′(ξ) and in conclusion f′(ξ) diminishes. Figure 11 reveals the impact of m on g (ξ). Acceleration in m escalates the g (ξ) throughout the fluid flow. The Hall term in Equation (9) is effectively positive for positive magnetic field parameter. This assists to support the cross flow and demonstrates in significant cross flow spurt. Figure 12 reveals the impact of m on h (ξ). The Hall current parameter shows dual behavior in the flow of fluid. An enhancement in h (ξ) is perceived nearer to the wall and then deceleration to the flow stream is observed at some critical points. Generally, nevertheless the Hall current emboldens the rotary motions of microelements. Figure 13 reveals the impact of m on θ(ξ). The temperature function is regularly inhibited with Hall current parameter. Here, the decline in thickness of the boundary layer is perceived.

FIGURE 10

Figure 10. Impact of m on f′(ξ).

FIGURE 11

Figure 11. Impact of m on g (ξ).

FIGURE 12

Figure 12. Impact of m on h (ξ).

FIGURE 13

Figure 13. Impact of m on θ(ξ).

Figures 14, 15 reveal the impact of K on f′(ξ), g (ξ), h (ξ), and θ(ξ). At the point when an extra force added to the fluid which contradicts the fluid stream, this resistance makes a couple forces thus a couple stresses are persuaded in the fluid. This sort of fluid is recognized as couple stress fluid. Generally, the couple stress parameter and couple stress viscosity parameter n′ has direct relationship. The growing couple stress parameter leads the fluid to be more viscous which reduces the fluid flow. Therefore, the escalation approximations of couple stress parameter reduced the primary and secondary velocity as shown in Figures 14, 15. Additionally, the couples stress parameter is associated with the fluid motion. Therefore, it has no impact on temperature function.

FIGURE 14

Figure 14. Impact of K on f′(ξ).

FIGURE 15

Figure 15. Impact of K on g (ξ).

Tables 1–3 are displayed to observe the impact of embedded parameters on velocities and temperature profiles. The impact M, Gr, G, N1, m, Ec, Pr, n, and K on C_fx and C_fz are shown in Tables 1, 2. The rising value of M, N1, n, and K augmented the skin friction along x-axis C_fx where Gr, G, and m have opposite impact on the skin friction along x-axis C_fx. The higher value of M, Gr, G, and Ec augmented skin friction along z-axis C_fz where, m, N1, n, and K reduces the skin friction along z-axis C_fz. The influence of M, Gr, N1, m, Ec, Pr, n, and K on heat flux Nux are presented in Table 3. The greater value of Gr, m, Pr, n, and K augmented the heat flux Nu_x while, remaining parameter reduces the heat flux Nu_x. It should be noted that G has no impact on Nu_x.

TABLE 1

Table 1. Influence of M, Gr, G, N1, m, Ec, Pr, n, and K on C_fx.

TABLE 2

Table 2. Influence of M, Gr, G, N1, m, Ec, Pr, n, and K onC_fz.

TABLE 3

Table 3. Influence of M, Gr, G, N1, m, Ec, Pr, n, and K on Nu_x.

Conclusion

In the current paper, the MHD micropolar boundary layer flow and heat transfer over a non-linear extending sheet infused by a strong magnetic field with couple stress, viscous dissipation and Hall impact have been determined.

The final observations are:

• The primary velocity reduces with greater magnetic parameter, local Grashof number, Hall parameter and couples stress parameter.

• The secondary velocity increases with greater magnetic parameter, Hall parameter and couple stress parameter.

• The secondary velocity decreases with greater local Grashof number.

• The angular velocity reduces with greater magnetic parameter and Hall parameter.

• The angular velocity increases with greater local Grashof number.

• The temperature profile increases with greater magnetic parameter.

• The temperature profile increases with greater Hall parameter and local Grashof number.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author.

Author Contributions

ZS and PK developed the numerical method and led the manuscript preparation. AD contributed to the code development and to the article preparation. EA and PT contributed to the analysis and discussion of the results.

Funding

This research was funded by the Center of Excellence in Theoretical and Computational Science (TaCS-CoE), KMUTT under Grant KMUTNB-61-GOV-A-0.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the research program International Research Common Laboratory in cooperation under Renewable Energy Research Centre (RERC)—King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Center of Excellence in Theoretical and Computational Science (TaCS-CoE)—King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), and Groupe de Recherche en Energie Electrique de Nancy (GREEN)—Université de Lorraine (UL) under Grant KMUTNB-61-GOV-A-01.

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