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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Phys., 31 May 2019
Sec. High-Energy and Astroparticle Physics
This article is part of the Research Topic Phenomena Beyond the Standard Model: What do we expect for New Physics to look like? View all 11 articles

Mini Review on Vector-Like Leptonic Dark Matter, Neutrino Mass, and Collider Signatures

  • 1Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati, India
  • 2Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, India
  • 3Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
  • 4Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India

We review a class of models in which the Standard Model (SM) is augmented by vector-like leptons: one doublet and a singlet, which are odd under an unbroken discrete Z2 symmetry. As a result, the neutral component of these additional vector-like leptons are stable and behave as dark matter. We study the phenomenological constraints on the model parameters and elucidate the parameter space for relic density, direct detection and collider signatures of dark matter. In such models, we further add a scalar triplet of hypercharge two and study the consequences. In particular, after electro weak symmetry breaking (EWSB), the triplet scalar gets an induced vacuum expectation value (vev), which yield Majorana masses not only to the light neutrinos but also to vector-like leptonic doublet DM. Due to the Majorana mass of DM, the Z mediated elastic scattering with nucleon is forbidden and hence allowing the model to survive from stringent direct search bound. The DM without scalar triplet lives in a small singlet-doublet leptonic mixing region (sin θ ≤ 0.1) due to large contribution from singlet component and have small mass difference (Δm ~ 10 GeV) with charged companion, the NLSP (next to lightest stable particle), to aid co-annihilation for yielding correct relic density. Both these observations change to certain extent in presence of scalar triplet to aid observability of hadronically quiet leptonic final states at LHC, while one may also confirm/rule-out the model through displaced vertex signal of NLSP, a characteristic signature of the model in relic density and direct search allowed parameter space.

1. Introduction

The existence of dark matter (DM) in a large scale (> a few kpc) has been proven irrefutably by various astrophysical observations. The prime among them are galaxy rotation curves [1, 2], gravitational lensing [3], and large scale structure of the Universe. See for a review [4, 5]. In the recent years the satellite borne experiments like Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) [6] and PLANCK [7, 8] precisely determined the relic abundance of DM by measuring the temperature fluctuation in the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR). All the above said evidences of DM emerge via gravitational interaction in astrophysical environments, which make a challenge to probe the existence of DM in a terrestrial laboratory where density of DM is feeble.

Alternatively one can explore other elementary properties of DM which can be probed at an earth based laboratory. In fact, one can assign a weak interaction property to DM through which it can be thermalized in the early Universe at a temperature above its mass scale. As the temperature falls due to adiabatic expansion of the Universe, the DM gets decoupled from the thermal bath below its mass scale. As a result the ratio: nDM/s, where s is the entropy density, remains constant and is precisely measured by PLANCK in terms of ΩDMh2=0.1186±0.0020 [7, 8].

The particle nature of DM, apart from relic abundance, is completely unknown. In particular, the mass, spin, and interaction apart from gravity, etc. This leads to huge uncertainty in search of DM. Despite this, many experiments are currently operational, that uses direct, indirect and collider search methods. Xenon-100 [9], LUX [10], Xenon-1T [11, 12], PANDA [13] are some of the direct DM search experiments which are looking for signature of DM via nuclear scattering, while PAMELA [14, 15], AMS-2 [16], Fermi gamma ray space telescope [17], IceCube [18, 19], etc., are some of the indirect DM search experiments which are looking for signature of DM in the sky. The search of DM is also going on at collider experiments like large Hadron Collider (LHC) [2022]. Except some excess in the antiparticle flux in the indirect search data, direct and collider searches for DM has produced null observation so far. This in turn put a strong bound on the DM mass and coupling with which it can interact to the visible sector of the universe.

After the Higgs discovery in 2012 at CERN LHC, the standard model (SM) seems to be complete. However, it is found that none of the particles in SM can be a candidate of DM, which is required to be stable on cosmological time scale. While neutrinos in SM are stable, but their relic density is far less than the required DM abundance and is also disfavored from the structure formation. Moreover, neutrinos are massless within the SM. A tiny but non-zero neutrino mass generation requires the SM to be extended. This opens up the possibility of exploring new models of DM, while explaining non-zero masses for neutrinos in the same framework and thus predict a measurable alternation to DM phenomenology, which can be examined in some of the above said experiments.

In this review we explore the possibility of leptonic DM and non-zero neutrino masses [23] in a framework beyond the SM. The simplest leptonic DM can arise by augmenting the SM with an additional singlet fermion [2442] χ, stabilized by a Z2 symmetry. However, unless we assume the presence of an additional scalar singlet, which acquires vacuum expectation value (vev) and thus mixes with SM Higgs, the lepton singlet DM cannot possess renormalizable interaction with visible sector. The next possibility is to introduce a vector-like leptonic doublet: N = (N0 N)T, which is also odd under the Z2 symmetry. The annihilation cross-section of such fermions are large due to Z mediation and correct relic density can only be achieved at a very high DM mass. However, the combination of singlet χ with the doublet vector-like lepton N provides a good candidate of DM [4352], which has been discussed in details here. We discuss the phenomenological constraints on model parameters and then elucidate the allowed parameter space of such models from relic density and direct detection constraints. We also indicate collider search strategies for such DM. It turns out that the displaced vertex of the charged fermion: N± [also called next to lightest stable particle (NLSP)] is a natural signature of such DM model.

In an attempt to address neutrino mass generation in the same framework, we further add a scalar triplet Δ of hypercharge 2 and study the consequences [53]. In particular, after electro weak symmetry breaking (EWSB), the triplet scalar acquires an induced vacuum expectation value (vev) which give rise sub-eV Majorana masses to light neutrinos through the Type II Seesaw mechanism [5460]. The scalar triplet also generates a Majorana mass for the neutral component of the vector-like lepton doublet: N0, which constitutes a minor component of the DM. Due to Majorana mass of DM, the Z mediated elastic scattering with nucleon is forbidden [6165]. As a result, the model survives from the stringent direct search bound. In absence of scalar triplet, the singlet-doublet DM is allowed to have only a tiny fraction of doublet component (sin θ ≤ 0.1) to evade direct search bound. In this limit, due to large contribution from the singlet component, the annihilation cross section of the DM becomes smaller than what it requires to achieve correct relic density. To make it up for correct relic density, the DM additionally requires to co-annihilate with its charged and heavy neutral companions and therefore requires small mass difference (Δm ~ 10 GeV) with charged companion or NLSP. However, in presence of the scalar triplet, we show that both the singlet-doublet mixing (sin θ) and the mass difference with NLSP (Δm) can be relaxed and larger parameter space is available for correct relic density and being compatible with the latest direct detection bounds. Moreover, the scalar triplet aid observability of hadronically quiet leptonic final states at LHC while one may also confirm/rule-out the model through displaced vertex of NLSP, a characteristic signature of the model in relic density and direct search allowed parameter space.

The paper is arranged as follows. In section 2, we briefly discuss about a vector-like singlet leptonic DM. In section 3, we discuss the viable parameter space of a vector-like inert doublet lepton DM. It is shown that an inert lepton doublet DM alone is ruled out due to large Z-mediated elastic scattering with the nucleus. However, in presence of a scalar triplet of hyper charge-2, the inert lepton doublet DM can be reinstated in a limited parameter space, which we discuss in section 4. Moreover in section 4, we discuss how the scalar triplet can give rise non-zero masses to active neutrinos via type-II seesaw [5460]. In section 5 we discuss how an appropriate combination of singlet and doublet vector like leptons can give rise a nice possibility of DM in a wide range of parameter space. A triplet extension of singlet-doublet leptonic DM is further discussed in section 6. We discuss collider signature of singlet-doublet leptonic DM in presence of a scalar triplet in section 7 and conclude in section 8. We provide some vertices of inert lepton doublet (ILD) DM in presence of scalar triplet in Appendix A.

2. Vector-Like Leptonic Singlet Dark Matter

A simplest possibility to explain DM content of the present Universe is to augment the SM by adding a vector-like singlet lepton χ. The stability of χ can be ensured by imposing an additional discrete Z2 symmetry, under which χ is odd while all other particles are even. In fact, a singlet DM has been discussed extensively in the literature [2442]. Here we briefly recapitulate the main features to show the allowed parameter space by observed relic density and latest constraint from direct detection experiments.

The Lagrangian describing the singlet leptonic DM χ can be given as:

L=χ¯ (iγμμ-mχ) χ-1Λ(HH-v22)χ¯ χ.    (1)

Notice that the Lagrangian introduces two new parameters: DM mass, mχ and the new physics scale Λ connecting DM to the SM through effective dimension five operator, on which the DM phenomenology depends. In the early Universe, χ freezes out via the interaction χ¯χSM particles to give rise a net relic density that we observe today. We use micrOmegas [66] to calculate the relic density as well as spin independent elastic cross-section with nucleon of χ. In Figure 1, we show relic abundance (left-panel) and spin independent direct detection (SIDD) cross section (right panel) as a function of DM mass (mχ) for different values Λ ~ {500 − 4000} GeV 1. We observe that the constraint on SIDD cross section favors large values of Λ, while large Λ values yield over abundance of DM. We also note in the right panel Figure 1, that the SIDD cross section is very less sensitive to DM mass. This is because the direct search cross-section is proportional to the effective DM-nucleon reduced mass square (μr=mNmχmN+mχ) (see Equations 58, 59), where mN < mχ yields a mild dependence on DM mass. This feature is observed in rest of the analysis as well.

FIGURE 1
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Figure 1. (Left) Relic density as a function of singlet DM mass, mχ for different values of Λ mentioned in the figure inset. (Right) SI DD cross-section vs. DM mass, mχ for different values of Λ.

Therefore, a singlet leptonic DM alone is almost ruled out. However, the dark sector of the Universe may not be simple as in the case of singlet leptonic DM. In the following we discuss a few more models with larger number of parameters, yet predictive. We end this section by noting that one can think of a pseudoscalar propagator to yield an effective DM-SM interaction of the form (χ̄γ5χ)(HH)/Λ. In this case, the relic density and direct search cross-sections become velocity dependent (see for example in Ghorbani [67]). Please also see section 5 below Equation (35) for more details.

3. Inert Lepton Doublet Dark Matter

Let us assume that the dark sector is composed of a vector-like lepton doublet: N = (N0 N)T, which is odd under an extended Z2 symmetry [hence called inert lepton doublet (ILD)], while all the Standard Model (SM) fields are even. As a result the neutral component of the ILD N is stable. The quantum numbers of dark sector fields and that of SM Higgs under the SM gauge group, augmented by a Z2 symmetry, are given in Table 1. We will check if N0 can be a viable candidate of DM with correct relic abundance while satisfying the direct detection constraints from the null observation at various terrestrial laboratories.

TABLE 1
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Table 1. Quantum numbers of additional dark sector fermion and SM Higgs under GSU(3)C×SU(2)L×U(1)Y×Z2.

The Lagrangian of the model is given as:

LIL=N¯ [iγμ(μ-igσa2Wμa-igY2Bμ)-mN]N.    (2)

Thus the only new parameter introduced in the above Lagrangian is the mass of N, i.e., mN. Expanding the covariant derivative of the above Lagrangian LIL, we get the interaction terms of N0 and N± with the SM gauge bosons as:

LintIL=N¯iγμ(-igσa2Wμa+ig2Bμ)N          =(e02sinθWcosθW)N0¯γμZμN0+e02sinθWN0¯γμWμ+N-              +e02sinθWN+γμWμ-N0-e0N+γμAμN-              -(e02sinθWcosθW)cos2θWN+γμZμN-.    (3)

where g = e0/sin θW and g=e0/cosθW with e0 being the electromagnetic coupling constant and θW being the Weinberg angle.

Since N is a doublet under SU(2)L, it can contribute to invisible Z-decay width if its mass is <45 GeV which is strongly constrained. Therefore, in our analysis we will assume mN > 45 GeV.

3.1. Relic Abundance of ILD Dark Matter

The number changing annihilation and co-annihilation processes which control freeze-out and hence relic density of DM N0 are shown in Figures 24.

FIGURE 2
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Figure 2. Annihilation of ILD DM to SM particles.

FIGURE 3
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Figure 3. Annihilation of charged partner of ILD DM to SM particles which contributes as co-annihilation with ILD DM.

FIGURE 4
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Figure 4. Co-annihilation processes of DM N0 with its charged partner N± to SM particles.

To estimate the relic density of DM in this framework one needs to solve the relevant Boltzmann equation:

dnN0dt+3HnN0=-σvN0N0¯SMSM(nN02-nN0eq2)                                            -σvN0N±SMSM(nN0nN±-nN0eqnN±eq).    (4)

To find the relic density of ILD DM, here we adopted micrOmegas [66] and implemented the model in it. Notice that the relic density of DM is mainly controlled by DM mass, mN and SM gauged couplings. Since SM gauge couplings are fixed, the only relevant parameter which controls the relic density is the DM mass, mN. The behavior of relic density with DM mass shown in Figure 5 along with correct relic density bound which is shown in gray patch. Note here that a sharp drop around DM mass mN ~ mh/2 due to Higgs resonance. From Figure 5 we can see that the DM mass around mN ~ 1 TeV only satisfy current relic density bound. For heavier mass of N0 we get over abundance of DM (due to small cross section), while for lighter mass of N0 we get under abundance of DM (due to large cross-section).

FIGURE 5
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Figure 5. Variation of relic density of DM N0 with mass mN. The gray patch corresponds to relic density allowed limit from PLANCK: 0.1166 ≤ Ωh2 ≤ 0.1206.

3.2. Direct Search Constraint on ILD Dark Matter

In a direct detection experiment, the DM N0 scatters with the nucleon through t-channel Z mediated diagram, as shown schematically in the left panel of Figure 6. Like relic density we obtain the DM-nucleon cross-section using micrOmegas [66]. Since N0¯N0Z interaction is coming from SM gauge coupling and which is large, so the outcome of spin independent direct detection (SIDD) cross section becomes large. The SIDD cross-section in this case is plotted with DM mass, mN, which is shown in orange colored patch in right panel of Figure 6. The green patch in this Figure 6 indicates relic density allowed mass range in the same plane. LUX 2017 [10] and XENON 1T [11, 12] direct detection limits are also plotted in the same figure (right panel of Figure 6). Thus we see that an ILD DM is completely ruled out by direct detection bound. However, as we discuss in section 4 the ILD DM can be resurrected in presence of a scalar triplet of hyper charge 2. Moreover, the scalar triplet will generate sub-eV masses of active neutrinos through type-II seesaw.

FIGURE 6
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Figure 6. Left: Feynman diagram for direct detection (DD) of DM, N0. Right: Spin independent(SI) DM-nucleon cross-section is plotted in mN-σNSI plane. Relic density allowed DM mass region is indicated here by green patch.

4. Triplet Extension of the ILD Dark Matter

We now extend the ILD dark matter model with a scalar triplet, Δ (YΔ = 2) which is even under the discrete Z2 symmetry. The Lagrangian of this extended sector is given as:

LII=Tr[(DμΔ)(DμΔ)]-V(H,Δ)+LYukII,    (5)

where the covariant derivative is defined as

DμΔ=μΔ-ig[σa2Wμa,Δ]-igYΔ2BμΔ

and in the adjoint representation the triplet Δ can be expressed in a 2 × 2 matrix form: Δ=(H+2H++δ0-H+2).

Similarly the scalar doublet H can be written in component form as:

H=(ϕ+ϕ0).    (6)

The modified scalar potential including Δ and H can be given as:

V(H,Δ)=μH2(HH)+λH4(HH)2+MΔ2Tr[ΔΔ]                       +λ1(HH)Tr[ΔΔ]+λ2(Tr[ΔΔ])2                       +λ3Tr[(ΔΔ)2]+λ4HΔΔH                       +[μ(HTiσ2ΔH)+h.c.],    (7)

where we assume that MΔ2 is positive. So the scalar triplet Δ does not acquire any vev. However, it acquires an induced vev after EW phase transition. The vevs of the scalar fields are given by:

Δ=(00vt/20)    and    H=(0v/2).    (8)

Since the addition of a scalar triplet can modify the ρ parameter, whose observed value: ρ = 1.00037±0.00023 [68], does not differ much from SM prediction: ρ = 1, so we have a constraint on the vev vt as:

vt3.64GeV.    (9)

On the other hand electroweak symmetry breaking gives v2+2vt2=246GeV. This implies that vt << v.

Now minimizing the scalar potential, V(H, Δ) (in Equation 7) we get:

MΔ2=2μv22(λ1+λ4)v2vt22(λ2+λ3)vt322vt,μH2 =λHv24+(λ1+λ4)vt222μvt.    (10)

In the limit vt << v, from Equation (10) we get the vevs,

vt=μv2MΔ2+(λ1+λ4)v2/2 and v2μHλH.    (11)

In presence of the scalar triplet Δ, the Yukawa interactions in Equation (5) are given by:

LYukII=12[(fL)αβLαc¯iσ2ΔLβ+fNNc¯iσ2ΔN+h.c.],    (12)

where L is the SM lepton doublet and α, β denote family indices. The Yukawa interactions importantly inherit the source of neutrino masses (first term in square bracket) and DM-SM interactions (second term in square bracket).

4.1. Scalar Doublet-Triplet Mixing

The quantum fluctuations around the minimum of scalar potential, V(H, Δ) can be given as:

Δ=(H+2H++vt+ht+iA02-H+2)   and   H=(0v+h2).    (13)

Thus the scalar sector constitute two CP-even Higgses: h and ht, one CP-odd Higgs: A0, one singly charged scalar: H± and one doubly charged scalar: H±±. In the limit vt << v, the mass matrix of the CP-even Higgses: h and ht, is given by:

M2=(mh2-2μv-2μvmT2),    (14)

where mh2λHv2/2 and mT2=μv2/2vt. Diagonalizing the above mass matrix we get two neutral physical Higgses: H1 and H2:

H1=cosα h+sinα ht,    H2=-sinα h+cosα ht,    (15)

where H1 is the standard model like Higgs and H2 is the triplet like scalar. The corresponding mass eigenvalues are mH1 (SM like Higgs) and mH2 (triplet like scalar) are given by:

mH12mh2-(μv/2)2mT2-mh2,mH22mT2+(μv/2)2mT2-mh2.    (16)

The mixing angle is given by

tan2α=-2μv(mT2-mh2).    (17)

From Equations (9, 11, 17) we see that there exist an upper bound on the mixing angle

sinα<0.02(174 GeVv)(11-0.39(mh/125 GeV)2(mT/200 GeV)2).    (18)

We also get a constraint on sin α from SM Higgs phenomenology, since the mixing can change the strength of the Higgs coupling to different SM particles. See for example [69, 70], in which the global fit yields a constraint on mixing angle sin α ≲ 0.5, which is much larger than the above constraint obtained using ρ parameter.

From Equation (7), all the couplings λH, λ1, λ2, λ3, λ4 and μ can be expressed in terms of physical scalar masses: mH1, mH2, mH±, mH±±, mA0 and the vevs v and vt as Arhrib et al. [71] :

λH=2v2(mH12cos2α+mH22sin2α),λ1=4mH±2v2+4vt2-2mA02v2+4vt2+sin2α2vtv(mH12-mH22),λ2=1vt2[12(mH12sin2α+mH22cos2α)+v22(v2+4vt2)mA02              -2v2v2+4vt2mH±2+mH±±2],λ3=1vt2[2v2v2+2vt2mH±2-v2v2+4vt2mA02-mH±±2],λ4=4mA02v2+4vt2-4mH±2v2+2vt2,    μ=2vtv2+4vt2mA02.    (19)

where mA0 is the mass of pseudo scalar. It is important to note that the quartic couplings λ2 and λ3 are inversely proportional to the triplet vev vt which has important consequences for dark matter relic abundance that we discuss in section 4.4.

4.2. Non-zero Neutrino Masses

The coupling of scalar triplet Δ to SM lepton and Higgs doublet combinely break the lepton number by two units as given in Equation (12). As a result the ΔLαLβ coupling yields Majorana masses to three flavors of active neutrinos as Magg and Wetterich [54], Lazarides et al. [55], Mohapatra and Senjanovic [56], Ma and Sarkar [57], Konetschny and Kummer [58], Schechter and Valle [59], Cheng and Li [60]:

(Mν)αβ=2(fL)αβΔ(fL)αβ-μv22MΔ2.    (20)

Assuming μMΔO(1013) GeV, we can explain neutrino masses of order 1eV with a coupling strength fL ≃ 1. However, the scale of MΔ can be brought down to ~ TeV by taking the coupling to be much smaller fL10-11, and indeed represents a bit of fine tuning in the neutrino sector.

To get the neutrino mass eigen values, the above mass matrix can be diagonalized by the usual UPMNS matrix as :

Mν=UPMNSMνdiagUPMNST,    (21)

where UPMNS is given by

UPMNS=(c12c13s12c13s13e-iδ13-s12c23-c12s23s13eiδ13c12c23-s12s23s13eiδ13s23c13s12s23-c12c23s13eiδ13-c12s23-s12c23s13eiδ13c23c13).Uph,    (22)

with cij, sij stand for cos θij and sin θij respectively and Uph is given by

Uph=Diag (e-iγ1,e-iγ2,1).    (23)

Where γ1, γ2 are two Majorana phases. The diagonal matrix Mνdiag = Diag (m1, m2, m3) with diagonal entries are the mass eigen values for the neutrinos. The current neutrino oscillation data at 3σ confidence level give the constraint on mixing angles [68] :

0.259<sin2θ12<0.359, 0.374<sin2θ23<0.628, 0.0176<sin2θ13<0.0295.    (24)

However little information is available about the CP violating Dirac phase δ as well as the Majorana phases. Although the absolute mass of neutrinos is not measured yet, the mass square differences have already been measured to a good degree of accuracy :

           Δm02m22-m12=(6.99-8.18)×10-5eV2|Δmatm2||m32-m12|=(2.23-2.61)×10-3eV2.    (25)

One of the main issues of neutrino physics lies in the sign of the atmospheric mass square difference |Δmatm2||m32-m12|, which is still unknown. This yields two possibilities: normal hierarchy (NH) (m1 < m2 < m3) or inverted hierarchy (IH) (m3 < m1 < m2). Another possibility, yet allowed, is to have a degenerate (DG) neutrino mass spectrum (m1 ~ m2 ~ m3). Assuming that the neutrinos are Majorana, the mass matrix can be written as:

Mν=(abcbdecef).    (26)

Using equations (21), (22), (24) and (25), we can estimate the unknown parameters in neutrino mass matrix of Equation (26). To estimate the parameters in NH, we use the best fit values of the oscillation parameters. For a typical value of the lightest neutrino mass of m1 = 0.0001 eV, we get the mass parameters (in eV) as :

a=0.003833, b=0.00759, c=0.002691, d=0.023865, e=0.02083, f=0.03038.    (27)

Similarly for IH case, choosing the lightest neutrino mass m3 = 0.001 eV, we get the mass parameters (in eV) as :

a=0.0484, b=-0.00459, c=-0.00573,  d=0.02893, e=-0.02366, f=0.02303.    (28)

In both the cases, we put the Dirac and Majorana phases to be zero for simplicity.

The analysis of neutrino mass is more indicative here than being exhaustive. This is essentially to build the connection between the dark sector and neutrino sector advocated in the model set up. One can easily perform a scan over the mass matrix parameters to obtain correct ranges of the neutrino observables, and that of course lies in the vicinity of the aforementioned values. But, we do not aim to elaborate that in this draft. We have not also adhered to a specific lepton mixing matrix pattern (say tri-bi-maximal mixing) coming from a defined underlying flavor symmetry (say A4), which will be able to correlate different parameters of the mass matrix.

The mass of the scalar triplet can also be brought down to TeV scale by choosing appropriate Yukawa coupling as explained before. If the triplet mass is order of a few hundreds of GeV, then it can give interesting dilepton signals in the collider. See for example, [7278] for a detailed discussion regarding the dilepton signatures of the scalar triplet at collider.

4.3. Pseudo-Dirac Nature of ILD Dark Matter

From Equation (12) we see that the vev of Δ induces a Majorana mass to N0 which is given by:

m=2fNΔfN-μv22MΔ2.    (29)

Thus the N0 has a large Dirac mass MN (as in Equation 2) and a small Majorana mass m as shown in the above Equation (29). Therefore, we get a mass matrix in the basis {NL0,(NR0)c} as:

M=(mMNMNm).    (30)

Thus the Majorana mass m splits the Dirac spinor N0 into two pseudo-Dirac states N1,20 with mass eigenvalues MN ± m. The mass splitting between the two pseudo-Dirac states N1,20 is given by

δm=2m=22fNΔ.    (31)

Note that δm << MN from the estimate of induced vev of the triplet and hence does not play any role in the relic abundance calculation. However, the sub-GeV order mass splitting plays a crucial role in direct detection by forbidding the Z-boson mediated DM-nucleon elastic scattering. Now from Equations (20, 29) we see that the ratio:

R=(Mν)m=fLfN10-5,    (32)

where we assume Mν ~ 1 eV and m ~ 100 keV. Here the mass splitting between the two states N10 and N20 is chosen to be O(100) keV in order to forbid the Z-mediated inelastic scattering with the nucleons in direct detection. Thus, we see that the ratio R ≲ 10−5 is heavily fine tuned. In other words, the scalar triplet strongly decay to ILD dark matter, while its decay to SM leptons is suppressed.

4.4. Effect of Scalar Triplet on Relic Abundance of ILD Dark Matter

In presence of a scalar triplet, when the DM mass is larger than the triplet mass, a few additional annihilation and co-annihilation channels open up as shown in Figures 710 in addition to the previously mentioned Feynman diagrams given in Figures 24. These additional channels also play a key role in number changing processes of DM, N0 to yield a modified freeze-out abundance. We numerically calculate relic density of N0 DM once again by implementing the model in the code micrOmegas [66]. The parameter space, in comparison to the ILD dark matter alone, is enhanced due to the additional coupling of N0 with Δ. In particular, the new parameters are: triplet scalar masses mH2,mA0,mH±,mH±±, vev of scalar triplet vt, coupling of scalar triplet with ILD dark matter N0, i.e., fN, scalar doublet-triplet mixing sin α.

FIGURE 7
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Figure 7. Additional annihilation N0N0¯, in presence of scalar triplet.

FIGURE 8
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Figure 8. Dominant annihilation (N0(N0)c¯) and co-annihilation (N-(N0)c¯, N-(N-)c¯) processes of ILD DM (N0) to scalar triplet in final states.

FIGURE 9
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Figure 9. Co-annihilation channels of ILD DM (N0), with charged fermions N in presence of scalar triplet.

FIGURE 10
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Figure 10. Co-annihilation processes involving only charged partner of ILD DM, N± in presence of scalar triplet.

To understand the effect of the triplet scalar on relic density of ILD DM, we show in Figure 11 the variation of relic density as a function of DM mass (mN) with different choices of triplet vev (vt) while keeping a fixed fN and sin α. In the left panel of Figure 11 we choose the scalar doublet-triplet mixing to be sin α = 0.001 while in the right-panel of Figure 11 we choose sin α = 0.1. In both cases we set the physical CP even, CP odd and charged triplet scalar masses respectively at mH2=280,mA0=280,mH±=300 and mH±±=310 GeV and fN = 0.1. We note that there is a resonance drop near mN ~ mZ/2 as usual for Z mediated s-channel diagrams. Additionally we find that near mN ~ 280 GeV (which is the mass of H2), relic density drops suddenly because of new annihilation processes NN → ΔΔ start to contribute (see diagrams in Figures 710). With larger triplet vev vt ~ GeV, the effect of annihilation to scalar triplet becomes subdued. This can be understood as follows. First of all, we see that the quartic couplings involving the triplet, as given in Equation (19), are inversely proportional to the triplet vev (vt). In a typical annihilation process: N-N-c¯H-H-, mediated by H−−, the vertex H−−HH is proportional to 2vtλ3~1/vt, which diminishes with larger vt. On the other hand, let us consider the process: N0N0c¯H++H--, which has a significant contribution to the total relic density. This process is mediated by H1 and H2. In small sin α limit, the H1 mediated diagram is vanishingly small as the N0N0̄H1~sinα. So, H2 mediation dominates here. However, the vertex involving H2H++H-- is proportional to (2 cos α λ2vt − sin αλ1vd). One can see that for small vt, the first term is negligible, while for a larger vt, the first term becomes comparable to that of the second one and has a cancelation. This cancelation therefore decreases the annihilation cross-section to the chosen final state. Such a phenomena is also present for co-annihilation processes like N-N-c¯H--H2 etc., where the vertices involve a combination of λ1, and λ2. On the other hand, for smaller values of triplet vev (vt ~ 0.01 GeV), there is a larger drop in relic density due to the additional annihilation channels (to the triplet scalars as mentioned). Therefore, the DM N0 achieves correct relic density for larger DM mass mN (as compared to that of the case in absence of triplet). Moreover, we set fN = 0.1 in both cases. It is straightforward to see that annihilation to the triplet final states are proportional to fN. Therefore, with larger fN, the drop in relic density in the vicinity of triplet scalar mass decreases even further. In summary, the presence of scalar triplet shifts the relic density of ILD DM to a higher DM mass region which crucially depends on the choice of the triplet vev as well as ΔNN coupling fN.

FIGURE 11
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Figure 11. Relic density vs. mN plot for different choices triplet vev, vt, keeping sin α = 0.001 (left) and sin α = 0.1 (right). Others parameters are mentioned in the figure. The gray patch indicates relic density bounds. In both cases we set fN = 0.1.

An important conclusion about ILD dark matter is that the mass of DM (mN) is around 1 TeV which satisfies the observed relic abundance. This implies the mass of N, the charged partner of N0, is about 1 TeV as well. However, the electroweak correction induces a small mass splitting between N0 and N to be around 162 MeV. Therefore, N can give rise a displaced vertex signature through the 3-body decay N-N0-ν̄ [79]. But the main drawback is that the production cross-section of N± of mass ~ TeV is highly suppressed at LHC as this can only be possible through Drell-Yan. Therefore, in section 5 we discuss a more predictive model by enlarging the dark sector with an additional singlet fermion χ.

4.5. Effect of Salar Triplet on Direct Detection of ILD Dark Matter

As discussed in section 3.2, the ILD dark matter alone is ruled out due to large Z-mediated elastic scattering with nucleus. However, it can be reinstated in presence of the scalar triplet, which not only forbids the Z-mediated elastic scattering [6165] but also provides a new portal for the detection of ILD dark matter via the doublet-triplet mixing as we discuss below.

The interaction of DM with the Z boson with the kinetic term is given as

LZ-DMiN0̄(γμμ-igZγμZμ)N0,    (33)

where igZ=g2cosθW. After the symmetry breaking the scalar triplet Δ gets an induced vev and hence gives Majorana mass to the ILD dark matter N0 as shown in Equation (29). The presence of such Majorana mass term splits the Dirac DM state into two real Majorana states N10 and N20 with a mass splitting of δm as discussed in section 4.3. Now we rewrite the Lagrangian involving DM-Z interaction in terms of the new Majorana states as:

LZ-DMN10¯iγμμN10+N20¯iγμμN20-igzN10¯γμN20Zμ.    (34)

We can see that the dominant gauge interaction becomes off-diagonal. The absence of diagonal interaction term for the DM-Z vertex leads to the vanishing contribution to elastic scattering of the DM with the nucleus. However, there could be an inelastic scattering through Z mediation, which is suppressed if the mass splitting between two states is of the order O(100) keV or less. But the Yukawa term involving DM and Δ is still diagonal in the new basis and hence can lead to elastic scattering through a mixing between the doublet-triplet Higgs. Assuming N10 to be the lightest among the two Majorana states, hence being the DM, the relevant diagram for the elastic scattering is shown in Figure 12.

FIGURE 12
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Figure 12. Elastic scattering of the ILD DM(N0) with the nucleon through scalar mediation due to doublet triplet mixing.

The direct detection cross-section mainly depends on mH2, fN and sin α. We have plotted the spin independent direct detection cross-section as a function of the DM mass mN10 in Figure 13. Keeping mH2 = 280 GeV (Solid) and mH2 = 600 GeV (Dashed) fixed, we have shown the cross-section for three different values {fN = 0.01, 0.1, 1} in Red, Blue, and Green color, respectively. Since there is a relative negative sign between the two amplitudes, the destructive interference is more for mH2 comparable to SM Higgs. Hence cross section for mH2 = 280 GeV turns out to be smaller than mH2 = 600 GeV. But if we increase the mass of mH2 to TeV scale then H2 mediated process will be suppressed due to the large mass in the propagator and only H1 mediated process will contribute. The direct search cross-section increases with larger Yukawa coupling fN from 0.01 to 1 and can be is easily seen from the Figure 13. Since the DM couples dominantly to the triplet scalar, the more the mixing angle (sin α), the more is the cross-section which can be clearly seen from the left and right panel of Figure 13. But all these cross-sections are well below the present experimental bound of LUX and Xenon-1T. Note that the relic density allowed parameter space of ILD DM in presence of a scalar triplet live in a very high DM mass region ~ TeV with moderate fN and Higgs data unambiguously indicates that the mixing angle (sin α) should be kept small, as we have shown in Figure 13. Therefore, the ILD becomes a viable DM candidate in the presence of a triplet scalar allowed by both relic density and direct search constraints.

FIGURE 13
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Figure 13. SI direct detection cross-section σSI as a function of DM mass mN10 for sin α = 0.001 (Left) and sin α = 0.01 (Right). Different choices of the coupling {fN = 0.01, 0.1, 1} are shown in Red, Blue, and Green color, respectively. Dashed and solid lines corresponds to different values of the heavy Higgs mH2 = 600, 280 GeVs, respectively. The bound from LUX 2017 and XENON1T 2018 are shown.

5. Singlet-Doublet Leptonic Dark Matter

Now let us assume that the dark sector is composed of two vector like leptons : a doublet, N = (N0 N)Tand a singlet χ, which are odd under an extended Z2 symmetry while all the Standard Model (SM) fields are even. As a result the lightest odd particle in the dark sector is stable and behave as a candidate of DM. The quantum numbers of dark sector fields and that of SM Higgs under the SM gauge group, augmented by a Z2 symmetry, are given in Table 2.

TABLE 2
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Table 2. Quantum numbers of additional dark sector fermions and that of Higgs under GSU(3)C×SU(2)L×U(1)Y×Z2.

The Lagrangian of the model can be given as follows:

LVF=N¯ [iγμ(μ-igσa2Wμa-igY2Bμ)-mN]N              +χ¯ (iγμμ-mχ) χ-(Y1N¯H~χ+h.c).    (35)

Note that here we have assumed to have a CP conserving interaction between the additional vector like fermion to the SM Higgs. One may also think of a coupling -(Y1N¯γ5H~χ+h.c) that will violate CP. Now, it is a bit intriguing to think of such interactions before the debate on the SM Higgs to be a scalar or a pseudoscalar is settled. The outcome of such an interaction will alter the subsequent phenomenology significantly. For example, it is known that advocating a pseudoscalar (S) interaction to a vector like DM (ψ), for example, with a term like -ySψ̄γ5ψ indicates that DM-nucleon scattering becomes velocity dependent and therefore reduces the direct search constraint significantly to allow the model live in a larger allowed parameter space. However, the Yukawa interaction term itself (-ySψ̄γ5ψ) do not violate parity as S is assumed to be pseudoscalar by itself (see for example in Ghorbani [67]).

After Electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB) the SM Higgs acquires a vacuum expectation value v. The quantum field around the vacuum can be given as: H=(012(v+h))Twhere v = 246 GeV. The presence of the Yukawa term: Y1N¯H~χ term in the Lagrangian (Equation 35), arises an admixture between N0 and χ. The bare mass terms of the vector like fermions in LVF then take the following form:

-LmassVF=mNN0¯N0+mNN+N-+mχχ¯χ+Y1v2N0¯χ                        +Y1v2χ¯N0                   =(χN0)¯(mχY1v2Y1v2mN)(χN0)+mNN+N-.    (36)

The unphysical basis, (χ N0)T is related to physical basis, (N1N2)T through the following unitary transformation:

(χN0)=U(N1N2)=(cosθ-sinθsinθcosθ)(N1N2),    (37)

where the mixing angle

tan2θ=-2Y1vmN-mχ.    (38)

The mass eigenvalues of the physical states N1 and N2 are respectively given by:

mN1=mχcos2θ+mNsin2θ+Y1v2sin2θmN2=mχsin2θ+mNcos2θ-Y1v2sin2θ    (39)

For small sin θ (sin θ → 0) limit, mN1 and mN2 can be further expressed as:

mN1mχ+Y1v2sin2θmχ-(Y1v)2(mN-mχ),mN2mN-Y1v2sin2θmN+(Y1v)2(mN-mχ).    (40)

Here we have considered Y1v/2mχ<mN. Hence mN1 < mN2. Therefore, N1 becomes the stable DM candidate. From Equations (38, 39), one can write :

  Y1=-Δmsin2θ2v,mN=mN1sin2θ+mN2cos2θ.    (41)

where Δm = mN2mN12 is the mass difference between the two mass eigenstates and mN is the mass of electrically charged component of vector like fermion doublet N.

Therefore, one can express interaction terms of LVF in mass basis of N1 and N2 as

LintVF=(e02sinθWcosθW)[sin2θN1¯γμZμN1+cos2θN2¯γμZμN2                                  +sinθcosθ(N1¯γμZμN2+N2¯γμZμN1)]+e02sinθWsinθN1¯γμWμ+N-+e02sinθWcosθN2¯γμWμ+N-+e02sinθWsinθN+γμWμ-N1+e02sinθWcosθN+γμWμ-N2-(e02sinθWcosθW)cos2θWN+γμZμN--e0N+γμAμN--Y12h[sin2θ(N1¯N1-N2¯N2)+cos2θ(N1¯N2+N2¯N1)]    (42)

The relevant DM phenomenology of the model then mainly depend on following three independent parameters :

{mN1, Δm, sinθ}    (43)

5.1. Constraints on the Model Parameters

The model parameters are not totally free from theoretical and experimental bounds. Here we would like to discuss briefly the constraints coming from Perturbativity, invisible decay widths of Z and H, and corrections to electroweak parameters.

Perturbativity: The upper limit of perturbativity bound on quartic and Yukawa couplings of the model are given by,

  |Y1|<4π.    (44)

Invisible decay width of Higgs: If the mass of DM is below mh/2, then Higgs can decay to two invisible particles in final state and will yield invisible decay width. Recent Large Hadron Collider (LHC) data put strong constraint on the invisible branching fraction of Higgs to be Br(hinv) ≤ 0.24 [8082], which can be expressed as:

Γ(hinv.)Γ(hSM)+Γ(hinv.)0.24,    (45)

where Γ(hSM) = 4.2 MeV for Higgs mass mh = 125.09 GeV, obtained from recent measured LHC data [68]. Therefore, the invisible Higgs decay width is given by

Γ(hinv.)1.32  MeV,    (46)

where

Γ(hinv.)=Γ(hN1¯N1).                             =116π(Y1sin2θ)2mh  (1-4mN12mh2)32  Θ(mh-2mN1),    (47)

where the step function Θ(mh − 2mN1) = 1 if mN1mh/2 and is 0 if mN1 > mh/2. The decay width of Higgs to DM is proportional to Y1=-Δmsin2θ2v. Therefore, it depends on the mass splitting with NLSP (Δm) as well as on the doublet singlet mixing (sin θ). The invisible Higgs decay constraint on the model for mN1 < mh/2 is shown in Figure 14, where we have shown the exclusion in MN1 − sin θ plane for different choices of Δm ranging from 10 GeV to 500 GeV. The inner side of the contour is excluded. This essentially shows that with large Δm ~ 500 GeV, essentially all of mN1mh/2 is excluded, while for a small Δm ~ 10 GeV, the constraint is milder due to less Higgs decay width and excludes only regions for DM masses MN1 ≤ 30 GeV within sin θ ~ {0.6 − 0.8}. Therefore, even in mN1mh/2 region, if Δm and sin θ are small, which turns out to be the case for satisfying relic density and direct search as we demonstrate later, then are allowed by the Higgs invisible decay constraint.

Invisible decay width of Z: If the masses of dark sector particles are below mZ/2, then Z can decay to dark sector particles leading to an increase of Z-decay width. However, from current observation, invisible decay width of Z boson is strongly bounded. The upper limit on invisible Z-decay width is given by Patrignani et al. [68]:

Γ(Zinv.)=499.0±1.5  MeV,    (48)

where the decay of Z to N1 DM is given as:

Γ(ZN1¯N1)=148π(g sin2θcosθW)2mZ  (1+2mN12mZ2)                                       1-4mN12mZ2  Θ(mZ-2mN1) .    (49)
FIGURE 14
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Figure 14. Constraints from Higgs invisible decay width is shown in mN1 − sin θ plane. Here each contour line correspond to different value of Δm depicted in the figure. Inner region of each contour line excluded from Higgs invisible decay width, Γ(hinv.) ≤ 1.32 MeV for a particular value of Δm.

The Z− invisible decay does not play a crucial role in small sin θ regions, which are required for the DM to achieve correct relic density, thus allowing almost all of the MN1mZ/2 parameter space of the model.

5.2. Corrections to the Electroweak Precision Parameters

Addition of a vector like fermion doublet to the SM gives correction to the electroweak precision test parameters S, T and U[8386]. The values of these parameters are tightly constrained by experiments. The new observed parameters are infect four in number Ŝ, T^, W and Y [87], where the Ŝ, T^ are related to Peskin-Takeuchi parameters S, T as Ŝ=αS/4sin2θw, T^=αT, while W and Y are two new set of parameters. The measured values of these parameters at LEP-I and LEP-II put a lower bound on the mass scale of vector like fermions. The result of a global fit of the parameters is presented in the Table 3 for a light Higgs [87]3.

TABLE 3
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Table 3. Global fit for the electroweak precision parameters taken from reference [87].

In the present scenario, we have a vector like doublet and a singlet fermion field are added to the SM. But the physical states are a charged fermion N, and two singlet doublet mixed neutral fermions N1 (dominant singlet component) and N2 (dominant doublet component). Therefore, the contribution to the precision parameters also depends on the mixing angle sin θ. The expression for Ŝ in terms mN1, mN2, mN and sin θ of is given as Cynolter and Lendvai [88]:

S^=g216π2[13{ln (μew2mN2)cos4θln (μew2mN22)         sin4θln (μew2mN12)}2sin2θcos2θ{ln (μew2mN1mN2)          +mN148mN12mN22+mN249(mN12mN22)2         +(mN12+mN22)(mN144mN12mN22+mN24)6(mN12mN22)3ln (mN22mN12)          +mN1mN2(mN12+mN22)2(mN12mN22)2+mN13mN23(mN12mN22)3ln (mN22mN12)}]    (50)

where μew is at the EW scale.

In the left panel of Figure 15, we have plotted Ŝ as a function of mN2 keeping mN1 = 200 GeV for different values of the mixing angle. In the right panel, we have shown the allowed values of Ŝ in the plane of mN2mN vs. mN2 for sin θ = 0.05 (Green Color), sin θ = 0.1 (Red color) and sin θ = 0.2 (Maroon color). We observed that Ŝ does not put strong constraints on mN1 and mN2. Moreover, small values of sin θ allows a small mass splitting between N2 and N which relaxes the constraint on T^ parameter as we discuss below. The expression for T^ is given as Cynolter and Lendvai [88]:

T^=g216π2MW2 [ 2sin2θcos2θ Π(mN1,mN2,0)          2cos2θ Π(mN,mN2,0)2sin2θ Π(mN,mN1,0) ]    (51)

where Π(a, b, 0) is given by:

Π(a,b,0)=12(Ma2+Mb2)(Div+ln (μew2MaMb))                            14(Ma2+Mb2)(Ma4+Mb4)4(Ma2Mb2)ln Mb2Ma2                            +MaMb{ Div+ln (μew2MaMb)+1                             +(Ma2+Mb2)2(Ma2Mb2)ln Mb2Ma2 }    (52)

with Div =1ϵ+ln4π-γϵ contains the divergent term in dimensional regularization method. From the left panel of Figure 16 we see that for sin θ < 0.05 we don't get strong constraints on mN2 and mN1. Moreover, small values of sin θ restricts the value of mN2mN to be less than a GeV. As a result large mN2 values are also allowed. Near mN2mN, T^ vanishes as expected. The value of Y and W are usually suppressed by the masses of new fermions. Since the allowed masses of N1, N2 and N± are above 100 GeV by the relic density constraint (to be discussed later), so Y and W are naturally suppressed.

FIGURE 15
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Figure 15. In the left panel, Ŝ is shown as a function of mN2 for mN1 = 200 GeV and sinθ = 0.05 (Green color), sinθ = 0.075 (Blue color), sinθ = 0.1 (Red color), sinθ = 0.15 (Black color), and sinθ = 0.2 (Maroon color). In the right panel, allowed values of Ŝ is plotted in mN2mN vs. mN2 plane for sin θ = 0.05 (Green Color), sinθ = 0.1 (Red color), and sinθ = 0.2 (Maroon color).

FIGURE 16
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Figure 16. In the left panel, T^ is shown as a function of mN2 for mN1 = 200 GeV and sinθ = 0.05 (Green color), sinθ = 0.075 (Blue color), sinθ = 0.1 (Red color), sinθ = 0.15 (Black color), and sinθ = 0.2 (Maroon color). In the right panel, allowed values of T^ is plotted in mN2mN vs. mN2 plane for sin θ = 0.05 (Green color), sin θ = 0.1 (Red color), and sinθ = 0.2 (Maroon color).

5.3. Relic Density of Singlet-Doublet Leptonic Dark Matter

As stated earlier, the lightest stable physical state N1 is the DM, which is an admixture of a singlet vector-like fermion (χ) and the neutral component of a vector-like fermionic doublet (N). Due to presence of mass hierarchy between dark sector particles N1,N2  and N-, the lightest component N1 not only annihilate with itself but also co-annihilate with N2 and N to yield a net a relic density. The relevant diagrams are shown in Figures 1719.

FIGURE 17
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Figure 17. Annihilation (i = j) and co-annihilation (ij) of vector-like fermion DM. Here (i, j = 1, 2).

FIGURE 18
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Figure 18. Co-annihilation process of Ni (i = 1, 2) with the charge component N to SM particles.

FIGURE 19
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Figure 19. Co-annihilation process of charged fermions N± to SM particles in final states.

We assume all the heavier particles: N2 and  N- in the dark sector ultimately decay to lightest stable particle N1. So in this scenario one can write the Boltzmann equation in terms of total number density n=nN1+nN2+nN± as

dndt+3Hn=-σveff(n2-neq2),    (53)

where

σveff=g12geff2σvN1¯N1+2g1g2geff2σvN1¯N2(1+ΔmmN1)32e-xΔmmN1                      +2g1g3geff2σvN1¯N-(1+ΔmmN1)32e-xΔmmN1                      +2g2g3geff2σvN2¯N-(1+ΔmmN1)3e-2xΔmmN1                      +g22geff2σvN2¯N2(1+ΔmmN1)3e-2xΔmmN1                      +g32geff2σvN+N-(1+ΔmmN1)3e-2xΔmmN1.    (54)

In above equation, geff, defined as effective degrees of freedom, which is given by

geff=g1+g2(1+ΔmmN1)32e-xΔmmN1+g3(1+ΔmmN1)32e-xΔmmN1,    (55)

where g1, g2 and g3 are the degrees of freedom of N1,N2and N-, respectively and x=xf=mN1Tf, where Tf is the freeze out temperature. Then the relic density of the N1 DM can be given by Griest and Seckel [89], Chatterjee and Sahu [90], and Patra et al. [91]

ΩN1h2=1.09×109GeV-1g1/2MPL1J(xf),    (56)

where J(xf) is given by

J(xf)=xfσ|v|effx2dx.    (57)

We note here that the freeze-out abundance of N1 DM is controlled by the annihilation and co-annihilation channels as shown in Figures 1719. Therefore, the important parameters which decide the relic abundance of N1 are mass of DM (mN1), the mass splitting (Δm) between the DM and the next-to-lightest stable particle (NLSP) and the singlet-doublet mixing angle sin θ. Here we use MicrOmega [66] to calculate the relic density of N1 DM.

Variation of relic density of N1 DM is shown in Figure 20 as a function of its mass, for a fixed Δm = 10 − 100 GeV (in left and right panels of Figure 20, respectively) and different choices of mixing angle sin θ. We note that the annihilation cross-section increases with sin θ, due to larger SU(2) component, resulting in smaller relic density. The resonance drop at mZ/2 and at mh/2 is observed due to s-channel Z and H mediated contributions to relic abundance. Another important feature of Figure 20 is that when Δm is small, relic density is smaller due to large co-annihilation contribution (less Boltzmann suppression followed from Equation 54). This feature can also be corroborated from Figure 21, where we have shown relic density as a function of DM mass by keeping a fixed range of sin θ and chosen different possible Δm. Alternatively in Figure 21, we have shown relic density as a function of DM mass by keeping a fixed range of Δm, while varying sin θ. We see from the left panel of Figure 21 that for small Δm co-annihilation dominates and hence the effect of sin θ on relic abundance is quite negligible. On the other hand, from the right panel of Figure 21, we see that for large Δm, where co-annihilation is suppressed, the effect of sin θ on relic abundance is clearly visible. For small sin θ, the effective annihilation cross-section is small which leads to large relic abundance, while for large sin θ the relic abundance is small provided that the Δm is big enough to avoid co-annihilation contributions.

FIGURE 20
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Figure 20. Variation of relic density with DM mass mN1 keeping fixed range of sin θ: 0.01 ≤ sin θ ≤ 0.05 (left panel) and 0.08 ≤ sin θ ≤ 0.12 (right panel). The different color patches corresponds to different Δm region : 1 ≤ Δm(inGeV) ≤ 10 (Orange), 10 < Δm(inGeV) ≤ 30 (Blue), 30 < Δm(inGeV) ≤ 50 (Red) and 50 < Δm(inGeV) ≤ 100 (Gray). Correct relic density, 0.1166 ≤ Ωh2 ≤ 0.1206 is shown by black dashed line. All the masses are in GeVs.

FIGURE 21
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Figure 21. Variation of relic density with DM mass mN1 keeping fixed region of Δm: 1 ≤ Δm ≤ 10 GeV (left panel) and 50 ≤ Δm ≤ 100 GeV (right panel). The different color patches are corresponding to different sin θ region : 0.01 ≤ sin θ ≤ 0.04 (Cyan), 0.04 < sin θ ≤ 0.08 (Blue), 0.08 < sin θ ≤ 0.12 (Red). Correct relic density, 0.1166 ≤ Ωh2 ≤ 0.1206 is shown by black dashed line. All the masses are in GeVs.

From Figure 22, we see that for a wide range of singlet-doublet mixing (sin θ), we can get correct relic abundance in the plane of mN1 vs. Δm. Different ranges of sin θ are indicted by different color codes. To understand our result, we divide the plane of mN1 vs. Δm into two regions: (i) the bottom portion with small Δm, where Δm decreases with larger mass of N1, (ii) the top portion with larger mass splitting Δm, where Δm increases slowly with larger DM mass mN1. In the former case, for a given range of sin θ, the annihilation cross-section decreases for large mass of N1. Therefore, we need more co-annihilation contribution to compensate, which requires Δm to decrease. This also imply that the region below to each colored zone is under abundant (small Δm implying large co-annihilation for a given mass of N1), while the region above is over abundant (large Δm implying small co-annihilation for a given mass of N1). To understand the allowed parameter space in region (ii), we first note that co-annihilation contribution is much smaller here due to large Δm, so the annihilation processes effectively contribute to relic density. Now, let us recall that the Yukawa coupling Y ∝ Δm sin θ. Therefore, for a given sin θ, larger Δm can lead to larger Y and therefore larger annihilation cross-section to yield under abundance, which can only be tamed down to correct relic density by having a larger DM mass. Hence in case-(ii), the region above to each colored zone (allowed region of correct relic density) is under abundant, while the region below to each colored zone is over abundant. Thus, the over and under abundant regions of both cases (i) and (ii) are consistent with each other.

FIGURE 22
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Figure 22. Relic density allowed region are shown in mN1 − Δm plane for different range of range of sin θ: {0.01 − 0.12} (Red), {0.2 − 0.03} (Green), and {0.4 − 0.5} (Blue).

5.4. Constraints on Parameters From Direct Search of Singlet-Doublet Leptonic Dark Matter

Let us now turn to constraints on parameters from direct search of N1 DM in terrestrial laboratories. Due to singlet-doublet mixing, the N1 DM in direct search experiments can scatter off the target nucleus via Z and Higgs mediated processes as shown by the Feynman graphs in Figure 23. The cross-section per nucleon for Z-boson mediation is given by Goodman and Witten [92] and Essig [93]

σSIZ=1πA2μr2|M|2    (58)

where A is the mass number of the target nucleus, μr = M1mn/(M1 + mn) ≈ mn is the reduced mass, mn is the mass of nucleon (proton or neutron) and M is the amplitude for Z-boson mediated DM-nucleon cross-section given by

M=2GF[Z~(fp/fn)+(A-Z~)]fnsin2θ,    (59)

where fp and fn are the interaction strengths (including hadronic uncertainties) of DM with proton and neutron, respectively and Z~ is the atomic number of the target nucleus. On the other hand, the spin-independent DM-nucleon cross-section per nucleon mediated via the exchange of SM Higgs is given by:

σSIh=1πA2μr2[Zfp+(A-Z)fn]2    (60)

where the effective interaction strengths of DM with proton and neutron are given by:

fp,n=q=u,d,sfTq(p.n)αqm(p,n)mq+227fTG(p,n)q=c,t,bαqmp.nmq    (61)

with

αq=Ysin2θMh2(mqv).    (62)

In Equation (61), the different coupling strengths between DM and light quarks are given by Bertone et al. [4] fTu(p)=0.020±0.004, fTd(p)=0.026±0.005, fTs(p)=0.118±0.062, fTu(n)=0.014±0.004, fTd(n)=0.036±0.008, fTs(n)=0.118±0.062. The coupling of DM with the gluons in target nuclei is parameterized by

fTG(p,n)=1-q=u,,d,sfTq(p,n).    (63)

Thus from Equations (60–63) the spin-independent DM-nucleon cross-section is given to be:

σSIh=4πA2μr2Y2sin22θMh4 [ mpv(fTup+fTdp+fTsp+29fTGp)               +mnv(fTun+fTdn+fTsn+29fTGn) ]2.    (64)

In the above equation the only unknown quantity is Y or sin2θ which can be constrained by requiring that σSIh is less than the current DM-nucleon cross-sections.

FIGURE 23
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Figure 23. Feynman diagrams of SI direct detection of singlet-doublet N1 DM.

Now we make a combined analysis by taking both Z and H mediated diagrams taken into account together. In Figure 24, we show the spin-independent cross-section for N1 DM within its mass range mN1:1 − 1000 GeV. The plot is obtained by varying sin θ within {0.001 − 0.12} with sin θ = {0.001 − 0.01} (Cyan), sin θ = {0.01 − 0.04} (Blue), sin θ = {0.04 − 0.08} (Red), sin θ = {0.08 − 0.12} (Green). It clearly shows that the larger is sin θ, the stronger is the interaction strength (through larger contribution from Z mediation) and hence the larger is the DM-nucleon cross-section. Hence, it turns out that direct search experiments constraints sin θ to a large extent. For example, we see that sin θ ≤ 0.04, for the DM mass mN1 > 300 GeV. The effect of Δm on DM-nucleon cross-section is less. However, we note that Δm plays a dominant role in the relic abundance of DM. Approximately, sin θ ≤ 0.05 (Blue points) are allowed for most of the parameter space except for smaller DM masses. Cyan points indicate sin θ < 0.01. The discrete bands correspond to specific values of sin θ chosen for the scan and essentially one can consider the whole region together to fall into this category which evidently have sensitivity close to neutrino floor. Note here, the scanned points in Figure 24, do not satisfy relic abundance.

FIGURE 24
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Figure 24. Spin independent direct detection cross-section σSI as a function of DM mass mN1 for different range of sin θ: {0.001 − 0.01} (Cyan),{0.01 − 0.04} (Blue), {0.04 − 0.08} (red), and {0.08 − 0.12} (Green). The direct search limits from LUX, PANDA, XENON1T are shown while that of the future sensitivity of XENONnT is also indicated.

Now let us turn to the parameter space, simultaneously allowed by observed relic density and latest constraints from direct DM search experiments, such as Xenon-1T. In Figure 25, we have shown the allowed parameter space again in mN1− Δm plane. We see that null observation from direct search crucially tames down the relic density allowed parameter space to sin θ < 0.05 (Purple). Figure 25 also shows that large singlet-doublet mixing, i.e., sin θ ≳ 0.05, allowed by correct relic density, is no more allowed by direct search limit in accordance with Figure 24.

FIGURE 25
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Figure 25. Relic density and direct detection (XENON 1T 2018) allowed parameter space plotted in mN1 − Δm plane.

We finally summarize the DM analysis of singlet doublet case here. The model offers an interesting phenomenology to exploit singlet-doublet mixing (sin θ) in accordance with DM mass (mN1) and the splitting with charged fermion content (Δm) to yield a large available parameter space for correct relic density. However, due to Z-mediated process contributing to direct detection of singlet-doublet leptonic dark matter, a stringent constraint on sin θ ≤ 0.05 arises. This leads the DM to be allowed only in small Δm region (as in Figure 25) to achieve correct relic density through co-annihilation processes. However, this constraint can be relaxed in presence of a scalar triplet as we discuss below. Moreover, the triplet can also give rise Majorana masses to light neutrinos (see section 4.2) through type-II seesaw to address DM and neutrinos in the same framework.

6. Triplet Extension of Singlet-Doublet Leptonic Dark Matter

6.1. Pseudo-Dirac Nature of Singlet-Doublet Leptonic Dark Matter

As discussed in section 5, the DM is assumed to be N1=cosθχ+sinθN0 with a Dirac mass mN1. However, from Equation (12) we see that the vev of Δ induces a Majorana mass to N1 due to singlet-doublet mixing and is given by:

m1=2fNsin2θΔfNsin2θ-μv22MΔ2.    (65)

Thus the N0 has a large Dirac mass mN1 and a small Majorana mass m as shown in the above Equation (65). Therefore, we get a mass matrix in the basis {N1L,(N1R)c} as:

M=(m1mN1mN1m1).    (66)

Thus the Majorana mass m splits the Dirac spinor N1 into two pseudo-Dirac states ψ1,2 with mass eigenvalues mN1 ± m. The mass splitting between the two pseudo-Dirac states ψ1,2 is given by

δm1=2m1=22fNsin2θΔ.    (67)

Note that δm1 << mN1 from the estimate of induced vev of the triplet and hence does not play any role in the relic abundance calculation. However, the sub-GeV order mass splitting plays a crucial role in direct detection by forbidding the Z-boson mediated DM-nucleon elastic scattering. Now from Equations (20, 65) we see that the ratio:

R=Mνm1=fLfNsin2θ.    (68)

Thus we see that for R ~ 10−5 the ratio, fL/fN~10-3 if we assume sin θ = 0.1, which is much larger than the singlet-doublet mixing being used in section 5.4.

6.2. Effect of Scalar Triplet on Relic Abundance and Direct Search of Singlet-Doublet Dark Matter

We already have noted the diagrams that are present due to the addition of a scalar triplet for the ILD DM to freeze-out (see section 4.4). The main features of having an additional scalar triplet in the singlet-doublet DM model is very similar to what we have discussed before in case of ILD DM. The additional freedom that we have in case of singlet-doublet leptonic DM is to play with the mixing parameter sin θ and Δm.

Let us first study relic density as a function of DM mass in presence of scalar triplet. This is shown in Figure 26, where we choose two fixed values of Δm = 10, 200 GeV in left and right panel, respectively for a scalar triplet mass around 280 GeV. Different possible ranges of sin θ are shown by different color codes. The main feature is again to see a drop in relic density near the value of the triplet mass, where the additional annihilation channel to the scalar triplet reduces relic density significantly. For small Δm, co-annihilation channels play an important part and therefore different mixing angles do not affect relic density significantly (compare left and right panel figures). Also due to large co-annihilation for small Δm as in the left panel, the relic density turns out to be much smaller than the right panel figure where Δm is large and do not offer the co-annihilation channels to be operative. An additional resonance drop at half of the triplet scalar mass is observed here (~ 140 GeV) due to s-channel triplet mediated processes.

FIGURE 26
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Figure 26. Variation of relic density with DM mass mN1 keeping fixed region of Δm: Δm = 10 GeV (left panel) and Δm = 200 GeV (right panel) in presence of scalar triplet. Different color patches correspond to different sin θ region : 0.01 ≤ sin θ ≤ 0.1 (Red), 0.2 < sin θ ≤ 0.3 (Blue), 0.4 < sin θ ≤ 0.5 (Purple). Correct relic density, 0.1166 ≤ Ωh2 ≤ 0.1206 is shown by black dashed line. All the masses are in GeVs.

A similar plot is shown in Figure 27 with larger value of the scalar triplet mass ~ 1000 GeV. Obviously the features from Figure 26, is mostly retained where the drop in relic density is observed around ~ 1000 GeV and the drop is also smaller than what we had for smaller triplet mass.

FIGURE 27
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Figure 27. Variation of relic density with DM mass mN1 keeping fixed region of Δm: Δm = 10 GeV (left panel) and Δm = 200 GeV (right panel) for heavy scalar triplet mass, mH2 = 1000 GeV. Different color patches correspond to different sin θ region : 0.01 ≤ sin θ ≤ 0.1 (Red), 0.2 < sin θ ≤ 0.3 (Blue), 0.4 < sin θ ≤ 0.5 (Purple). Correct relic density, 0.1166 ≤ Ωh2 ≤ 0.1206 is shown by black dashed line. All the masses are in GeVs.

Relic density allowed parameter space of the model in mN1 − Δm plane is shown in left panel of Figure 28. The bottom part of the allowed parameter space is again due to co-annihilation. For small sin θ ~ 0.1 (red points), this is the only allowed parameter space except the resonance at the extreme left hand side. For larger sin θ, the resonance drops of doublet and triplet scalars also yield correct relic density. There is an under-abundant region when the triplet channel opens up, which is then reduced with larger DM mass. Therefore, it ends up with two different patches (both for blue and purple points) to be allowed below and above the scalar triplet mass. The direct search constraint in presence of scalar triplet thankfully omits the Z mediated diagram due to the pseudo-Dirac splitting and allows a larger sin θ ~ 0.3. However, in addition to the Yukawa coupling (Y) initiated SM Higgs mediation, there is an added contribution from the heavy Higgs due to the doublet triplet mixing. We have already seen before that the effect of the additional contribution to direct search cross-section is small in the small sin α limit with a moderate choice of fN. Therefore, we have omitted such contributions in generating the direct search allowed parameter space of the model as shown in the right panel of Figure 28. This again depicts that the model in presence of scalar triplet earns more freedom in relaxing Δm and sin θ to some extent.

FIGURE 28
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Figure 28. Relic density (left panel) and both relic density and direct search (XENON 1T 2018) (right panel) allowed parameter space plotted in mN1 − Δm plane with different range of sin θ : 0.01 ≤ sin θ ≤ 0.1 (Red), 0.2 < sin θ ≤ 0.3 (Blue), 0.4 < sin θ ≤ 0.5 (Purple).

7. Collider Signatures

Finally, we discuss the collider signature of the model, which can be subdivided into two categories: (i) Displaced vertex signature and (ii) Excess in leptonic final states.

7.1. Displaced Vertex Signature

In the small sin θ limit, the charged inert fermion can show a displaced vertex signature. If the mass difference between the N and N1 is greater than W mass then N can decay via a two body process. But if the mass difference is smaller than MW, then N can decay via three body process say N-N1l-νl̄. The three body decay width is given as Bhattacharya et al. [53]:

Γ=GF2sin2θ24π3mN5I    (69)

where GF is the Fermi coupling constant and I is given as:

I=14λ1/2(1,a2,b2)F1(a,b)+6F2(a,b)ln        (2a1+a2-b2-λ1/2(1,a2,b2)).    (70)

In the above Equation F1(a, b) and F2(a, b) are two polynomials of a = mN1/mN and b = m/mN, where m is the charged lepton mass. Up to O(b2), these two polynomials are given by

F1(a,b)=( a62a57a4(1+b2)+10a3(b22)                        +a2(12b27)+(3b21) )F2(a,b)=(a5+a4+a3(12b2)).    (71)

In Equation (70), λ1/2=1+a4+b4-2a2-2b2-2a2b2 defines the phase space. In the limit b = m/mN → 1 − a = δM/mN, λ1/2 goes to zero and hence I → 0. The life time of N is then given by τ ≡ Γ−1. We take the freeze out temperature of DM to be Tf = mN1/20. Since the DM freezes out during radiation dominated era, the corresponding time of DM freeze-out is given by :

tf=0.301g-1/2mplTf2,    (72)

where g* is the effective massless degrees of freedom at a temperature Tf and mpl is the Planck mass. Demanding that N should decay before the DM freezes out (i.e., τ ≲ tf) we get

sinθ1.1789×10-5(1.375×10-5I)1/2(200GeVmN)5/2(g106.75)1/4(mN1180GeV).    (73)

The lower bound on the mixing angle depends on the mass of N and N1. For a typical value of mN = 200 GeV, mN1 = 180 GeV, we get sin θ ≳ 1.17 × 10−5. Since τ is inversely proportional to mN5, larger the mass, smaller will be the lower bound on the mixing angle.

To explore more whether we can get the relic abundance and displaced vertex simultaneously, we have shown in Figure 29 relic abundance as a function of DM mass keeping the mass splitting ΔM ≤ 50 GeV and sin θ = 10−4. In this small mixing angle limit there are coannihilation channels (see Figure 19) which are independent of sin θ contributes to relic density. We choose the set of points which are giving us the correct relic density and tried to find the displaced vertex value. We have plotted in the right panel of Figure 29 displaced vertex (Γ−1) as a function of mN. We can see that in the large mass of mN, the displaced vertex is very small as expected as Γ−1 decreases with increase in mass. For larger mixing angles displaced vertex is suppressed. Again sin θ cannot be arbitrarily small as shown in Equation (73), so Γ−1 will not be very large.

FIGURE 29
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Figure 29. Variation of relic density with DM mass mN1 keeping fixed Δm ≤ 50 GeV (left panel). Black dashed lines correspond to measured value of relic density by PLANCK. Displaced vertex (Γ−1) is plotted as a function of mN (right panel). For the displaced vertex we choose the set of parameters satisfying relic density from the left panel figure.

7.2. Hadronically Quiet Dilepton Signature

Since our proposed scenario have one vector like leptonic doublet, there is a possibility of producing charge partner pair of the doublet (N+ N) at proton collider (LHC). The decay of N± further produce leptonic final states through on-shell/off-shell W± mediator to yield opposite sign dilepton plus missing energy as is shown in Figure 30. Obviously, W can decay to jets as well, to yield single lepton plus two jets and missing energy signature or that of four jets plus missing energy signature. But, LHC being a QCD machine, the jet rich final states are prone to very heavy SM background and cannot be segregated from that of the signal. We therefore refrain from calculating the other two possibilities here. A detailed analysis of collider signature of this model will be addressed in Barman et al. [94].

FIGURE 30
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Figure 30. Feynman diagram for producing hadronically quiet opposite sign dilepton plus missing energy (+-+(ET)) signal events at LHC.

Doublet-singlet fermion DM in absence or in presence of scalar triplet do not distinguish to yield a different final state from that of +-+(ET) shown in Figure 30. However, there is an important distinction that we discuss briefly here. N+ N production cross-section depends on the charge lepton masses and nothing else, leptonic decay branching fraction is also fixed. However, the splitting between DM (N0) and its charged partner (N±) (Δm=mN±-mN0) is seen in the missing energy distribution. The signal can only be segregated from that of the SM background when the splitting is large and it falls within the heaps of SM background when Δm is small. This feature can distinguish between the two cases of singlet doublet DM in presence and in absence of scalar triplet. To illustrate, we choose two benchmark points from two scenarios: i) doublet singlet leptonic DM (BP1) in absence of scalar triplet and ii) doublet singlet leptonic DM in presence of triplet (BP2), shown in Table 4. For BP1, we see that Δm = 10 GeV, has to be very small because relic density and direct search (XENON 1T 2018) put strong constraint on Δm (≤ 12 GeV). On the other hand, presence of triplet in this scenario can relax the situation to some extent, and one may choose large Δm ~ 150 GeV for low DM mass (~ 50 GeV) and obey both relic density and direct search constraint, as indicated in BP2. Again, we note here, that such a low DM mass is still allowed by the Invisible Higgs data due to small sin θ that we have taken here.

TABLE 4
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Table 4. DM mass, sin θ, Δm=mN±-mN1, relic density, and SI direct search cross-sections of two benchmark points are mentioned for collider study.

To study the collider signature of the model, we first implemented the model in FeynRule [95]. To generate events files, we used Madgraph [96] and further passed to Pythia [97] for analysis. We have imposed further selection cuts on leptons (ℓ = e, μ) and jets as follows to mimic the actual collider environment:

• Lepton isolation: Leptons are the main constituent of the signal. We impose transverse momentum cut of pT > 20 GeV, pseudorapidity of |η| < 2.5 and separation cut ΔR ≥ 0.2 for separating from other leptons. Additionally, ΔR ≥ 0.4 is required to separate the leptons from jets. The definition of separation in azimuthal-pseudorapidity plane is ΔR=(Δη)2+(Δϕ)2.

• Jet formation and identification is performed in Pythia. We use cone-algorithm and impose that the jet initiator parton must have pT ≥ 20 GeV and forms a jet within a cone of ΔR ≤ 0.4. Jets are required to be defined for our events as to have zero jets.

Using above basic cuts, we have studied hadronically quite opposite signed dilepton final states :

Signal:: +-+(ET): p pN+ N-,(N- - ν¯ N1),(N++ ν N1¯), where =e,μ  .

The distribution of signal events with respect to missing Energy (ET), invariant mass of OSD (mℓℓ) and effective momentum (HT) is shown in Figure 31, respectively top left, top right and bottom panel. We see that each of the distribution becomes flatter and the peak is shifted to higher energy value with larger Δm. As we have already mentioned that SM background yields a very similar distribution to that of BP1 and therefore cannot be segregated from small Δm cases. For details of background estimate and distribution, see for example, [98]. Without further selection cuts, the signals constitute a very tiny fraction of hadronically quiet dilepton channel at LHC. To reduce SM background, further selection cuts must be employed:

mℓℓ < |mz − 15| and mℓℓ > |mz + 15|,

HT > 100, 200 GeV,

ET > 100, 200 GeV.

FIGURE 31
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Figure 31. Missing energy (ET), invariant mass of dilepton (mℓℓ), and transverse mass (HT) distributions of the hadronically quite dilepton signal events (+-+ET) for C.O.M. energy, s=14 TeV at LHC.

We see that the signal events for BP1, after such a cut is reduced significantly, while for BP2, we are still left with moderately large number of events as shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5
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Table 5. Signal events for above mentioned benchmark points with s = 14 TeV at the LHC for the luminosity L=100fb-1 after ET, HT and mℓℓ cuts.

To summarize, we point out that singlet-doublet fermion DM can possibly yield a displaced vertex signature out of the charged fermion decay, thanks to small mass splitting and small sin θ, while due to the same reason, seeing an excess in leptonic final state will be difficult. On the other hand, the model where singlet-doublet fermion DM is extended with a scalar triplet satisfy relic density and direct search with a larger mass splitting between the DM and charged companion which allows such a case to yield a lepton excess to be probed at LHC, but the displaced vertex signature may get subdued due to this. The complementarity of the two cases will be elaborated in Barman et al. [94]. We also note that scalar triplet extension do not allow the fermion DM to have any mass to also accommodate large Δm. This is only possible in the vicinity of Higgs resonance. We can however, earn a freedom on choosing a large Δm at any fermion mass value in the presence of a second DM component and see a lepton signal excess as has been pointed out in Barman et al. [94].

8. Conclusions and Future Directions

Vector like leptons stabilized by a symmetry, provide a simple solution to DM problem of the universe. The relic density allowed parameter space provide a wide class of phenomenological implications to be explored in DM direct search experiments and in collider searches through signal excess or displaced vertex. In this article, we have provided a thorough analysis of different possible models in such a category. The results have been illustrated with parameter space scans, taking into account the constraints coming from non-observation of DM in present direct search data, constraints from electroweak precision tests, vacuum stability, invisible decay widths of Higgs and Z etc., to see the allowed region where the model(s) can be probed in upcoming experiments.

We first reviewed the possibility of vector-like leptonic singlet χ, doublet N and their combination χ − N as viable candidates of DM. First we discussed about a vector-like singlet leptonic DM χ. In this case, the DM can only couple to visible sector through non-renormalizable dimension-5 operator χ¯χHH/Λ, where Λ denotes a new physics (NP) scale. We find relic density allowed parameter space of the model requires Λ to be 500 GeV or less for DM mass ranging between 100 GeV to 500 GeV. However, the direct search cross-section for such Λ is much larger than the constraints obtained from XENON1T data. Therefore, a singlet lepton is almost ruled out being a viable candidate of DM.

We then discussed the possibility of neutral component of a vector-like inert lepton doublet (ILD) N0 to be a viable DM candidate. Since the doublet has only gauge interaction, the correct relic abundance can be obtained only at heavy DM mass around ~ TeV. Again, the doublet DM suffers a stringent constraint from Z-mediated elastic scattering at direct search experiments. The relic density allowed parameter space therefore lies way above than the XENON1T bound of not observing a DM in direct search experiment. Therefore, an ILD DM alone is already ruled out. However, we showed that in presence of a scalar triplet, an ILD DM can be reinstated by forbidding the Z-mediated elastic scattering with the nucleons thanks to pseudo Dirac splitting. Due to additional interaction of ILD in presence of a scalar triplet, the mass of ILD DM is pushed to a higher side to achieve correct relic density. Moreover, the scalar triplet mixes with the SM doublet Higgs and paves a path for detecting the ILD DM at terrestrial laboratories. The presence of scalar triplet also yield a non-zero neutrino mass to three flavors of active neutrinos which are required by oscillation data. However, we noticed that the parameter space of an ILD DM is very limited to a very high mass due to its gauge coupling.

We then searched for a combination of singlet χ and neutral component of doublet N = (N, N0) being a viable candidate of DM. This is possible if both of the fermion fields possess same Z2 symmetry. They mix after electroweak symmetry breaking. In fact, we found that the appropriate combination of a singlet-doublet can be a viable DM candidate in a large parameter space spanning DM mass between Z resonance to ~ 700 GeV. The singlet-doublet mixing plays a key role in deciding the relic abundance of DM as well as detecting it in terrestrial laboratories. In fact, we found that a large singlet component admixture with a small doublet component is an appropriate combination to be a viable candidate for DM, particularly to meet direct search bounds (sin θ ≤ 0.05). However, it is difficult for a DM with large singlet component to yield correct relic density due to small annihilation cross-section. Therefore, it has to depend heavily on co-annihilation to make up the small annihilation cross section, which in turn requires a small mass difference between the DM N1 and its partners N±,N2. In particular, if the mixing angle is very small (around sin θ ~ 10−4), the decay of NLSP (N-N1+l-+ν̄l) gives a measurable displaced vertex signature at LHC, aided by a small mass difference of N with the DM (N1). However, this typical feature makes it difficult to identify any signal excess from production of the NLSP at LHC.

The situation becomes more interesting in presence of a scalar triplet. The latter, not only enhances the allowed parameter space of singlet-doublet mixed DM (by allowing a larger mixing sin θ ≲ 0.2 and also a larger mass splitting between NLSP and DM), but also generates masses to three flavors active neutrinos via type-II seesaw. Presence of scalar triplet may also pave the path to discover this model through hadronically quiet dilepton channel at LHC. We would also like to add here that if the DM (singlet-doublet admixture) including the SM particles are charged under an additional flavor symmetry, say A4, then non-zero value of θ13 can be obtained from the flavor charge of DM, which has been elaborated in Bhattacharya et al. [99, 100].

Author Contributions

All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

We thank Basabendu Barman for helpful discussions. SB would like to acknowledge the support from DST-INSPIRE faculty grant IFA-13-PH-57 at IIT Guwahati. PG also like to thank MHRD, Government of India for research fellowship.

Footnotes

1. ^The scale Λ is a priori unknown and should be validated from experimental constraints. In effective theory consideration, we ensure that mχ < Λ.

2. ^We would like to remind the readers that N1 and N2 are not same as N10 and N20. N1, 2 are the physical eigenstates arising out of the singlet (χ) doublet (N) admixture. Here, N1 is the DM while N2 is the NLSP. Where as, N10 and N20 are the two pseudo Dirac states that emerge from the neutral component (N0) of the vector-like lepton doublet (N) due to the majorana mass term acquired by N0 in presence of the scalar triplet Δ.

3. ^The value Ŝ, T^, W and Y are obtained using a Higgs mass mh = 115 GeV. However, we now know that the SM Higgs mass is 125 GeV. Therefore, the value of Ŝ, T^, W and Y are expected to change. But this effect is nullified by the small values of sin θ.

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Appendix A: Couplings of ILD Dark Matter With Scalar Triplets and SM Particles

Trilinear vertices involving ILD and triplet Scalar:

(N-)c¯N-H++    :     2fN(N-)c¯N0H+    :   fN(N0)c¯N0H1    : -sinα fN(N0)c¯N0H2    : -cosα fN(N0)c¯N0A0    : -i fN    (A1)

Trilinear vertices involving triplet scalars:

   H++H-H-   :                                      2vtλ3        1/vtH++H--H2   :           -(2cosα vtλ2-sinα v λ1)                 sinα0                               -2vtλ2        1/vtH++H--H1   :           -(cosα vλ1+2sinα vt λ2)    (A2)

Trilinear vertices involving ILD and SM particles:

N0¯N-W+    :   e02sinθWγμN-N+Z    :   -e0sin2θWcos2θWγμN-N+A    :   -e0γμN0¯N0Z     :     e0sin2θWγμ    (A3)

Keywords: physics beyond the SM, neutrino mass, dark matter, collider signature, dark matter direct detection

Citation: Bhattacharya S, Ghosh P, Sahoo N and Sahu N (2019) Mini Review on Vector-Like Leptonic Dark Matter, Neutrino Mass, and Collider Signatures. Front. Phys. 7:80. doi: 10.3389/fphy.2019.00080

Received: 22 January 2019; Accepted: 06 May 2019;
Published: 31 May 2019.

Edited by:

Roman Pasechnik, Faculty of Science, Lund University, Sweden

Reviewed by:

Oscar Zapata, University of Antioquia, Colombia
Chandan Hati, UMR6533 Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC), France

Copyright © 2019 Bhattacharya, Ghosh, Sahoo and Sahu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Narendra Sahu, nsahu@iith.ac.in

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