Zhengshi Wang1,2†
Yao Li3†Wenli Jiang4†Jie Yan1,2Jiaqi Dai1,2Binghua Jiao4*Zhiqiang Yin1,2*Yun Zhang1,2*- 1Thyroid Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- 2Shanghai Center for Thyroid Diseases, Shanghai, China
- 3Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The 960th Hospital of the PLA, Jinan, China
- 4Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
Purpose: Consensus-based clinical guidelines recommend that simple cholecystectomy (SC) is adequate for T1a gallbladder adenocarcinoma (GBA), but extended cholecystectomy (EC), SC plus lymphatic dissection, should be considered for T1b and more advanced GBA. Whether lymphatic dissection is necessary for the treatment of T1b GBA remains controversial. This study attempts to better define the current criteria for local treatment of T1b GBA, by examining the relationship between lymph node (LN) metastasis and tumor size in such patients.
Patients and methods: Clinical data from patients with T1b GBA receiving curative surgical treatment between 2004 and 2015 were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Baseline characteristics for the entire cohort were described, and overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were analyzed with the Kaplan–Meier method.
Results: In total, 277 patients were enrolled for further analysis; 127 underwent lymphadenectomy. Among them, 23 patients had tumors <1 cm in diameter, none of which had LN metastasis; 104 patients had tumors ≥1 cm, 15 of which had positive LNs. In the group with tumor size <1 cm, there was no significant survival difference between treatment with SC or EC (P = 0.694). A clinical benefit was observed in T1b GBA patients with a tumor size ≥1 cm receiving EC vs. those receiving SC (P = 0.012).
Conclusion: SC was adequate for treatment of T1b GBA < 1 cm in diameter. This evidence may be included as part of current guidelines.
Introduction
Gallbladder cancer is a rare malignancy with an incidence of 1.13/100,000 (1). This fatal disease has a high mortality rate (2), resulting in an overall 5-year survival rate of <5% (3). Gallbladder adenocarcinoma (GBA) is the most common subtype of gallbladder cancer, accounting for ~76–90% (4, 5). The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) clinical guidelines recommend simple cholecystectomy (SC) to be adequate for the treatment of T1a (mucosal involvement) GBA since it is a regional disease (6). However, for T1b (muscular involvement) and more advanced GBA, extended cholecystectomy (EC), including lymph node (LN) dissection, should be considered (6–9). Remarkably, some reports have found no clinical benefit to T1b GBA patients receiving EC vs. SC (10–13). The need for LN dissection in T1b GBA patients remains controversial; therefore, a well-defined tumor index that considers LN metastasis in T1b GBA is urgently needed.
As part of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor-lymph-metastasis (TNM) staging system, the T category of hollow viscera tumors (e.g., stomach, intestines, and gallbladder) describes vertical tumor penetration; the effect of horizontal tumor extent (tumor size) is not considered. Gotoda et al. (14) reported a strong association between tumor size larger than 3 cm and LN metastasis in early gastric cancer. In colorectal cancer, tumors exceeding 4.5 cm were also found to be associated with high N classification (15). The relationship between tumor size and LN metastasis in gallbladder cancer, to our best knowledge, has not yet been elucidated. This study was performed to evaluate the relationship between tumor size and LN metastasis in T1b GBA to provide more optimal treatment.
Materials and Methods
Ethics Statement
This study was approved by the institutional review board of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine. Patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database had previously consented to participate in any scientific research worldwide.
Patients
T1b GBA was defined as an adenocarcinoma confined to the muscular layer of gallbladder. All patients with T1b GBA were collected from the SEER database, the largest publicly available cancer dataset in the United States (16). Information related to T1b GBA at diagnosis was available for patient data registered between 2004 and 2015. Only patients enrolled after 2004 were collected because depth of tumor invasion was not recorded before 2004 in the SEER database. All T1b patients were uniformly staged according to the 6th or 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging manual because both share the same definition of T1b category (17, 18). Patients with distant metastasis (stage IV) were not eligible because surgical treatment was not the standard therapy. Detailed selection and exclusion criteria are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Patient selection flowchart.
Statistical Analysis
Absolute number and incidence of T1b GBA were calculated according to tumor size, age, grading, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, and status of LNs. The number of patients with positive LNs was the frequency of T1b GBA patients diagnosed with positive LNs. Race/ethnicity representation among our study cohort included those patients identified as White, Black, and Other race/ethnicity. Tumors were staged according to the guidelines outlined in the 8th edition of the AJCC staging manual. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were generated to analyze overall survival (OS) and statistical significance was considered to be two-sided P < 0.05.
Results
Patient Characteristics
In total, clinical data from 277 patients in the SEER database with pathologically diagnosed T1b GBA were included in this study (Table 1). The median age at diagnosis was 69 years (range, 37–95 years). The proportion of females (71.5%) was higher than males (28.5%). Race-adjusted GBA incidence was 66.4% within the white ethnicity, followed by other (Asian or Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native, and unknown race/ethnicity) (17.0%) and Black (16.6%).
Table 1. Demographic and tumor characteristics of GBA patients from the SEER database (n = 277).
Association Between LN Metastasis and Tumor Size
Of the 277 patients with T1b GBA, 127 (45.8%) underwent EC, while 150 (54.2%) patients underwent SC. Additionally, among the 127 patients receiving EC (Table 2), 23 (18.1%) patients had tumors <1.0 cm in diameter, none of which had positive LNs. Three (11.1%) patients had positive LNs in the group of tumors ≥ 1.0 cm and < 2.0 cm in diameter; six (23.1%) had positive LNs in the group of tumors ≥2.0 cm and <3.0 cm in diameter; two (10.5%) had positive LNs in the group of tumors ≥ 3.0 cm and < 4.0 cm in diameter; three (23.1%) had positive LNs in the group of tumors ≥ 4.0 cm and 5.0 cm in diameter; one (16.7%) had positive LNs in the group of tumors ≥5.0 cm and <6.0 cm in diameter; none had positive LNs in group of tumors ≥6.0 cm in diameter probably due to the small sample. Thus, patients with tumors <1.0 cm and those with tumors ≥1.0 cm and <6.0 cm were compared with Fisher's Exact Test and it was found that the latter had a higher rate of LN metastasis (Figure 2, P = 0.038).
Table 2. Proportion of patients with positive LNs at each tumor size interval.
Figure 2. Comparison of GBA patients receiving EC according to LN status and tumor size.
Survival Analysis
OS of T1b GBA patients receiving SC or EC are presented in Figure 3. Compared with SC treatment, EC did not prolong the OS of T1b GBA patients with tumor size < 1 cm (P = 0.694). Clinical benefit was observed in T1b GBA patients with tumor size ≥1 cm receiving EC vs. those receiving SC (P = 0.012).
Figure 3. OS of GBA patients stratified by tumor size and surgical treatment using Kaplan-Meier analysis. (A) Tumor size <1 cm; (B) Tumor size ≥1 cm.
Discussion
The present study evaluated the number of positive LNs in patients with T1b GBA and the relationship between tumor size and LN metastasis. There were no positive LNs observed in T1b GBA with tumors <1 cm in diameter. These results indicate that SC is adequate for the treatment of T1b GBA in patients with a tumor <1 cm in diameter. Treatment distinction based on tumor size will minimize thdiameter. These results indicate that SC is adequate for the treatment of T1b GBA in patientse need for reoperation from complications in T1b GBA patients and further extend criteria for local treatment.
LN metastasis is the most common metastatic modality in gallbladder cancer. The rate of such metastasis can be as high as 60–80% in stage T3 or T4 gallbladder cancer (19). LN metastasis is notably infrequent in early gallbladder cancer, however. Kohei Shibata et al. published a retrospective study of 72 patients who underwent macroscopically curative surgical resection for stage T1b–T3 gallbladder cancer, and none of the patients with T1b disease had lymphatic invasion (20). Further, Shirai et al. reported that LN metastasis was rarely found in T1b gallbladder cancer (21). In our population-based study, 5.4% (15/277) of patients with T1b GBA had LN metastasis, but no LN metastasis was observed in patients with T1b GBA < 1 cm in diameter. Similarly, for T1b GBA patients with tumor <1 cm in diameter, significant survival differences were not observed between patients receiving SC and those receiving EC. These findings indicated that patients with T1b GBA < 1 cm in diameter were a population with specific indolent tumor behavior.
Most studies support the NCCN guideline recommendation that EC be performed for T1b GBA (6–9), while other studies have argued SC to be adequate (10–13). We speculate that the controversy may be elucidated by the proportion of T1b GBA <1 cm in diameter to entire T1b GBA cohort. When the proportion is low, there is a significant difference observed between T1b GBA patients receiving SC and those receiving EC. Conversely, when the proportion is high enough, there is no significant difference observed. However, for the treatment of T1b GBA ≥1 cm in diameter, EC is still recommended to improve clinical outcomes.
Although we used the one of the largest cancer patient databases in an attempt to evaluate the relationship between LN metastasis and tumor size, the present findings were limited by its retrospective nature. The sample size of this study is relatively small and more large-scale studies with prospective data are needed to validate these conclusions.
Ethics Statement
This study was approved by the institutional review board of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine. Patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database have consented to participate in any scientific researches worldwide.
Author Contributions
ZW and ZY made substantial contributions to the design of the study, carried out the analysis, interpreted the data. YL, JY and JD contributed to the review of previous literature. WJ and BJ contributed substantially to the data discussion and critically commented on the manuscript for scientific content. YZ and ZW made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study, data interpretation and drafting of the manuscript, were responsible for the quality of the overall manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was supported by the National Science Foundation of China (41776140). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Keywords: gallbladder adenocarcinoma, lymph node metastasis, T1b, SEER, simple cholecystectomy, extended cholecystectomy
Citation: Wang Z, Li Y, Jiang W, Yan J, Dai J, Jiao B, Yin Z and Zhang Y (2019) Simple Cholecystectomy Is Adequate for Patients With T1b Gallbladder Adenocarcinoma < 1 cm in Diameter. Front. Oncol. 9:409. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00409
Received: 15 December 2018; Accepted: 30 April 2019;
Published: 22 May 2019.
Edited by:
Mark Girgis, University of California, Los Angeles, United StatesReviewed by:
Osama Hussein, Mansoura University, EgyptKoop Bosscha, Jeroen Bosch Ziekenhuis, Netherlands
Copyright © 2019 Wang, Li, Jiang, Yan, Dai, Jiao, Yin and Zhang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Yun Zhang, eXVuemhhbmcxMDI0JiN4MDAwNDA7MTI2LmNvbQ==
Zhiqiang Yin, OTcyNjgzMDA0JiN4MDAwNDA7cXEuY29t
Binghua Jiao, dW5kZWJoamlhb3JsaW5lJiN4MDAwNDA7c21tdS5lZHUuY24=
†These authors have contributed equally to this work