Clément Bailly1,2
Thomas Carlier1,2
Cyrille Touzeau3
Nicolas Arlicot1
Françoise Kraeber-Bodéré1,2,4Steven Le Gouill3
Caroline Bodet-Milin1,2*- 1CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- 2Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
- 3Department of Hematology, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
- 4Department of Nuclear Medicine, ICO-René Gauducheau, Saint-Herblain, France
FDG-PET changed response assessment and therapy strategy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Hodgkin disease lymphoma. The value of FDG-PET evaluation in MCL has not been extensively studied and a recent expert consensus highlighted the need for more studies addressing this question. Data of the literature show the value of FDG-PET at baseline in patients with MCL, underlining the good sensitivity of this examination for the initial staging of this pathology, but also the potential impact of semi-quantitative analysis in this indication. The determination of SUVmax at diagnosis might indeed provide important prognostic information. Some studies also suggest the potential value of early and end-of-treatment metabolic assessment in MCL, but these results need to be validated in standardized prospective studies. These results also underlie the need to integrate FDG-PET results into MCL treatment strategy to improve disease management in identifying patients who might benefit from more intensive therapy.
Introduction
The use of positron emission tomography with 18Fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG-PET) in patients with malignant lymphomas has increased dramatically in the last decade, both for initial staging and for therapeutic evaluation. FDG-PET has indeed become an essential tool in the management of these patients, and regular meetings of international expert committees, such as those held annually in Menton or Lugano, have allowed standardization of practices (1–3). Currently, the role of FDG-PET in rarer histological subtypes of lymphomas such as mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is less well-defined. MCL is an aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) which accounts for ~5% of all NHLs (4, 5). The majority of patients presents with advanced-stage disease and often has extra-nodal sites of involvement such as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and bone marrow. Patients diagnosed with this disorder generally have poor prognosis and even if the introduction of novel approaches combining rituximab and chemotherapy increased the median overall survival (OS), most patients still experience relapse (6–8). However, a small minority of patients seems to have a longer survival than would be expected and achieve long lasting remissions. The lack of early biomarkers has become a major issue in MCL. Recent advances in the understanding of the clinical, molecular, and genetic characteristics of MCL have identified prognostic factors that might be useful to develop risk-adapted therapies (6, 8). These prognostic factors include, inter alia, splenomegaly, performance status, mitotic index, and the Mantle Cell International Prognostic Index (MIPI) (9). The role of FDG-PET and its prognostic value in MCL remain debatable as contradictory results regarding its utility for assessing disease burden and response to therapy. In this era of personalized medicine, a non-invasive method for assessing tumor heterogeneity and predicting survival or response to therapy could permit a better selection of worse prognosis patients who might benefit from more intensive therapy. A recent expert consensus highlighted the need for more studies addressing this question (2).
Methodology of the Literature Review
The literature search entailed a systematic search of MEDLINE and PUBMED for publications that were published between 2000 and 2018 using the following key words: mantle cell lymphoma, PET, FDG, SUV.
FDG-Pet at Diagnosis In MCL
FDG-PET is recommended by international guidelines for initial staging in all FDG-avid histological subtypes of lymphomas including MCL (2, 3).
The first correlation between FDG uptake and the histopathological subtype of lymphoma as defined by the WHO classification was published in 2003 (10). This retrospective study showed that FDG-PET detected at least one pathological site in all cases of MCL Indeed, existing data in the literature confirm this observation and show that FDG-PET at diagnosis in patients with MCL has a high sensitivity in the detection of lesions in nodes and spleen (11–14). However, the sensitivity for bone marrow and gastrointestinal (GI) involvement is inadequate to replace routine bone marrow and GI biopsy in disease staging (11).
Besides, despite this significant uptake of FDG in all patients with MCL, most of the literature show a significant intra-individual and inter-individual heterogeneity with uptake. Indeed, the values of SUVmax, the metric widely adopted as a surrogate of the overall net rate of FDG uptake, varied between 2.5 and 36.7 and between 1.0 and 18.8 in the series of Mato et al. (15) and Bodet-Milin et al. (11), respectively. In this latter, a calculated intra-patient SUVmax gradient was ≥5 in 46% of cases and ≥10 in 13%. Thus, intra- and inter-individual differences might reflect heterogeneity in tumor cell biology, especially since the study by Schöder et al. (16) reported that the value of SUVmax is potentially correlated with histological aggressiveness. Oncogenesis of MCL being a multistep process (17), progressing from a less to a more aggressive form, it can therefore be postulated that low SUVmax value is related to less aggressive MCL cells while high SUVmax values reflects a more aggressive behavior or a more advanced disease. Existence of intra-individual SUVmax variation in MCL might be similar to what is observed in Richter's syndrome where aggressive transformation is located to a specific tumor tissue area. The results of the retrospective study published by Karam et al. confirmed this findings, showing an adverse impact on both event-free-survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for MCL patients presenting with SUVmax >4.8 (18). This is also supported by the results of the LyMa-PET study (19). In this prospective ancillary study of the multicentric LyMa trial (NCT00921414), studying the predictive value of FDG-PET at diagnosis in young previously untreated MCL patients, high SUVmax (>10.3) was associated with shorter PFS (p = 0.0003) and OS (p = 0.0003). This observation at diagnosis was not found in works by Schaffel et al. (ASH 2009), Mato et al. (15) and Bodet-Milin et al. (11) even if this latter reported a negative trend of an SUV max> 6 on the overall survival (p = 0.07). In addition, this close relation between tumor cell biology and SUVmax in MCL is also supported by the relationship between SUV max, blastoid variant considered as the most aggressive form of MCL and high percentage of Ki67 positive MCL cells (19). SUVmax measurement could therefore be used to assess tumor cell aggressiveness as FDG-PET has the advantage to be a whole-body non-invasive technique, not restricted as Ki-67 immunostaining to tissue biopsies. The prognostic value of SUVmax seems even reinforced when associated with clinical and biological factors, as shown by Bodet-Milin et al. (11). Used together, IPI and SUVmax allowed to separate MCL patients into three groups with different PFS duration: low (29%; no relapse/progression), intermediate (42%; median PFS: 37 months) and high risk (29%, median PFS: 22 months) (p = 0.004) (11). Preliminary results of the LyMa-PET study (19) seem to confirm this observation. This approach clearly identified a subset of patients with a very high risk of early progression after first line treatment, who might benefit from more intensive therapy.
FDG-Pet for Response Assessment In MCL
Response Assessment During Treatment
The most recent international recommendations for the use of imaging in malignant lymphoma does not mandate FDG-PET-based response assessment in MCL outside the context of a clinical trial (2). These conclusions based on a limited number of publications are due to the lack of prospective data, the heterogeneity of patient populations/treatment strategies, and most importantly, the lack of uniformity in the way 18FDG-PET imaging is obtained and interpreted. Thus, although some studies showed no significant predictive value for interim FDG-PET in terms of PFS or OS (14, 15, 20, 21), some reported higher progression rate for patients exhibiting a positive interim FDG-PET, irrespective of therapy applied and particularly before autologous stem-cell transplant (ASCT) (22–25). The preliminary results of the Lyma-PET study seem to confirm these data by demonstrating the potential prognostic value of the variation of SUVmax called ΔSUVmax (defined as the percentage of reduction of SUVmax between PET at baseline and PET before ASCT) on OS and PFS (19).
Interestingly, in the Nordic MCL3 study (22) and the work by Htet et al. (25), the authors described inferior PFS and OS predicted by FDG-PET positivity before-ASCT and detectable minimal residual disease (MRD) after transplant. Because these techniques were reported as having independent prognostic values, both may be of importance to guide treatment decisions. Yet, in the Czech Lymphoma Study Group-MCL1 observational study (26), only achievement of FDG-PET–negativity independently correlated with PFS. In this prospective analysis, the safety and efficacy of alternation of R-CHOP and R-cytarabine for elderly/comorbid MCL patients ineligible for high dose therapy or ASCT was explored, with initiation of Rituximab maintenance (RM) in most of them. In this group, a survival benefit of RM was observed for patients achieving response by FDG-PET response criteria regardless of their MRD-status (26, 27).
If all of these data suggest the potential value of early metabolic assessment in MCL patients, prospective studies are warranted to validate these results.
Response Assessment After Treatment
FDG-PET is the standard of care for remission assessment in FDG-avid lymphoma, yet its value in MCL is debatable. In their retrospective series of 44 patients, Bodet-Milin et al had shown significantly lower PFS for patients with residual FDG-uptake at the end of treatment, according to the IHP criteria (11). Mato et al. confirmed this prognostic value of negative FDG-PET at the end of treatment, again using the IHP criteria, in 53 patients with MCL, with better PFS at 3 years and a trend for OS (p = 0.07) (15). Similar results have also been reported by Brepoels et al who demonstrated better PFS at 2 years for patients who achieved a complete response at end-of-treatment FDG-PET (57 vs. 22%, p = 0.011) (20). However, some studies have also shown contradictory results such as Kedmi et al. (21) and Hosein et al. (14), who found no significant difference on survival between MCL patients with positive or negative FDG-PET findings at the end of treatment.
Thus, even if these different results seem to show a certain prognostic impact of FDG-PET at the end of treatment, published data are currently too heterogeneous to allow definitive conclusions to be drawn. In addition, some of these publications suffer from many methodological biases. Particularly, none of these latter used the Deauville Score, as actually validated and recommended by Lugano's Recommendations in Lymphoma (2), except for Lamonica et al. (28) yet in patients with relapsed or refractory MCL. Recent guidelines enacted to standardize PET protocols and to ensure more reproducible analyses between scans and centers will hopefully soon lead to the full integration of these interpretation criteria into future prospective investigations.
Conclusion
FDG-PET changed response assessment and therapy strategy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Hodgkin disease lymphoma. The value of FDG-PET evaluation in MCL has not been extensively studied and a recent expert consensus highlighted the need for more studies addressing this question. Data of the literature show the value of FDG-PET at baseline in patients with MCL, underlining the good sensitivity of this examination for the initial staging of this pathology, but also the potential impact of semi-quantitative analysis in this indication. The determination of SUVmax at diagnosis might indeed provide important prognostic information. Some studies also suggest the potential value of early and end-of-treatment metabolic assessment in MCL, but these results need to be validated in standardized prospective studies. These results also underlie the need to integrate FDG-PET results into MCL treatment strategy to improve disease management in identifying patients who might benefit from more intensive therapy.
Author Contributions
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
This work has been supported in part by grants from the French National Agency for Research called, Investissements d'Avenir IRON Labex n° ANR-11-LABX-0018-01 and ArronaxPlus Equipex n° ANR-11-EQPX-0004.
References
1. Nanni C, Cottereau AS, Lopci E, Bodet-Milin C, Coronado M, Pro B, et al. Report of the 6th International Workshop on PET in lymphoma. Leuk. Lymphoma. (2017) 58:2298–303. doi: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1298752
2. Barrington SF, Mikhaeel NG, Kostakoglu L, Meignan M, Hutchings M, Müeller SP, et al. Role of imaging in the staging and response assessment of lymphoma: consensus of the international conference on malignant lymphomas imaging working group. J Clin Oncol. (2014) 32:3048–58. doi: 10.1200/2FJCO.2013.53.5229
3. Cheson BD, Fisher RI, Barrington SF, Cavalli F, Schwartz LH, Zucca E, et al. Recommendations for initial evaluation, staging, and response assessment of hodgkin and non-hodgkin lymphoma: the lugano classification. J Clin Oncol. (2014) 32:3059–67. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2013.54.8800
4. Vose JM. Mantle cell lymphoma: 2012 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and clinical management. Am J Hematol. (2012) 87:604–9. doi: 10.1002/ajh.23176
5. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Pileri SA, Harris NL, Stein H, Siebert R, et al. The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Blood. (2016) 127:2375–90. doi: 10.1182/blood-2016-01-643569
6. McKay P, Leach M, Jackson B, Robinson S, Rule S. Guideline for the management of mantle cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol. (2018) 182:46–62. doi: 10.1111/bjh.15283
7. McKay P, Leach M, Jackson B, Robinson S, Rule S. A british society for haematology good practice paper on the diagnosis and investigation of patients with mantle cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol. (2018) 182:46–62. doi: 10.1111/bjh.15281
8. Dreyling M, Campo E, Hermine O, Jerkeman M, Le Gouill S, Rule S, et al. Newly diagnosed and relapsed mantle cell lymphoma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. (2017) 28(Suppl. 4):iv62–71. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdx223r
9. Hoster E, Dreyling M, Klapper W, Gisselbrecht C, van Hoof A, Kluin-Nelemans HC, et al. A new prognostic index (MIPI) for patients with advanced-stage mantle cell lymphoma. Blood. (2008) 111:558–65. doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-06-095331
10. Elstrom R, Guan L, Baker G, Nakhoda K, Vergilio JA, Zhuang H, et al. Utility of FDG-PET scanning in lymphoma by WHO classification. Blood. (2003) 101:3875–6. doi: 10.1182/blood-2002-09-2778
11. Bodet-Milin C, Touzeau C, Leux C, Sahin M, Moreau A, Maisonneuve H, et al. Prognostic impact of 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in untreated mantle cell lymphoma: a retrospective study from the GOELAMS group. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. (2010) 37:1633–42. doi: 10.1007/s00259-010-1469-2
12. Gill S, Hicks RJ, Seymour JF. What is the role of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in mantle cell lymphoma? Leukemia Lymphoma. (2008) 49:1653–6. doi: 10.1080/10428190802311433
13. Alavi A, Shrikanthan S, Aydin A, Talanow R, Schuster S. Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron-emission tomography findings in mantle cell lymphoma. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leukemia. (2011) 11:261–6. doi: 10.1016/j.clml.2011.03.013
14. Hosein PJ, Pastorini VH, Paes FM, Eber D, Chapman JR, Serafini AN, et al. Utility of positron emission tomography scans in mantle cell lymphoma. Am J Hematol. (2011) 86:841–5. doi: 10.1002/ajh.22126
15. Mato AR, Svoboda J, Feldman T, Zielonka T, Agress H, Panush D, et al. Post-treatment (not interim) positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan status is highly predictive of outcome in mantle cell lymphoma patients treated with R-HyperCVAD. Cancer. (2012) 118:3565–70. doi: 10.1002/cncr.26731
16. Schöder H, Noy A, Gönen M, Weng L, Green D, Erdi YE, et al. Intensity of 18fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in positron emission tomography distinguishes between indolent and aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. (2005) 23:4643–51. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.12.072
17. Jares P, Colomer D, Campo E. Genetic and molecular pathogenesis of mantle cell lymphoma: perspectives for new targeted therapeutics. Nat Rev Cancer. (2007) 7:750–62. doi: 10.1038/nrc2230
18. Karam M, Ata A, Irish K, Feustel PJ, Mottaghy FM, Stroobants SG, et al. FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan may identify mantle cell lymphoma patients with unusually favorable outcome. Nucl Med Commun. (2009) 30:770–8. doi: 10.1097/MNM.0b013e32832e0c13
19. Bodet-Milin C, Bailly C, Meignan M, Beriollo-Riedinger A, Casasnovas R-O, Devillers A, et al. Predictive power of FDG-PET parameters at diagnosis and after induction in patients with mantle cell lymphoma, interim results from the LyMa-PET project, conducted on behalf of the lysa group. Blood. (2015) 126:335. Available online at: http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/126/23/335
20. Brepoels L, Stroobants S, De Wever W, Vandenberghe P, Thomas J, Mortelmans L, et al. Positron emission tomography in mantle cell lymphoma. Leukemia Lymphoma. (2008) 49:1693–701. doi: 10.1080/10428190802216707
21. Kedmi M, Avivi I, Ribakovsky E, Benyamini N, Davidson T, Goshen E, et al. Is there a role for therapy response assessment with 2-[fluorine-18] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography in mantle cell lymphoma? Leuk. Lymphoma. (2014) 55:2484–9. doi: 10.3109/10428194.2014.882506
22. Kolstad A, Laurell A, Jerkeman M, Grønbæk K, Elonen E, Räty R, et al. Nordic MCL3 study: 90Y-ibritumomab-tiuxetan added to BEAM/C in non-CR patients before transplant in mantle cell lymphoma. Blood. (2014) 123:2953–9. doi: 10.1182/blood-2013-12-541953
23. Magnusson E, Cao Q, Linden MA, Frolich J, Anand V, Burns LJ, et al. Hematopoietic cell transplantation for mantle cell lymphoma: predictive value of pretransplant positron emission tomography/computed tomography and bone marrow evaluations for outcomes. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. (2014) 14:114–21. doi: 10.1016/j.clml.2013.10.007
24. Bachanova V, Burns LJ, Ahn KW, Laport GG, Akpek G, Kharfan-Dabaja MA, et al. Impact of pretransplantation (18)F-fluorodeoxy glucose-positron emission tomography status on outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for non-hodgkin lymphoma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. (2015) 21:1605–11. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.05.007
25. Htet S, Lane S, Kipp D, Rose H, Campbell P. PET-CT confirmed complete remission and MRD negativity in mantle cell lymphoma patients treated with R-hyper-CVAD results in excellent outcome in the absence of autologous stem cell transplantation: a single-centre case for a transplant-free approach. Intern Med J. (2016) 46:1113–4. doi: 10.1111/imj.13179
26. Klener P, Fronkova E, Belada D, Forsterova K, Pytlik R, Kalinova M, et al. Alternating R-CHOP and R-cytarabine is a safe and effective regimen for transplant-ineligible patients with a newly diagnosed mantle cell lymphoma. Hematol Oncol. (2018) 36:110–5. doi: 10.1002/hon.2483
27. Klener P, Fronkova E, Kalinova M, Belada D, Forsterova K, Pytlik R, et al. Potential loss of prognostic significance of minimal residual disease assessment after R-CHOP-based induction in elderly patients with mantle cell lymphoma in the era of rituximab maintenance. Hematol Oncol. (2018) 36:773–8. doi: 10.1002/hon.2550
Keywords: mantle cell lymphoma, FDG-PET, staging, therapeutic evaluation, SUV
Citation: Bailly C, Carlier T, Touzeau C, Arlicot N, Kraeber-Bodéré F, Le Gouill S and Bodet-Milin C (2019) Interest of FDG-PET in the Management of Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Front. Med. 6:70. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00070
Received: 28 January 2019; Accepted: 20 March 2019;
Published: 09 April 2019.
Edited by:
Ronan Abgral, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire (CHU) de Brest, FranceReviewed by:
Umberto Vitolo, University Hospital of the City of Health and Science of Turin, ItalyXavier Palard-Novello, University of Rennes 1, France
Copyright © 2019 Bailly, Carlier, Touzeau, Arlicot, Kraeber-Bodéré, Le Gouill and Bodet-Milin. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Caroline Bodet-Milin, caroline.milin@chu-nantes.fr