Predictive Factors of Recurrence for Multifocal Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma With Brafv600e Mutation: A Single Center Study of 1,207 Chinese Patients

Background: The American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines risk stratify Braf^v600e mutated multifocal papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (BMPTMC) into different recurrence risk groups by the extent of extrathyroidal extension (ETE). These findings and modifications for BMPTMC need to be verified in additional studies.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in BMPTMC patients who underwent total thyroidectomy (TT) and central lymph node dissection (CLND) from 2008 to 2013. Overall, 1,207 patients were included, and predictive factors were identified by univariate and multivariate analysis over a mean 7.5-year follow up.

Results: BMPTMC with ETE to capsule shows the same recurrence rate (3.8%) with intrathyroidal BMPTMC. Moreover, BMPTMC with ETE only to strap muscle, which belongs to high-risk group according to ATA guideline, shows relatively lower recurrence rate (13.3%) compared with some intermediate risk categories such as cN1 and >5 pN1. Multivariate analysis using a Cox proportional hazards regression model shows that total tumor diameter (TTD) is associated with significantly higher recurrence for BMPTMC with or without other risk factors (Hazard Ratio (HRO) = 9.86 [95%CI 5.35–18.20], p = 0.00; HRO = 2.32 [95%CI 1.12–4.85], p = 0.02; respectively), while Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is found to be protective against the recurrence (HRO = 0.51 [95%CI 0.33–0.79], p = 0.00; HRO = 0.47 [95%CI 0.25–0.89], p = 0.02; respectively).

Conclusions: Taken together, capsular ETE and gross ETE to the strap muscles did not have the expected significant influence on recurrence for Chinese BMPTMC patients who underwent TT and CLND. Rather than the extent of ETE, TTD and the lack of HT were identified as predictors for recurrence among BMPTMC with or without other risk factors (vascular invasion, cN1, pN1>5, pN1>3 cm).

Introduction

During the past decades, the global incidence of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has increased substantially. This has been driven largely by the rise in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), which is defined as PTC measuring ≤ 1 cm in greatest dimension (1–3). Although the majority of PTMCs are indolent with a good prognosis, some may have locoregional recurrence, which is still a major concern for clinicians (4, 5). Therefore, many studies have tried to identify several clinical, pathologic and immunohistochemistry predictors of recurrence and/or aggressiveness for PTMC, such as younger age, male sex, multifocality, extrathyroidal extension (ETE), Galectin-3 and Braf mutation, in order to determine an efficacious treatment for different risk groups of PTMC (4, 6–8). However, the findings from the different studies have varied and the conflicting data has contributed to controversial risk stratification (RS) and therapeutic strategies for PTMC.

In 2012, Niemeier et al. developed a molecular-pathological (MP) score including ETE, multifocality, tumor fibrosis, and Braf^v600e by comparing 29 aggressive PTMC with 30 non-aggressive tumors (9). They also stratified another 40 PTMCs into low, moderate and high-risk (HR) groups according to the MP score and predicted that the likelihood of lymph node metastases (LNM) or recurrence were 0, 20, and 60%, respectively (9). Based on this study, the American Thyroid Association (ATA) categorized Braf^v600e mutated multifocal papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (BMPTMC) with ETE into the intermediate-risk (IR) group of recurrence (10). Meanwhile, intrathyroidal BMPTMC was categorized into the low risk (LR) group because the overall clinical recurrence rate was quite low (1–7%) although 30–73% of cases present with Braf^v600e mutation (11, 12). BMPTMC was distinguished from the PTMC cohort and stratified into different recurrence risk groups independently according to the extent of ETE. These findings and modifications for BMPTMC need to be verified in additional studies with larger cohorts.

The aim of this study was to identify clinicopathological features to predict recurrence for BMPTMC by conducting a retrospective analysis of our clinical PTMC cohort, and help physicians to differentiate aggressive BMPTMC, and further guide treatment strategies.

Materials and Methods

Patient Selection

The Institutional Review Board of the 1st Hospital of the Jilin University approved this study and written informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study. A total of 2,880 consecutive PTMC patients from January 2008 to January 2013, who underwent initial surgery at the 1st Hospital of Jilin University were retrospectively analyzed. Inclusion criteria for patient selection were as follows: patient information found in a hospital database; total thyroidectomy (TT) with central lymph node dissection (CLND) with or without therapeutic lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) as initial surgery; postoperative pathological diagnosis of multifocal conventional PTMC; molecular analysis of tumor found Braf^v600e mutation positive. Exclusion criteria were as follows: aged <18 years; persistent disease; history of neck radiotherapy; history of previous thyroid surgery; lost to follow up. Finally, 1,207 BMPTMC patients were enrolled in our study (Figure 1).

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Flowchart showing patient selection.

Diagnosis and Treatment

The majority of PTMC patients were asymptomatic and thyroid carcinomas were identified by routine ultrasound (US) examination, which was conducted to evaluate thyroid tumor and neck lymph nodes by a trained radiologist (Y Yin) and surgeons preoperatively (S Xue, PS Wang, J Liu). If the thyroid nodule was larger than 5 mm and the US was considered suspicious, it was recommended that fine needle aspiration (FNA) be conducted. If the diameter of the thyroid nodule was <5 mm, the physician explained both the risks and benefits of surgery to the patients and a decision was made based on the patients' preference. TT was not recommended for solitary PTMC without other high-risk factors (gross ETE, aggressive histology, vascular invasion, clinical N1). TT and bilateral CLND were routine operations used for patients with bilateral thyroid microcarcinoma. As there is a lack of standard treatment and consensus regarding unilateral multifocal PTMC, patients chose lobectomy (LT) or TT after they were informed about the potential risks and benefits, such as recurrence, surgery complication, radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation, and levothyroxine consumption. CLND was performed as previously described; all lymph nodes and fibro-fatty tissues were removed vertically from the hyoid bone to the thoracic inlet and laterally from the common carotid artery to the midline of the trachea including the lymph nodes posterior to the right laryngeal recurrent nerve (13). Modified LLND including levels II–V with the preservation of the internal jugular vein, spinal accessory nerve, and sternocleidomastoid muscle was only performed for patients with clinical N1, which was diagnosed using US, CT and FNA (13). RAI was recommended to patients who underwent TT in accordance with the published guidelines as previously described (14). However, the decision was made according to both physician and patient preference. TSH-suppressive hormonal therapy was recommended to postoperative patients since 2011 according to established guidelines (13).

Histopathologic Examination

Histological specimens were examined and reviewed independently by two pathologists (L Guo and YH Zhou). Histopathological characteristics including diameter of all tumors, location of tumors, number of tumor foci, extrathyroidal extension, presence of Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT), and LNM (the number and diameter) were recorded. The concordance rate between the two pathologists for the 1,207 BMPTMC patients included in this study was 98.7%. The very few discordant cases were discussed with the experienced pathologist (MS Jin).

Follow Up and Recurrence

All cases were followed up with physical examinations, serum unstimulated thyroglobulin (Tg), Tg antibodies, and US at 6- to 12- month intervals. It was recommended that patients who received RAI should receive diagnostic iodine-131 whole body scans. When recurrence was suspected, patients underwent FNA with or without the measurement of washout Tg levels and thyroid CT. In our study, recurrence was defined as the presence of a tumor or metastatic lymph node in a patient who has been considered clinically free of disease at least 6 months after the initial surgery. Overall, 781 patients were followed up in our outpatient facility while 426 patients were followed up by telephone and mail. The follow-up period ranged from 5 to 10 years.

Molecular Analysis

Braf^V600E mutation analysis was performed on paraffin embedded sections of primary tumors obtained after TT. Sections with the largest tumor foci were marked and provided by pathologists. Tumor deparaffinization and DNA extraction were performed using a spinal column procedure (AmoyDx1 FFPE DNA Kit, Amoy Diagnostics, China). The concentration and purity of DNA samples were measured by a NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies, USA). The A260/A280 values between 1.8 and 2.0 and the A260/A230 values >2.0 of extracted DNA were qualified for further use. The DNA samples were stored at −20°C.

The Braf^V600E mutation status was detected by real-time PCR using the AmoyDx1 Braf^V600E Mutation Detection Kit (Amoy Diagnostics, China) and Bio-Rad CFX96 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA) (15, 16). All reactions were done in 40 ul volumes using 5 ul template DNA (15 ng), 35 ul Reaction Mixture and 0.4 ul Taq DNA Polymerase. All needed reagents were included with the kit. PCR cycling conditions were a 5 min hold at 95°C followed by 15 cycles of 95°C for 25 s, 64°C for 20 s, 72°C for 20 s, and 31 cycles of 93°C for 25 s, 60°C for 35 s, 72°C for 20 s, while the fluorescent signals were collected at 60°C according to the manufacturer's instructions. The carboxyfluorescein (FAM) fluorescence signal indicated the mutation status of the sample.

Statistical Analysis

Nominal variables were described as frequencies and proportions and continuous variables were presented as means and standard deviations (SDs). To identify differences between groups for specific variables, Pearson's chi-square tests were used for nominal variables; continuous variables were turned into nominal variables using cutoffs which were calculated using receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. Univariate analysis of risk factors for recurrence using Kaplan–Meier methods and statistically analyzed using the log-rank test. A Cox proportional hazards analysis was used for multivariate analysis. P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant (two-sided). SPSS version 22 software (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) was used for all statistical analyses.

Results

Baseline Characteristics

The baseline clinicopathological and genetic characteristics of the 1,207 patients with BMPTMC were summarized in Table 1. One thousand and forty (86.2%) patients were females and the average age of all patients was 46.9 years. Thirty (2.5%) patients had gross ETE to strap muscles while microscopic ETE was identified among 932 (77.2%) of the BMPTMC patients. Overall, one thousand and ninety-six (90.6%) patients received prophylactic CLND.

TABLE 1

Table 1. Clinicopathological and molecular genetic characteristics of BMPTMC patients.

The average follow up duration was 91 ± 15 months. Recurrence was detected in 90 (7.5%) of the 1,207 BMPTMC patients. The vast majority of recurrence (68/90, 75.6%) was identified in the lateral lymph node (LLN), followed by the central lymph node (CLN) (18/90, 20%), and the operation site (4/90, 4.4%). Moreover, the mean ± SD recurrence time was 85 ± 21 months.

RS of Recurrence According to the 2015 ATA Guidelines

The distribution of patients according to the 2015 ATA RS guidelines on recurrence was as follows: LR in 211 (17.5%) patients, IR in 964 (79.9%) patients, and HR in 32 (2.6%) patients. Specific categories of each RS group are shown as Table 2 and Figure 2. It is noteworthy that BMPTMC with ETE to capsule show the same recurrence rate (3.8%) with intrathyroidal BMPTMC. Moreover, BMPTMC with ETE only to strap muscle, which belongs to HR group, show relatively lower recurrence rate (13.3%) compared with some IR categories such as cN1 and >5 pN1.

TABLE 2

Table 2. Recurrence rates and RS for BMPTMC cohort.

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. Risk stratification of Braf^v600e mutated multifocal papillary thyroid microcarcinoma patients according to the American Thyroid Association guidelines.

Risk Factors of Recurrence for 1,207 BMPTMC

Univariate analysis for variables associated with recurrence was performed, including sex, age, bilateral, vascular invasion, extent of ETE, largest tumor diameter (LTD), number of tumor foci, total tumor diameter (TTD), Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT), total number of metastatic CLN (MCLN), diameter of largest MCLN, and RAI ablation. For continuous variables, optimal cutoffs were determined by ROC analysis (Supplementary Table 1). Upon univariate analysis, sex, LTD, TTD, HT, total number of MCLN and the diameter of the largest MCLN were associated with recurrence (p = 0.01, 0.04, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, and 0.00 respectively, Table 3). Multivariate analysis using a Cox proportional hazards regression model showed that TTD >9 mm and total number of MCLN>2 was associated with significantly worse DFS (HRO = 9.86 [95%CI 5.35–18.20], p = 0.00; HRO = 4.20 [95%CI 2.47–7.15], p = 0.00;), while HT was found to be protective against the recurrence of BMPTMC (HRO = 0.51 [95%CI 0.33–0.79], p = 0.00).

TABLE 3

Table 3. Univariate and multivariate analysis of clinicopathological characteristics for 1207 BMPTMC.

Risk Factors for Recurrence for 1004 BMPTMC Without Other Risk Factors

BMPTMC patients with other risk factors (vascular invasion, cN1, pN1>5, pN1>3 cm) will be risk stratified to IR or HR group only according to these risk factors. For 1004 BMPTMC without other risk factors, univariate analysis for variables associated with recurrence was performed, including sex, age, bilateral, extent of ETE, LTD, number of tumor foci, TTD, HT, total number of MCLN, diameter of largest MCLN, and RAI ablation. For continuous variables, optimal cutoffs were determined by ROC analysis (Supplementary Table 2). Upon univariate analysis, the number of tumor foci, TTD, HT, and the diameter of the largest metastatic CLN were associated with DFS (p = 0.01, 0.00, 0.00, and 0.01 respectively, Table 4). Multivariate analysis using a Cox proportional hazards regression model showed that TTD >15 mm was associated with significantly higher recurrence (HRO = 2.32 [95%CI 1.12–4.85], p = 0.02), while HT was found to be protective against the recurrence of BMPTMC (HRO = 0.47 [95%CI 0.25–0.89], p = 0.02).

TABLE 4

Table 4. Univariate and multivariate analysis of clinicopathological characteristics for BMPTMC without other risk factors (vascular invasion, cN1, pN1 > 5, pN1 > 3 cm).

Discussion

To our knowledge, this is the first paper to investigate predictive factors of recurrence for BMPTMC who underwent TT and CLND. In our BMPTMC cohort with aggressive treatment, 90 of the 1,207 (7.5%) patients presented with recurrence. Overall, 763 BMPTMC patients were categorized into the IR recurrence group only due to the concurrence with microscopic ETE. However, only 34 (34/763, 4.5%) patients were diagnosed with recurrence; These findings were not in agreement with the expected recurrence rates (10–40%) for IR (10). BMPTMC with ETE was classified into IR as a result of the findings from Niemeier et al.'s study in 2012 (9). Different characteristics of study subjects, treatment strategy and follow-up time and methods may be the potential reasons for this discrepancy.

More interestingly, only four of 30 (13.3%) BMPTMC patients with gross ETE to strap muscle were diagnosed with recurrence. SY Park et al also investigated 260 differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) patients who underwent TT and RAI with mean follow up period of 10.6 years; they found 38 (10.8%) recurrent cases (17). It is well-known that the degree of ETE in PTC plays important roles in disease-specific survival (DSS) and disease-free survival (DFS) (18). However, it was found that gross ETE to strap muscle had little effect on DSS and DFS which has been already verified by mounting evidence (17, 19, 20). It has been reported that DTC patients with strap muscular gross ETE had the same DFS as those with microscopic ETE (20). Shaha AR also suggested that detailed distinguishing of the degree of gross ETE should be performed (19). Patients with anterior extrathyroidal extension involving the strap muscle had a relatively good prognosis compared with posterior gross ETE to recurrent laryngeal nerve. This is due to the fact that gross ETE to strap muscle can be easily resected with negative margins (21).

Additionally, there has been considerable debate over the years regarding the role of tumoral multifocality in recurrence, persistence, metastasis, and prognosis (22). Conflicting data may be the result of different clinicopathological features regarding multifocal thyroid cancer cohorts, such as the number, size, and location of tumor foci. The impact of additional small tumor foci on aggressiveness is also controversial. The only evaluation for the largest tumor foci may lead to underestimation of tumor behavior for multifocal thyroid cancer (22). TTD is believed to be a better parameter to represent multifocal thyroid cancer aggressiveness (23, 24). TTD>1 cm is associated with more LNM, capsule invasion, and worse DFS than TTD ≤ 1 cm (25). Compared with unifocal PTC >1 cm, TTD >1 cm also confers a similar risk of aggressive tumor behaviors like ETE and LNM (26, 27). Based on these evidence, AA Tam et al recommended that T1a multifocal PTMC (TTD 1–2 cm) be reclassified into T1b (28). In our study, we also identified TTD as risk factor of recurrence among BMPTMC patients with or without other risk factors (vascular invasion, cN1, pN1>5, pN1>3 cm). Recently, AA Tam et al also found that a lower tumor diameter ratio (LTD/TTD) can predict capsular invasion, ETE, and LNM among multifocal thyroid cancer accurately; this, however, requires validation in other studies (22).

Moreover, multiple studies and meta-analyses have proven that PTC with HT had more favorable clinicopathological features and better prognosis than those without HT. This is in agreement with our results (29–31). It has been reported that HT is a potential protective factor for PTC, regardless of the BrafV600E mutation (32–34). However, the underlying molecular mechanism of the association between HT and PTC is still unknown. The theory of “tumor defense-induced autoimmunity” may explain the coexistence of HT and PTC (35). The immune cell infiltration into the thyroid is believed to be an ongoing antitumor immune response, which leads to a better prognosis among PTC patients (35).

There are huge concerns for aggressive treatment of PTMC in our cohort, such as FNA for >5 mm PTMC, routine prophylactic CLND and more RAI ablation. These therapeutic strategies are different with current ATA or BTA guidelines. However, we can explain this as follows: (1) Patients enrolled in this study are diagnosed and treated from 2008 to 2013. At that time, treatments of PTMC were controversial and no reliable guideline has been published. (2) Some treatments of PTMC like FNA for >5 mm suspicious and routine prophylactic CLND are still consistent with guideline of Chinese Anti-Cancer Association (36). (3) Whether aggressive treatment of PTMC will lead to lower recurrence and better prognosis is still debatable (37–39). Accordingly, we don't think these differences of treatments for PTMC will impact the results remarkably in our study.

Several limitations in the study must be noted. First, it was a retrospective single-center study at a tertiary medical center. The potential selection bias may limit the generalizability of these findings on a broader scale. Further prospective studies are required to investigate this. Second, the average follow-up time was 7.4 years (89 months), which may be shorter than recurrence time for PTMC. Third, in addition to the number and diameter of metastatic lymph nodes, extranodal extension has been identified as prognostic factor for thyroid cancer (40). However, extranodal extension was not mandated in the pathologic report before 2013 in our hospital, which may generate some bias in our study. Fourth, the prevalence and potential influence of prognosis by Braf^v600e mutation were different between races (41). Studies from East Asian counties such as Japan and South Korea reported more than 60% Braf^v600e mutation rate among PTC patients, while only 30–50% in American and Europe (41–45). In our study, 69% (1,207/1,761) multifocal PTMC patients had Braf^v600e mutation, which indicated the results of this study should be interpreted with caution and need to be validated by BMPTMC cohort from other countries. Fifth, 426 patients in our study were followed up by telephone and mail. The vast majority of rural patients were followed up postoperatively in primary or secondary referral hospital near their home at 6–12 months interval. We followed up them by telephone and mail every 6 month and required recent thyroid function test (including Tg and Tg antibody) updated. When recurrence was suspected, patients were recommended return our hospital to diagnosis. Based on some probably inaccurate information provided by patients through telephone and mail, a small amount of recurrent cases may be not found promptly. However, all recurrent cases were re-evaluated and diagnosed in our hospital. Finally, since only conventional PTC patients were enrolled in this study, the results of this study cannot be applied to other variants of BMPTMC.

Conclusion

In conclusion, capsular ETE and gross ETE to the strap muscles did not have the expected significant influence on recurrence for Chinese BMPTMC patients who underwent TT and CLND. Rather than the extent of ETE, larger TTD and the lack of HT were identified as predictors for recurrence among those with BMPTMC with or without other risk factors (vascular invasion, cN1, pN1>5, pN1>3 cm), although future prospective studies with more BMPTMC patients and longer follow up are warranted.

Data Availability

The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author.

Author Contributions

All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.

Funding

This study is supported by Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province (20180101138JC).

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2019.00407/full#supplementary-material

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