Qunpeng Duan
Fei Wang1- 1Henan International Joint Laboratory of Rare Earth Composite Materials, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou, China
- 2School of Chemical Engineering and Food Science, Zhengzhou Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
In the present work, new host-guest binding motifs based on a water-soluble pillar[6]arene dodecyl-ammonium chloride (CP6) with two aromatic sulfonic acids in aqueous media were fabricated. In accordance with the integrated results of 1H NMR, 2D NOESY, and florescence titration experiments, it was demonstrated that the host-guest binding of CP6 with the two aromatic sulfonic acids in aqueous solution not only has high binding constants but also has pH-responsiveness.
Introduction
In the supramolecular chemistry field, stimuli-responsive molecular host-guest recognition motifs are attracting much attention because of their wide range of applications in the fabrication of various fascinating and important supramolecular systems, such as molecular devices and machines (Palmer and Rebek, 2004; Han and Chen, 2007; Zhang et al., 2014), responsive supramolecular polymers (Xu et al., 2013; Cantekin et al., 2015), and other smart supramolecular materials (Avestro et al., 2012; Guo and Liu, 2012; Li et al., 2012; Vukotic and Loeb, 2012). Up to now, pH, temperature, light, redox reagents, enzymes, and other external stimuli have been widely utilized for the fabrication of various responsive host-guest complexation systems (Guo and Liu, 2014; Han et al., 2014; Ma and Tian, 2014). Among these stimuli, pH response is very interesting for special applications in electronic devices, gene delivery, and drug delivery (Credit et al., 1997; Badjic et al., 2004; Yu et al., 2012; Duan et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2013). Therefore, it is of particular importance to construct pH-responsive molecular host-guest complexation systems.
Pillararenes (Ogoshi et al., 2008, 2016; Cao et al., 2009, 2014; Xue et al., 2012; Yao et al., 2012; Si et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2019), as a new kind of supramolecular macrocyclic hosts, have gained growing attention due to their intrinsic unique rigid and symmetrical pillar-shaped architecture, tunable cavity size, easy modification, and superior host-guest properties. Pillararenes endowed with these outstanding features have been used to construct numerous supramolecular systems, such as supramolecular polymers (Zhang et al., 2011; Guan et al., 2012; Li, 2014), daisy chains (Zhang et al., 2012), transmembrane channels (Si et al., 2014), drug-release systems (Cao et al., 2014; Chang et al., 2014; Hu et al., 2016), and other advanced functional materials (Ni et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2018; Xiao et al., 2018; Zhou et al., 2020). Practically, a series of water-soluble pillararenes have been synthesized and demonstrated to act as scaffolding hosts to various guests (Ogoshi et al., 2012; Hu et al., 2016; Yakimova et al., 2016). Among these water-soluble pillararenes, pH-responsive ones have been reported in the construction of plenty of supramolecular systems (Yu et al., 2012; Cao et al., 2014; Hu et al., 2016; Xiao et al., 2019). Recently, a pillar[6]arene dodecyl-ammonium chloride (CP6) with good water solubility was prepared by our group (Duan et al., 2019). The CP6 with 12 – groups on both rims has response to acid/base reagent pairs (such as HCl and NaOH). Searching new guests for this positively charged pillar[6]arene to fabricate pH-responsive host-guest binding motifs is thus of great interest. In the present manuscript, two aromatic sulfonic acids, i.e., p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA) and 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid (2-NA) were selected as guests, owing to their wide uses in rubbers, dyestuffs, insecticides, varnishes, and pharmaceuticals (Wu et al., 2011). The design and fabrication of pH-responsive host-guest recognition motifs are elaborated in Scheme 1. We show that CP6 can form highly stable host-guest complexes (p-TSA⊂CP6 and 2-NA⊂CP6) with p-TSA and 2-NA, respectively. Based on these two molecular recognition motifs, pH-responsive host-guest complexes were demonstrated.
Scheme 1. Chemical structures and cartoon representation of pillararene CP6 and guests (p-TSA and 2-NA); illustration of the acid/base controlled dethreading/rethreading process.
Materials and Methods
All reagents were commercially available and used as supplied without further purification. CP6 (Duan et al., 2019) was prepared according to the published procedures. NMR spectra were conducted on Bruker Avance III HD 400 spectrometer with the use of the deuterated solvent as the lock and the residual solvent as the internal reference. Fluorescence spectra were performed on an Agilent Cary Eclipse fluorescence spectrophotometer. 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH = 6.0) was prepared by mixing 12 mL 1 M Na2HPO4 and 88 mL 1 M NaH2PO4 solution. The D2O solutions were adjusted to pD 6.0 by DCl or NaOD. The pH and pD values were verified on a Mettler Toledo pH meter calibrated with two standard buffer solutions. pH readings were converted to pD by adding 0.4 units (Glasoe and Long, 1960).
Results and Discussion
The host-guest complexation of CP6 with p-TSA in D2O was first investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy. As shown in Figure 1B, when adding about 0.1 equiv. of the host CP6, the signals of protons (a-c) on the guest p-TSA demonstrate significant upfield shifts against free guest p-TSA proton signals (Δδ = −0.15, −0.39, and −0.37 ppm for proton a, b and c, respectively). Strong upfield chemical shifts (Δδ) of the aromatic and methyl protons indicate that the p-TSA guest was fully threaded into the host cavity, forming a stable threaded host-guest complex. And the presence of only one set of peaks for the solution of CP6 and p-TSA (Figure 1B) suggests that the host-guest complex formation is a fast exchange process on the NMR time scale. The host-guest binding of CP6 and p-TSA in water was then examined by 2D NOESY analysis. From the 2D NOESY spectrum (Figure 2), NOE correlation signals were observed between Ha, Hb, and Hc on p-TSA and protons H1−4 on CP6, respectively, supporting the assignment of a threaded structure p-TSA⊂CP6.
Figure 1. Partial 1H NMR spectra (400 MHz, D2O, 298 K) of (A) 20.00 mM p-TSA, (B) 2.00 mM CP6 and 20.00 mM p-TSA, (C) after addition of 1.0 μL of aqueous NaOD solution (30%) to b, (D) after addition of 2.0 μL of aqueous DCl solution (20%) to c, and (E) 2.00 mM CP6 at pD 6.0.
Figure 2. 2D NOESY NMR (400 MHz, D2O, 298 K, mixing time = 300 ms) spectrum of a solution of CP6 (2.00 mM) and p-TSA (20.00 mM).
Subsequently, the complexation of CP6 by the larger 2-NA guest was also investigated. Similarly, 1H NMR experiments were also performed to investigate the host-guest complexation of CP6 with 2-NA in D2O and MeOD. Figures 3A,B show the 1H NMR spectra of 2-NA in D2O recorded in the absence and the presence of about 0.1 equiv. of the host CP6, respectively. In the presence of CP6 (Figure 3B), the signals of protons (a-g) on the guest 2-NA exhibit substantial upfield shifts compared to those of the free 2-NA (Δδ = −0.24 to −0.16 ppm) (Figure 3A), suggesting the inclusion of the naphthalene moiety of 2-NA into the hydrophobic CP6 cavity. The assignment of these naphthyl proton signals of the inclusion complex can be verified by the analysis of the 1H-1H COZY data (correlation spectroscopy; see Supplementary Figure 1). Furthermore, these shifts appeared due to fast proton exchange observed for complexation in the 1H NMR timescale. The 2D NOESY data (Figure 4) show the NOE correlations between the aromatic protons (Ha−g) of the entrapped 2-NA and the aromatic proton H1 of CP6, which also revealed the interpenetrated geometry.
Figure 3. Partial 1H NMR spectra (400 MHz, D2O/CD3OD = 1/1, v/v, 298 K) of (A) 20.00 mM 2-NA, (B) 2.00 mM CP6 and 20.00 mM 2-NA, (C) after addition of 1.0 μL of aqueous NaOD solution (30%) to b, (D) after addition of 2.0 μL of aqueous DCl solution (20%) to c, and (E) 2.00 mM CP6 at pD 6.0.
Figure 4. 2D NOESY NMR (400 MHz, D2O, 298 K, mixing time = 300 ms) spectrum of a solution of CP6 (2.00 mM) and 2-NA (20.00 mM).
To quantitatively estimate the binding behaviors of p-TSA and 2-NA with host CP6, fluorescence titrations were conducted at 298 K in a PBS of pH 6.0. Job plots (Supplementary Figures 2,3) based on the fluorescence titrations data indicated that CP6 and the two guests form a 1:1 host-guest complex in aqueous solution, respectively. By using a non-linear curve-fitting method (Supplementary Figures 4,5), the association constants (Ka) were calculated to be (2.23 ± 0.15) × 104 M−1 and (1.97 ± 0.28) × 104 M−1 for p-TSA and 2-NA, respectively. According to the pKa values of the two aromatic sulfonic acids (p-TSA: −2.1; 2-NA: −1.8), it can be concluded that the sulfonic groups of the two aromatic sulfonic acids should be in the deprotonated form at pH 6.0. Thus, we conclude that the interaction mechanism of CP6 with the two aromatic sulfonic acids is that the acidic aromatic sulfonic acids with one sulfonate anion could bind positively charged CP6 bearing 12 – groups in aqueous solutions at pH 6.0, where the electrostatic interactions between sulfonate anion of the two acidic aromatic sulfonic acids and the cationic portals of the host CP6 play a dominant role in formation of the present host-guest complexation. By comparing p-TSA and 2-NA, we can investigate the capability of these guests to form host-guest complexes because of the changed size of the hydrophobic part. The Ka value for p-TSA is almost same as that for 2-NA. Although 2-NA has one more benzene ring than p-TSA and thus the larger π-conjugated system could afford a stronger π-π stacking interaction with the host cavity (Gómez et al., 2014), the electrostatic attractive forces are dominant in these two host-guest complexes.
Additionally, both the obtained p-TSA⊂CP6 and 2-NA⊂CP6 have pH-responsiveness, i.e., the dynamic behavior for the inclusion process of the two aromatic sulfonic acids and CP6 can be reversed upon the addition of HCl and NaOH aqueous solutions. Proton NMR studies were conducted to affirm these two reverse processes (Figures 1, 3). As shown in Figures 1C, 3C, when adding NaOD to the mixed solution of p-TSA⊂CP6 and 2-NA⊂CP6, respectively, both signals of p-TSA and 2-NA returned to almost their uncomplexed positions, suggesting that both p-TSA and 2-NA dethreaded from the cavity of CP6. The reason is apparent: the addition of an aqueous NaOD solution yielded a basic solution and the groups on CP6 were deprotonated to produce the neutral amino groups, resulting in the disappearance of the electrostatic attractive forces between p-TSA or 2-NA and CP6. However, after adding DCl to these solutions, 1H NMR spectra similar to those of the original solutions of p-TSA⊂CP6 and 2-NA⊂CP6 were obtained (Figures 1D, 3D), resulting from the protonation of the amino groups and the regeneration of the complexes between p-TSA or 2-NA and CP6 in this solution. Thus, the host-guest complexes p-TSA⊂CP6 and 2-NA⊂CP6 can be reversed by the sequential addition of a base and an acid (NaOH and HCl, respectively) between its complexed and decomplexed states. In a word, the host-guest complexation between p-TSA or 2-NA and CP6 is pH-responsive and its reversible property can be used to serve as excellent motifs for a variety of controlled molecular release applications.
Conclusions
In summary, novel pH-responsive host-guest recognition motifs based on a water-soluble pillar[6]arene dodecyl-ammonium chloride CP6 with p-TSA or 2-NA were successfully constructed. It was established that CP6 could form a stable 1:1 inclusion complex with the two aromatic sulfonic acids, p-TSA and 2-NA, respectively. Furthermore, both these host-guest complexes can be controlled reversibly through the sequential addition of a base and an acid (NaOH and HCl, respectively) between its complexed and decomplexed states. Consequently, the findings of this work enrich the fields of controlled pillararene chemistry. Our further work will focus on expanding these new pH-responsive host-guest binding motifs to construct smart supramolecular materials in the treatment of sulfonated aromatic pollutants in aqueous media.
Data Availability Statement
All datasets generated for this study are included in the article/Supplementary Material.
Author Contributions
QD, FW, and KL designed the work. QD made contributions to the experiments and collective data. The paper was written by QD. All authors extensively discussed the results, reviewed the manuscript, and approved the final version of the manuscript to be submitted.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 21402040), Henan Province Science and Technology Research Program (no. 192102210197), and Program for Innovative Research Team (in Science and Technology) in University of Henan Province (no. 20IRTSTHN008). Financial support from the Program of 543 team and Research and Cultivation Foundation of Henan University of Engineering (PYXM202009) is gratefully acknowledged.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2020.588201/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: pillararenes, supramolecular chemistry, binding motif, pH-responsiveness, aromatic sulfonic acids
Citation: Duan Q, Wang F, Zhang H and Lu K (2020) pH-Responsive Host-Guest Complexations Between a Water-Soluble Pillar[6]arene Dodecyl-Ammonium Chloride and Aromatic Sulfonic Acids. Front. Chem. 8:588201. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2020.588201
Received: 28 July 2020; Accepted: 13 August 2020;
Published: 15 September 2020.
Edited by:
Tangxin Xiao, Changzhou University, ChinaReviewed by:
Shao-Lu Li, Tianjin Polytechnic University, ChinaChengyou Han, China University of Petroleum (Huadong), China
Copyright © 2020 Duan, Wang, Zhang and Lu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Qunpeng Duan, qpduan@haue.edu.cn; Kui Lu, luckyluke@haue.edu.cn