Abstract
Binary metal oxides composed of molybdenum–vanadium oxides are promising candidates for supercapacitors. Here, we report the synthesis of one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowires through a facile one-step hydrothermal method. This nanowire presented a high specific capacitance of 394.6 F g−1 (1 mV s−1) as an electrode applied to the supercapacitor. Importantly, this electrode showed a perfect rate capability of 91.5% (2 to 10 A g−1) and a continuous verified outstanding cyclic voltammetry of 97.6% after 10,000 cycles. These superior electrochemical properties make the synthesized V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowires a prospective candidate for high-performance supercapacitors.
Introduction
Due to overconsumption of non-renewable resources and the growing threat of global warming, reliable and clean energy supplies, such as the secondary battery and supercapacitor (SC) science and technology, are in urgent need of a breakthrough (Liu et al., 2016; Salanne et al., 2016; Liu M. et al., 2018; Liang et al., 2019). SCs are becoming more appealing than ever because of their rapid recharge capabilities, high power density, and durable life cycles (Salanne et al., 2016; Du et al., 2018; Kirubasankar et al., 2018; Ho and Lin, 2019; Le et al., 2019; Ma et al., 2019; Yang L. et al., 2019). It is well-established that three main electrode materials include conducting polymer, transition metal oxide, and carbon materials (Jabeen et al., 2016a,b; Chen et al., 2017; Li et al., 2018; Idrees et al., 2019). In this regard, transition metal oxides can increase the efficiency and improve the specific capacitances compared to conducting polymers and carbon materials (Yang et al., 2015; Fu et al., 2016; Qin et al., 2016a,b; Meng et al., 2017; An and Cheng, 2018). Unfortunately, it has either insufficient electrochemical stability or low conductivity, which still greatly hampers their widespread applications in SCs (Jiang et al., 2012). Therefore, an innovative material that can be applied as a significant electrode material in the field of SCs is still needed.
In the last few years, binary metal oxides with stoichiometric or even nonstoichiometric composition such as NiCo2O4 (Ma et al., 2016), NiFe2O4 (Yu et al., 2014), and MnCo2O4.5 (Hu et al., 2019) have achieved efficient energy storage. It stems from its defect–effect mechanisms (Ellis et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2017) or possible jump processes (Hu et al., 2012; Li et al., 2018; Yang Y. et al., 2019) that provided the needed efficient electron conductivity. Also, the electrochemical behavior of these binary metal oxides is different to simple metal oxides attributed to their composition, including the species and ratios of elements. In particular, binary metal oxides based on molybdenum oxides or vanadium oxides are also regarded as a potential candidate for SCs. Many binary metals–molybdenum oxides, such as NiMoO4 (Cheng et al., 2015), a-MnMoO4 (Purushothaman et al., 2012), CoMoO4•0.9H2O (Liu et al., 2014), and NiMoO4 (Mehrez et al., 2019), and binary metal–vanadium oxides, such as β-Na0.33V2O5 (Hong Trang et al., 2014), Li3VO4 (Iwama et al., 2016), and BiVO4 (Patil et al., 2016; Guo et al., 2019), have been prepared for high-performance SCs. Despite the tremendous efforts that have been made on the electrode materials for these binary metal oxides, researchers continue to explore the performance of the electrode material for sustainable, low-cost, and clean energy storage and conversion technologies. Especially, binary metal oxides composed of molybdenum–vanadium oxide are also expected to be of favorable potential as SCs. However, such reports are rare.
Herein, we report a simple preparation of one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowires through a one-step hydrothermal method. This nanowire electrode exhibits a high specific capacitance of 394.6 F g−1 (1 mV s−1) as an electrode material in SC. Additionally, this electrode showed a rate capability of 91.5% (2 to 10 A g−1) and an outstanding cycle stability (97.6% after 10,000 cycles). Therefore, one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowires have been prepared and applied as a high-performance SC electrode material.
Experimental
Preparation
Firstly, the molybdenum powder (Mo, 0.192 g, 2 mmol) was mixed with 37 ml of deionized H2O and 3 ml of hydrogen peroxide at room temperature and then continuous stirred till the solution became light yellow. After that, 0.088 g of ammonium vanadate (NH4VO3, 0.75 mmol) was added to the solution until the solid powder was completely dissolved. Then, the resulting solution was decanted into a Teflon reaction kettle and heated in oven at 200°C for 48 h. After cooling to room temperature, the obtained crude products were treated with 2 M nitric acid. Finally, the nanowires were collected through washing with distilled H2O till neutral and then dried under air at 60°C for 18 h.
Material Characterizations
The X-ray diffractometer (XRD; with Cu-Kα radiation) presented the structure and phase of one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowires. The nanowires' morphological feature was studied by a scanning electron microscope (SEM; S-4800) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM; JEM-2100F). Compositions of the samples were tested by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (Thermo ESCALAB 250XI). An automated nitrogen adsorption analyzer (ASAP 2020, Micromeritics, America) presented N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm under the 77 K conditions.
Electrochemical Characterizations
Electrochemistry performances were tested in three electrode systems with 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte using Autolab potentiostat (PGSTAT302N). A saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was used as the reference electrode and a platinum (Pt) foil was used as the counter electrode. The working electrode was a mixture of one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowires, acetylene black, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) according to a certain mass ratio (80:15:5) in a few N-methyl pyrrolidinone (NMP). After the mixture was stirred for 24 h, the formed slurry was dripped on graphite paper and then vacuum dried at 60°C for 15 h. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement was carried out in a voltage range of 0–1.0 V at different sweeping rates (1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mV s−1), and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) was tested at different current densities (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 A g−1). EIS data are obtained at a frequency from 10−2 to 105 Hz with an AC amplitude of 5 mV.
Results and Discussions
In the present work, the phase for one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowire was first characterized. The XRD spectrum for the prepared product is indicated in Figure 1 in that all diffraction peaks matched a hexagonal phase of one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowires (JCPDS card No. 48-0766). No characteristic peaks from impurity have been detected, suggesting that the pure one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowires were prepared. Furthermore, the diffraction peaks were sharp and intense, showing their high degree of crystallinity.
Figure 1
The SEM image in Figure 2a depicts the typical morphology of the one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowires, which consists of a number of uniform nanowires with an edge length of more than 10 μm. For more detail, the samples were examined by TEM as indicated in Figure 2b in that the diameters of the nanowires are 20–30 nm with uniform nanostructures. The HR-TEM image is indicated in Figure 2c; those one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowires have a similar crystal structure and no amorphous phase on the surface. It could be deduced from the lattice fringes that the lattice spacing is 0.26 nm, agreeing to the (220) plane of one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowires. In further studying the details, the brighter spots in the FFT pattern (illustration in Figure 2c) pointed out an excellent crystal. Besides, Figure 2d confirmed that the lattice spacing of 0.26 nm in Figure 2c belongs to the (220) plane. These results closely matched the data obtained from the XRD analysis, further confirming the crystal structure of V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowires.
Figure 2
The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows that the one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowires are composed of three elements: V, Mo, and O (Figure S1 of the Supporting Information). The XPS peak of V 2p in Figure 3A was determined to be a peak of V 2p3/2 of 517.1 eV, and the V 2p1/2 peak of V5+ was not included because the low mole percentage of vanadium in the compound was the smallest (Geert et al., 2004; Liu X. et al., 2018). Figure 3B shows the Mo 3d spectrum composed of two peaks, the Mo 3d3/2 from the peak at 236.0 eV indicates Mo6+, and another peak at 232.9 eV could be due to the superposition of Mo 3d5/2 and Mo 3d3/2, which indicates Mo6+ and Mo5+ (Bica de Moraes et al., 2004). Meanwhile, in Figure 3C, the XPS peak of the O 1s was observed at 530.8 eV. In addition, the existence of Mo5+ was ascribed to the oxygen anion vacancy in the framework of the compound structure, so that molybdenum is only coordinated by five oxygen species.
Figure 3
The one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowires were further investigated by the N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms as indicated in Figure 4. According to IUPAC, the N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms of the V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowires are a typical type IV adsorption isotherm with the H3 hysteresis loop, exhibiting a mesoporous structure with slit-shaped pores. The BET-specific surface area and pore diameters (illustration in Figure 4) of the V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowires are about 54.2 m2 g−1 and 80 nm, respectively, which may be attributed to the assembly of the nanowires in space. This porous structure contributes to the diffusion of electrolyte ions and transport during the charge and discharge process of the SC electrodes (Hou et al., 2018, 2019).
Figure 4
The as-prepared one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowires were applied to SC electrode materials. Figure 5A depicts the CV curves tested in the voltage from 0 to 1.0 V. Approximate rectangle-shaped and symmetrical CV curves were viewed without redox peaks, showing an EDLC-dominated capacitance behavior of the one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowires (Hung et al., 2011; Lokhande et al., 2011; Pujari et al., 2016). Besides, the specific capacitance (Table S1 of the Supporting Information) of one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowires was very high and was 394.6 F g−1 at 1 mV s−1. Notably, it can be seen that the CV curve mostly remains in an approximately rectangle-like shape with a sweeping rate between 1 and 100 mV s−1, which confirmed good electrochemical reversibility and outstanding high-energy storage performance; the CV plot tilt increases with increasing scan rates owing to the fact that the electrons do not migrate from the inside of the material to the surface of the electrode in time. Figure 5B shows the GCD curves of the one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowire electrode at different current densities. It displayed proximate central symmetry voltage profiles, which were consistent compared to the CV results, pointing to the one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowires having an excellent reversibility across the whole potential region. Furthermore, one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowire electrodes presented high specific capacitances from 385.2 to 352.5 F g−1 while discharge current density was enhanced to 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 A g−1 (Table S2 of the Supporting Information). Compared with other binary metal oxide electrodes, one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowire electrodes also indicated a strengthened specific capacitance as reported in the literature, such as CoMoO4 (384 F g−1) (Li et al., 2018), BiVO4 (116.3 F g−1) (Patil et al., 2016), and MnMoO4 (168.32 F g−1) (Veerasubramani et al., 2014).
Figure 5
The specific capacitances of the V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 electrodes with different current densities are indicated in Figure 5C. It maintained a remarkable rate performance of 91.5% from 2 to 10 A g−1. This result may be attributed to the active materials to form porous channels through intertwined networks, enabling efficient electrolyte transport and accessibility of active sites (Jiang et al., 2011). Therefore, it is possible to maintain a high specific capacitance even at higher current densities. Figure 5D indicates the long-term cycle stability of the one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowire electrode, which was tested through CV tests repeating 10,000 cycles at 50 mV s−1. It can be observed that its specific capacitance retention showed outstanding stability, with the increase in some cycles fluctuating only a little. After 10,000 cycles, the retention rate value was found to be 97.6% of the initial value.
The V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 electrodes were subjected to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to explore relevant charge transfer resistance. Figure 6 shows the Nyquist plot before and after 10,000 cycles of the one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowire electrodes. The inset shows the corresponding equivalent circuit by its corresponding fitting curve (Figure S2 in Supporting Information), which was fitted by an equivalent circuit consisting of a bulk solution resistance Rs, a charge-transfer Rct, and constant phase element (CPE). The Rs values of the one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowire electrode before and after 10,000 cycles are 2.02 and 2.10 Ω, respectively. Also, the value of Rct was connected with charge transfer after 10,000 cycles and is only slightly higher than before (68.6 vs. 50.1 Ω), manifesting superior conductivity and stability of the one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowire microstructure owing to good ion conductivity of the interface between electrolyte and electrodes.
Figure 6
Conclusions
In summary, one-dimensional V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 nanowires were synthesized under a facile one-step hydrothermal condition. For application in a SC electrode, it was found to present a high specific capacitance of 394.6 F g−1 (1 mV s−1). Besides, this electrode showed a perfect rate capability of 91.5% at the current density that was enhanced five times and outstanding long-term cyclic stability (97.6% after 10,000 cycles). This study offers a common preparation method of binary molybdenum–vanadium oxide used in SCs with a superior electrochemical property.
Statements
Data availability statement
All datasets generated for this study are included in the manuscript/Supplementary Files.
Author contributions
WL conceived and designed the experiments. HJ, WS, and ZWa performed the experiments and analyzed the data. HJ and WS wrote and revised the manuscript. WL, ZWu, XZ, and JB discussed and supervised the whole project. All the authors revised and checked draft.
Funding
The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51602193), Shanghai Chen Guang project (16CG63), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (WD1817002) and the Talent Program of Shanghai University of Engineering Science, the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China (ZR2019BB002), and Shanghai University of Engineering Science Innovation Fund (18KY0503).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2019.00595/full#supplementary-material
References
1
AnT.ChengW. (2018). Recent progress in stretchable supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A6, 15478–15494. 10.1039/C8TA03988G
2
Bica de MoraesM. A.TrasferettiB. C.RouxinolF. P.LandersR.DurrantS. F.ScarmínioJ.et al. (2004). Molybdenum oxide thin films obtained by the hot-filament metal oxide deposition technique. Chem. Mater.16, 513–520. 10.1021/cm034551a
3
ChenX.PaulR.DaiL. (2017). Carbon-based supercapacitors for efficient energy storage. Natl. Sci. Rev.4, 453–489. 10.1093/nsr/nwx009
4
ChengD.YangY.XieJ.FangC.ZhangG.XiongJ. (2015). Hierarchical NiCo2O4 @NiWO4 core-shell hybrid nanowire/nanosheet arrays for high-performance pseudocapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A3, 14348–14357. 10.1039/C5TA03455H
5
DuW.WangX.ZhanJ.SunX.KangL.JiangF.et al. (2018). Biological cell template synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous hollow carbon spheres/MnO2 composites for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta296, 907–915. 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.11.074
6
EllisB.Subramanya HerleP.RhoY.-H.NazarL. F.DunlapR.PerryL. K.et al. (2007). Nanostructured materials for lithium-ion batteries: surface conductivity vs. bulk ion/electron transport. Faraday Discuss.134, 119–141. 10.1039/B602698B
7
FuW.WangY.HanW.ZhangZ.ZhaH.XieE. (2016). Construction of hierarchical ZnCo2O4@NixCo2x (OH)6x core/shell nanowire arrays for high-performance supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A4, 173–182. 10.1039/C5TA07965A
8
GeertS.DeplaD.PoelmanH.MarinG. B.De GryseR. (2004). Determination of the V2p XPS binding energies for different vanadium oxidation states (V5+ to V0+). J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom.135, 167–175. 10.1016/j.elspec.2004.03.004
9
GuoZ.LiR.ZhuX.FuQ.LiangG.ChenY.et al. (2019). Nanosheet-based Nb12O29 hierarchical microspheres for enhanced lithium storage. Chem. Commun.55, 2493–2496. 10.1039/C8CC09924C
10
HoK.-C.LinL.-Y. (2019). A review of electrode materials based on core–shell nanostructures for electrochemical supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A7, 3516–3530. 10.1039/C8TA11599K
11
Hong TrangN. T.LingappanN.ShakirI.KangD. J. (2014). Growth of single-crystalline β-Na0.33V2O5 nanowires on conducting substrate: a binder-free electrode for energy storage devices. J. Power Sources251, 237–242. 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.11.041
12
HouC.TaiZ.ZhaoL.ZhaiY.HouY.FanY.et al. (2018). High performance MnO@C microcages with a hierarchical structure and tunable carbon shell for efficient and durable lithium storage. J. Mat. Chem. A6, 9723–9736. 10.1039/C8TA02863J
13
HouC.WangJ.DuW.WangJ.DuY.LiuC.et al. (2019). One-pot synthesized molybdenum dioxide–molybdenum carbide heterostructures coupled with 3D holey carbon nanosheets for highly efficient and ultrastable cycling lithium-ion storage. J. Mat. Chem. A7, 13460–13472. 10.1039/C9TA03551F
14
HuL.WuL.LiaoM.HuX.FangX. (2012). Electrical transport properties of large, individual NiCo2O4 nanoplates. Adv. Funct. Mater.22, 998–1004. 10.1002/adfm.201102155
15
HuX.NanH.LiuM.LiuS.AnT.TianH. (2019). Battery-like MnCo2O4 electrode materials combined with active carbon for hybrid supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta306, 599–609. 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.166
16
HungC.HungJ.LinP.TsengT. (2011). Electrophoretic fabrication and characterizations of manganese oxide/carbon nanotube nanocomposite pseudocapacitors. J. Electrochem. Soc.158, A942–A947. 10.1149/1.3601862
17
IdreesM.BatoolS.KongJ.ZhuangQ.LiuH.ShaoQ.et al. (2019). Polyborosilazane derived ceramics—Nitrogen sulfur dual doped graphene nanocomposite anode for enhanced lithium ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta296, 925–937. 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.11.088
18
IwamaE.KawabataN.NishioN.KisuK.MiyamotoJ.NaoiW.et al. (2016). Enhanced electrochemical performance of ultracentrifugation-derived nc-Li3VO4/MWCNT composites for hybrid supercapacitors. ACS Nano10, 5398–5404. 10.1021/acsnano.6b01617
19
JabeenN.XiaQ.SavilovS. V.AldoshinS. M.YuY.XiaH. (2016a). Enhanced pseudocapacitive performance of α-MnO2 by cation preinsertion. ACS Appl. Mater. Inter.8, 33732–33740. 10.1021/acsami.6b12518
20
JabeenN.XiaQ.YangM.XiaH. (2016b). Unique core–shell nanorod arrays with polyaniline deposited into mesoporous NiCo2O4 support for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Inter.8, 6093–6100. 10.1021/acsami.6b00207
21
JiangH.ZhaoT.MaJ.YanC.LiC. (2011). Ultrafine manganese dioxidenanowire network for high-performance supercapacitors. Chem. Commun.47, 1264–1266. 10.1039/C0CC04134C
22
JiangJ.LiY.LiuJ.HuangX.YuanC.LouX. W. (2012). Recent advances in metal oxide-based electrode architecture design for electrochemical energy storage. Adv. Mater.24, 5166–5180. 10.1002/adma.201202146
23
KirubasankarB.MurugadossV.LinJ.DingT.DongM.LiuH.et al. (2018). In situ, grown nickel selenide on graphene nanohybrid electrodes for high energy density asymmetric supercapacitors. Nanoscale10, 20414–20425. 10.1039/C8NR06345A
24
LeK.WangZ.WangF.WangQ.ShaoQ.MurugadossV.et al. (2019). Sandwich-like NiCo layered double hydroxides/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite cathode for high energy density asymmetric supercapacitors. Dalton Transact.175, 16–20. 10.1039/C9DT00615J
25
LiW.WangX.HuY.SunL.GaoC.ZhangC.et al. (2018). Hydrothermal synthesized of CoMoO4 microspheres as excellent electrode material for supercapacitor. Nanoscale Res. Lett.13:120. 10.1186/s11671-018-2540-3
26
LiangC.LiC.HeY.LiG.YuY.LouY.et al. (2019). Use of hyperaccumulator to enrich metal ions for supercapacitor. Adv. Electron. Mater.5:1900094. 10.1002/aelm.201900094
27
LiuM.MengQ.YangZ.ZhaoX.LiuT. (2018). Ultra-long-term cycling stability of an integrated carbon–sulfur membrane with dual shuttle-inhibiting layers of graphene nets and a porous carbon skin. Chem. Commun.54, 5090–5093. 10.1039/C8CC01889H
28
LiuM.YangZ.SunH.LaiC.ZhaoX.PengH.et al. (2016). A hybrid carbon aerogel with both aligned and interconnected pores as interlayer for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries. Nano Res.9, 3735–3746. 10.1007/s12274-016-1244-1
29
LiuM.-C.KongL.-B.KangL.LiX.WalshF. C.XingM.et al. (2014). Synthesis and characterization of M3V2O8 (M = Ni or Co) based nanostructures: a new family of high performance pseudocapacitive materials. J. Mater. Chem. A2, 4919–4926. 10.1039/c4ta00582a
30
LiuX.WangJ.YangG. (2018). In situ growth of the Ni3V2O8@PANI composite electrode for flexible and transparent symmetric supercapacitors. ACS Appl. Mater. Inter.10, 20688–20695. 10.1021/acsami.8b04609
31
LokhandeC.DubalD.JooO. (2011). Metal oxide thin film based supercapacitors. Curr. Appl. Phys.11, 255–270. 10.1016/j.cap.2010.12.001
32
MaF.-X.YuL.XuC.-Y.LouX. W. (David). (2016). Self-supported formation of hierarchical NiCo2O4 tetragonal microtubes with enhanced electrochemical properties. Energy Environ. Sci.9, 862–866. 10.1039/C5EE03772G
33
MaY.HouC.ZhangH.ZhangQ.LiuH.WuS. (2019). Three-dimensional core–shell Fe3O4/polyaniline coaxial heterogeneous nanonets: preparation and high performance supercapacitor electrodes. Electrochim. Acta315, 114–123. 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.073
34
MehrezJ. A.-A.OwusuK. A.ChenQ.LiL.HamwiK.LuoW.et al. (2019). Hierarchical MnCo2O4@NiMoO4 as free-standing core–shell nanowire arrays with synergistic effect for enhanced supercapacitor performance. Inorg. Chem. Front.6, 857–865. 10.1039/C8QI01420E
35
MengQ.CaiK.ChenY.ChenL. (2017). Research progress on conducting polymer based supercapacitor electrode materials. Nano Energy36, 268–285. 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.04.040
36
PatilS. S.DubalD. P.DeonikarV. G.TamboliM. S.AmbekarJ. D.Gomez-RomeroP.et al. (2016). Fern-like rGO/BiVO4 hybrid nanostructures for high-energy symmetric supercapacitor. ACS Appl. Mater. Inter.8, 31602–31610. 10.1021/acsami.6b08165
37
PujariR.LokhandeV.KumbharV.ChodankarN.LokhandeC. (2016). Hexagonal microrods architectured MoO3 thin film for supercapacitor application. J. Mater. Sci.27, 3312–3317. 10.1007/s10854-015-4160-3
38
PurushothamanK. K.CubaM.MuralidharanG. (2012). Supercapacitor behavior of α-MnMoO4 nanorods on different electrolytes. Mater. Res. Bull.47, 3348–3351. 10.1016/j.materresbull.2012.07.027
39
QinT.LiuB.WenY.WangZ.JiangX.WanZ.et al. (2016a). Freestanding flexible graphene foams@polypyrrole@MnO2 electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A4, 9196–9203. 10.1039/C6TA02835G
40
QinT.WanZ.WangZ.WenY.LiuM.PengS.et al. (2016b). 3D flexible O/N Co-doped graphene foams for supercapacitor electrodes with high volumetric and areal capacitances. J. Power Sources336, 455–464. 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.11.003
41
SalanneM.RotenbergB.NaoiK.KanekoK.TabernaP.-L.GreyC. P.et al. (2016). Efficient storage mechanisms for building better supercapacitors. Nat. Energy1:16070. 10.1038/nenergy.2016.70
42
VeerasubramaniG. K.KrishnamoorthyK.SivaprakasamR.KimS. J. (2014). Sonochemical synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical properties of MnMoO4 nanorods for supercapacitor applications. Mater. Chem. Phys.147, 836–842. 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2014.06.028
43
WangG.YangY.HanD.LiY. (2017). Oxygen defective metal oxides for energy conversion and storage. Nano Today13, 23–39. 10.1016/j.nantod.2017.02.009
44
YangJ.YuC.FanX.ZhaoC.QiuJ. (2015). Ultrafast self-assembly of graphene oxide-induced monolithic NiCo-carbonate hydroxide nanowire architectures with a superior volumetric capacitance for supercapacitors. Adv. Funct. Mater.25, 2109–2116. 10.1002/adfm.201404019
45
YangL.ShiM.JaingJ.LiuY.YangC.LiuH. et al. (2019). Heterogeneous interface induced formation of balsam pear-like PPy for high performance supercapacitors. Mater. Lett.244, 27–30. 10.1016/j.matlet.2019.02.064
46
YangY.LiS.HuangW.ShangguanH.EngelbrektC.DuanS.et al. (2019). Effective synthetic strategy of Zn0.76Co0.24S encapsulated in stabilized N-doped carbon nanoarchitecture toward ultra-long-life hybrid supercapacitors. J. Mat. Chem. A7, 14670–14680. 10.1039/C9TA03575C
47
YuZ.-Y.ChenL.-F.YuS.-H. (2014). Growth of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles on carbon cloth for high performance flexible supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A2, 10889–10894. 10.1039/c4ta00492b
Summary
Keywords
molybdenum–vanadium oxides, nanowires, hydrothermal, high rate, supercapacitors
Citation
Jiang H, Sun W, Li W, Wang Z, Zhou X, Wu Z and Bai J (2019) Facile Synthesis of Novel V0.13Mo0.87O2.935 Nanowires With High-Rate Supercapacitive Performance. Front. Chem. 7:595. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00595
Received
30 May 2019
Accepted
12 August 2019
Published
04 September 2019
Volume
7 - 2019
Edited by
Elizabeth J. Podlaha, Clarkson University, United States
Reviewed by
Dipankar Roy, Clarkson University, United States; John Zhanhu Guo, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, United States
Updates
Copyright
© 2019 Jiang, Sun, Li, Wang, Zhou, Wu and Bai.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Wenyao Li liwenyao314@gmail.comXiying Zhou zhouxiying@sues.edu.cnJinbo Bai jinbo.bai@centralesupelec.fr
This article was submitted to Electrochemistry, a section of the journal Frontiers in Chemistry
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.