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The antioxidant properties and anticancer effect of Medjool dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) on human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells: in vitro study

Ismail Rozila1*, Najwa M. Abdul Manap1, Liana N. Ghazali1, Nurkhalida Kamal1, Waheedah Abdul Hakeem1, Nur Fariha Mohd Manzor2, Shiplu R. Chowdhury3 and Shamima Abdul Rahman1
  • 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences, Malaysia
  • 2 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia
  • 3 Tissue Engineering Centre, UKM Medical Centre,, Malaysia

Background Breast cancer is a prevalent malignancy among women, especially in Malaysia. A large number of anticancer agents with natural origin have been reported. Hence, natural sources such as dates may play an essential role in prevention and treatment of cancers. Phoenix dactylifera L. cum Medjool dates is a sunnah food locally known as king of dates has been described in the traditional and alternative medicine to provide several benefits including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects, but many properties remain to be scientifically validated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer effect of methanolic extract of the commercial Medjool dates (P. dactylifera L.) on human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells in vitro. Methods Medjool dates (200 g) were extracted using methanol solvent. The methanolic extract of Medjool dates (MEMD) was diluted to five different concentrations which were 0.01 mg/mL, 0.1 mg/mL, 1 mg/ml, 10 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL. The antioxidant properties of MEMD were analysed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. The MCF-7 cells were treated with MEMD for 24 until 72 hours. The structural of putative compounds in MEMD were detected by using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. To evaluate the cytotoxic effect of MEMD, cell viability test was conducted using CellTiter-Blue® assay. Then, the concentrations of 10 mg/ml and 100mg/ml of MEMD were used for determination of anticancer effect such as apoptosis assay using Muse™ Annexin V and Dead Cell assay. The morphology of the cells were observed using inverted microscope. In this study, untreated cells were used as the negative control and cells treated with doxorubicin (1.5 µg/ml) as the positive control. Results MEMD at 100 mg/mL showed the highest radical scavenging activity against DPPH free radicals (93.02%) and the highest cytotoxicity activity (IC50 = 64.75 mg/mL) which inhibit MCF-7 proliferation from 45.13 ± 6.6 % to 21.94 ± 5.42% at 72 hours. This was supported by the apoptosis assay which demonstrated the percentage of total apoptotic cells treated with 100 mg /mL of MEMD (77.16%) showed two-fold higher than the percentage of total apoptotic cells treated with 10 mg/mL of MEMD (33.45%). The morphological changes of MCF-7 cells treated with 100 mg/ml MEMD showed that cell undergoing apoptosis with cell shrinkage and rounding with the cytoplasm appeared dense. This is comparable with the morphological changes showed in the MEMD cells that were treated with doxorubicin (positive control group). The 1H NMR data of MEMD was analysed, and chemical fingerprints of compounds such as sugars, phenolic aliphatic compounds were detected. The 1H NMR spectrum detected the presence of sugar units at region 3-5 ppm. A doublet signal at δH 4.89 for the anomeric proton of a galactose unit, and a coupling constant of 3.67 Hz for the anomeric proton indicated its α-configuration. Another anomeric doublet signal at δH 4.26, and a coupling constant of 7.76 Hz for the anomeric proton indicated its β-configuration of glucose unit. The upfield shift of the aromatic proton signals at the 6.19 and 6.57 ppm region suggested the presence of electron withdrawing groups such as hydroxyl substituents. The proton signals 0.00 to 2.90 ppm indicated the presence of aliphatic compounds in MEMD. Conclusion MEMD has significant antioxidant properties and anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells in vitro study which might derived from phenolic compounds and sugars detected in the extract.

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Acknowledgements

This study was fully funded by Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences (CUCMS) Research grant (File number of CUCMS/02/05/2017). Acknowledgements to all lab staff in CUCMS and those who are involved in this study.

Keywords: Antio×idant, Anticancer effect, Apoptosis, MCF-7 (breast), Phoenix dactylifera l.

Conference: International Conference on Drug Discovery and Translational Medicine 2018 (ICDDTM '18) “Seizing Opportunities and Addressing Challenges of Precision Medicine”, Putrajaya, Malaysia, 3 Dec - 5 Feb, 2019.

Presentation Type: Poster Presentation

Topic: Cancer

Citation: Rozila I, Abdul Manap NM, Ghazali LN, Kamal N, Abdul Hakeem W, Mohd Manzor N, Chowdhury SR and Abdul Rahman S (2019). The antioxidant properties and anticancer effect of Medjool dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) on human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells: in vitro study. Front. Pharmacol. Conference Abstract: International Conference on Drug Discovery and Translational Medicine 2018 (ICDDTM '18) “Seizing Opportunities and Addressing Challenges of Precision Medicine”. doi: 10.3389/conf.fphar.2019.63.00038

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Received: 29 Nov 2018; Published Online: 17 Jan 2019.

* Correspondence: Dr. Ismail Rozila, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences, Cyberjaya, Malaysia, rozila@cybermed.edu.my